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Mbama Ntabi JD, Malda Bali ED, Lissom A, Akoton R, Djontu JC, Missontsa G, Mouzinga FH, Baina MT, Djogbenou L, Ndo C, Wondji C, Adegnika AA, Lenga A, Borrmann S, Ntoumi F. Contribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes to malaria transmission during the dry season in Djoumouna and Ntoula villages in the Republic of the Congo. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:104. [PMID: 38431686 PMCID: PMC10908062 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato complex play a major role in malaria transmission across Africa. This study assessed the relative importance of members of An. gambiae s.l. in malaria transmission in two rural villages in the Republic of the Congo. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected using electric aspirators from June to September 2022 in Djoumouna and Ntoula villages and were sorted by taxa based on their morphological features. Anopheles gambiae s.l. females were also molecularly identified. A TaqMan-based assay and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to determine Plasmodium spp. in the mosquitoes. Entomological indexes were estimated, including man-biting rate, entomological inoculation rate (EIR), and diversity index. RESULTS Among 176 mosquitoes collected, An. gambiae s.l. was predominant (85.8%), followed by Culex spp. (13.6%) and Aedes spp. (0.6%). Three members of the An. gambiae s.l. complex were collected in both villages, namely An. gambiae sensu stricto (74.3%), Anopheles coluzzii (22.9%) and Anopheles arabiensis (2.8%). Three Plasmodium species were detected in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii (Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale), while only P. falciparum and P. malariae were found in An. arabiensis. In general, the Plasmodium infection rate was 35.1% (53/151) using the TaqMan-based assay, and nested PCR confirmed 77.4% (41/53) of those infections. The nightly EIR of An. gambiae s.l. was 0.125 infectious bites per person per night (ib/p/n) in Djoumouna and 0.08 ib/p/n in Ntoula. The EIR of An. gambiae s.s. in Djoumouna (0.11 ib/p/n) and Ntoula (0.04 ib/p/n) was higher than that of An. coluzzii (0.01 and 0.03 ib/p/n) and An. arabiensis (0.005 and 0.0 ib/p/n). CONCLUSIONS This study provides baseline information on the dominant vectors and dynamics of malaria transmission in the rural areas of the Republic of the Congo during the dry season. In the two sampled villages, An. gambiae s.s. appears to play a predominant role in Plasmodium spp. TRANSMISSION
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dollon Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
| | - Espoir Divin Malda Bali
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Fondation Pour La Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP: 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Georges Missontsa
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Freisnel Hermeland Mouzinga
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Marcel Tapsou Baina
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Fondation Pour La Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP: 88, Cotonou, Bénin
- Centre de Recherche Médicale de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arsène Lenga
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour La Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Akoton R, Sawadogo SP, Tossou E, Nikiema AS, Tchigossou G, Sovegnon PM, Djogbenou L, Zeukeng F, Hawkes FM, Dabire RK, Djouaka R, Gibson G. Using artificial odors to optimize attractiveness of host decoy traps to malaria vectors. J Med Entomol 2024:tjae010. [PMID: 38381594 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Malaria vector surveillance tools often incorporate features of hosts that are attractive to blood-seeking females. The recently developed host decoy trap (HDT) combines visual, thermal, and olfactory stimuli associated with human hosts and has shown great efficacy in terms of collecting malaria vectors. Synthetic odors and yeast-produced carbon dioxide (CO2) could prove useful by mimicking the human odors currently used in HDTs and provide standardized and easy-to-use olfactory attractants. The objective of this study was to test the attractiveness of various olfactory attractant cues in HDTs to capture malaria vectors. We compared 4 different odor treatments in outdoor field settings in southern Benin and western Burkina Faso: the standard HDT using a human, HDT with yeast-produced CO2, HDT with an artificial odor blend, and HDT with yeast-produced CO2 plus artificial odor blend. In both experimental sites, the standard HDT that incorporated a real human produced the greatest catch of Anopheles gambiae s.l (Diptera: Culicidae). The alternatives tested were still effective at collecting target vector species, although the most effective included CO2, either alone (Benin) or in combination with synthetic odor (Burkina Faso). The trap using synthetic human odor alone caught the fewest An. gambiae s.l. compared to the other baited traps. Both Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae were caught by each trap, with a predominance of An. coluzzii. Synthetic baits could, therefore, represent a more standardized and easier-to-deploy approach than using real human odor baits for a robust vector monitoring strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Simon P Sawadogo
- Departement de Biologie Medicale et Sante Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Eric Tossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Benin
| | - Achille S Nikiema
- Departement de Biologie Medicale et Sante Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Benin
| | - Pierre M Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Department of Agriculture, Health & Environment, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, UK
| | - Rock K Dabire
- Departement de Biologie Medicale et Sante Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Benin
| | - Gabriella Gibson
- Department of Agriculture, Health & Environment, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, UK
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Akoton R, Sovegnon PM, Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Agonhossou R, Saizonou HM, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Zeukeng F, Lagnika HO, Mousse W, Adegnika AA, Djouaka R, Djogbénou LS. Vectorial competence, insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus and operational implications for malaria vector control strategies in Benin Republic. Malar J 2023; 22:385. [PMID: 38129880 PMCID: PMC10740250 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary reason for the failure of malaria vector control across endemic regions is the widespread insecticide resistance observed in Anopheles vectors. The most dominant African vectors of malaria parasites are Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes. These species often exhibit divergent behaviours and adaptive changes underscoring the importance of deploying active and effective measures in their control. Unlike An. gambiae, An. funestus mosquitoes are poorly studied in Benin Republic. However, recent reports indicated that An. funestus can adapt and colonize various ecological niches owing to its resistance against insecticides and adaptation to changing breeding habitats. Unfortunately, scientific investigations on the contribution of An. funestus to malaria transmission, their susceptibility to insecticide and resistance mechanism developed are currently insufficient for the design of better control strategies. In an attempt to gather valuable information on An. funestus, the present review examines the progress made on this malaria vector species in Benin Republic and highlights future research perspectives on insecticide resistance profiles and related mechanisms, as well as new potential control strategies against An. funestus. Literature analysis revealed that An. funestus is distributed all over the country, although present in low density compared to other dominant malaria vectors. Interestingly, An. funestus is being found in abundance during the dry seasons, suggesting an adaptation to desiccation. Among the An. funestus group, only An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles leesoni were found in the country with An. funestus s.s. being the most abundant species. Furthermore, An. funestus s.s. is the only one species in the group contributing to malaria transmission and have adapted biting times that allow them to bite at dawn. In addition, across the country, An. funestus were found resistant to pyrethroid insecticides used for bed nets impregnation and also resistant to bendiocarb which is currently being introduced in indoor residual spraying formulation in malaria endemic regions. All these findings highlight the challenges faced in controlling this malaria vector. Therefore, advancing the knowledge of vectorial competence of An. funestus, understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance in this malaria vector, and exploring alternative vector control measures, are critical for sustainable malaria control efforts in Benin Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Seun M Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Hamirath O Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Lagnika H, Djihinto OY, Sovegnon PM, Saizonou HD, Ntoumi F, Wondji CS, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA, Djogbénou LS. P. falciparum msp1 and msp2 genetic diversity in P. falciparum single and mixed infection with P. malariae among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102590. [PMID: 35472441 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae infections are prevalent in malaria-endemic countries. However, very little is known about their interactions especially the effect of P. malariae on P. falciparum genetic diversity. This study aimed to assess P. falciparum genetic diversity in P. falciparum and mixed infection P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates among the asymptomatic populations in Southern Benin. Two hundred and fifty blood samples (125 of P. falciparum and 125 P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates) were analysed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. The R033 allelic family was the most represented for the msp1 gene in mono and mixed infection isolates (99.2% vs 86.4%), while the K1 family had the lowest frequency (38.3% vs 20.4%). However, with the msp2 gene, the two allelic families displayed similar frequencies in P. falciparum isolates while the 3D7 allelic family was more represented in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (88.7%). Polyclonal infections were also lower (62.9%) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). Overall, 96 individual alleles were identified (47 for msp1 and 49 for msp2) in P. falciparum isolates while a total of 50 individual alleles were identified (23 for msp1 and 27 for msp2) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates. The Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) was lower in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). This study revealed a lower genetic diversity of P. falciparum in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates using msp1 and msp2 genes among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Hamirath Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierre M Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga D Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Centre Region, 237, Cameroon
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 384 Ouidah, Bénin
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Mbama Ntabi JD, Lissom A, Djontu JC, Diafouka-Kietela S, Vouvoungui C, Boumpoutou RK, Mayela J, Nguiffo-Nguete D, Nkemngo FN, Ndo C, Akoton R, Agonhossou R, Lenga A, Boussougou-Sambe ST, Djogbénou L, Wondji C, Adegnika AA, Borrmann S, Ntoumi F. Prevalence of non-Plasmodium falciparum species in southern districts of Brazzaville in The Republic of the Congo. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:209. [PMID: 35706053 PMCID: PMC9200623 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Plasmodium falciparum infection is largely documented and this parasite is the main target for malaria eradication, other Plasmodium species persist, and these require more attention in Africa. Information on the epidemiological situation of non-P. falciparum species infections is scarce in many countries, including in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereafter Republic of the Congo) where malaria is highly endemic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of non-P. falciparum species infections in the region south of Brazzaville. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in volunteers living in rural and urban settings during the dry and rainy seasons in 2021. Socio-demographic and clinical parameters were recorded. Plasmodium infection in blood samples was detected by microscopic analysis and nested PCR (sub-microscopic analysis). RESULTS Of the 773 participants enrolled in the study, 93.7% were from the rural area, of whom 97% were afebrile. The prevalence of microscopic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium spp. infection was 31.2% and 63.7%, respectively. Microscopic Plasmodium malariae infection was found in 1.3% of participants, while sub-microscopic studies detected a prevalence of 14.9% for P. malariae and 5.3% for Plasmodium ovale. The rate of co-infection of P. malariae or P. ovale with P. falciparum was 8.3% and 2.6%, respectively. Higher rates of sub-microscopic infection were reported for the urban area without seasonal fluctuation. In contrast, non-P. falciparum species infection was more pronounced in the rural area, with the associated risk of the prevalence of sub-microscopic P. malariae infection increasing during the dry season. CONCLUSION There is a need to include non-P. falciparum species in malaria control programs, surveillance measures and eradication strategies in the Republic of the Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dollon Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. .,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Christevy Vouvoungui
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jolivet Mayela
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Daniel Nguiffo-Nguete
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Francis Nongley Nkemngo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arsène Lenga
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Luc Djogbénou
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Charles Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Institut des Sciences Biomédicales Appliquées (ISBA), BP 88, Cotonou, Benin.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon.,German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise Pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. .,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Djihinto OY, Medjigbodo AA, Gangbadja ARA, Saizonou HM, Lagnika HO, Nanmede D, Djossou L, Bohounton R, Sovegnon PM, Fanou MJ, Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Mousse W, Djogbénou LS. Malaria-Transmitting Vectors Microbiota: Overview and Interactions With Anopheles Mosquito Biology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891573. [PMID: 35668761 PMCID: PMC9164165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a vector-borne infectious disease that is still a major public health concern worldwide, especially in tropical regions. Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The control interventions targeting mosquito vectors have achieved significant success during the last two decades and rely mainly on the use of chemical insecticides through the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Unfortunately, resistance to conventional insecticides currently being used in public health is spreading in the natural mosquito populations, hampering the long-term success of the current vector control strategies. Thus, to achieve the goal of malaria elimination, it appears necessary to improve vector control approaches through the development of novel environment-friendly tools. Mosquito microbiota has by now given rise to the expansion of innovative control tools, such as the use of endosymbionts to target insect vectors, known as "symbiotic control." In this review, we will present the viral, fungal and bacterial diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes, including the bacteriophages. This review discusses the likely interactions between the vector microbiota and its fitness and resistance to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Y. Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A. Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Albert R. A. Gangbadja
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga M. Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Hamirath O. Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Dyane Nanmede
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Laurette Djossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Roméo Bohounton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierre Marie Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Marie-Joel Fanou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Wassiyath Mousse
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Luc S. Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Ouidah, Benin
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7
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Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Dossou YA, Avokpaho E, Mbama DNJ, Boussougou-Sambe TS, Francis NN, Ndo C, Ntoumi F, Wondji CS, Adegnika AA, Borrmann S, Issifou S, Djogbénou LS. Surveillance of Plasmodium malariae infection among inhabitants of rural areas in Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori Bossito health district, Benin. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:275-286. [PMID: 34981216 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the Plasmodium species that infect humans, P. falciparum has been largely studied in malaria endemic areas. However, P. malariae infection is less documented among the human population. This study aimed to monitor the prevalence and distribution of P. malariae in Southern Benin. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in rural localities in the Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori Bossito (OKT) health district in Southern Benin from June to October 2019. Socio-demographic data were collected using a questionnaire, while malaria infection data were obtained on the one hand by microscopy diagnosis and, on the other, by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on microscopy, the prevalence of P. malariae mono-infection and coinfection of P. falciparum, P. malariae was respectively 2.3% and 1.2% in the OKT health district. This prevalence was higher (P < 0.01) than that reported by Damien et al. (2010) 10 years ago in the same study area with 0.7% and 0.3% of P. malariae and P. falciparum/P. malariae, respectively. Based on PCR analysis, P. malariae prevalence was 14.1%, including 5.2% of mono-infection and 8.9% of mixed infection with P. falciparum. Sub-microscopic Plasmodium infections were high (30.6%) and more pronounced in older participants (>20 years). The present study revealed that P. malariae increased in the OKT health district with a high prevalence of submicroscopic infection. Since our results provide valuable evidence of increasing P. malariae infection, the National Malaria Control Programs (NMCPs) must consider P. malariae when designing future measures for effective control and malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP : 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP : 88, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Yannelle A Dossou
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP : 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Euripide Avokpaho
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP : 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Dollon N J Mbama
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Medicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Terence S Boussougou-Sambe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nongley N Francis
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Centre Region, Yaounde, 237, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, South West, Buea, 237, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Centre Region, Yaounde, 237, Cameroon
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Medicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Centre Region, Yaounde, 237, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP : 88, Cotonou, Bénin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saadou Issifou
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP : 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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8
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Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Akoton R, Tossou E, Innocent D, Riveron J, Irving H, Yessoufou A, Wondji C, Djouaka R. Investigation of DDT resistance mechanisms in Anopheles funestus populations from northern and southern Benin reveals a key role of the GSTe2 gene. Malar J 2020; 19:456. [PMID: 33334345 PMCID: PMC7745352 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquito, such as Anopheles funestus, is an important step in developing strategies to mitigate the resistance problem. This study aims to assess the role of the GSTe2 gene in DDT resistance and determine the genetic diversity of this gene in An. funestus. Methods Gene expression analysis was performed using microarrays and PCR while the potential mutation associated with resistance was determined using sequencing. Results Low expression level of GSTe2 gene was recorded in Burkina-Faso samples with a fold change of 3.3 while high expression (FC 35.6) was recorded in southern Benin in Pahou (FC 35.6) and Kpome (FC 13.3). The sequencing of GSTe2 gene in six localities showed that L119F-GSTe2 mutation is almost getting fixed in highly DDT-resistant Benin (Pahou, Kpome, Doukonta) and Nigeria (Akaka Remo) mosquitoes with a low mutation rate observed in Tanongou (Benin) and Burkina-Faso mosquitoes. Conclusion This study shows the key role of the GSTe2 gene in DDT resistant An. funestus in Benin. Polymorphism analysis of this gene across Benin revealed possible barriers to gene flow, which could impact the design and implementation of resistance management strategies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun M Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Oya State, Nigeria
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Djegbe Innocent
- Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, National University of Sciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
| | - Jacob Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke PlaceLiverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke PlaceLiverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Charles Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke PlaceLiverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.
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9
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Atoyebi SM, Tchigossou GM, Akoton R, Riveron JM, Irving H, Weedall G, Tossou E, Djegbe I, Oyewole IO, Bakare AA, Wondji CS, Djouaka R. Investigating the molecular basis of multiple insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector Anopheles funestus (sensu stricto) from Akaka-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:423. [PMID: 32811561 PMCID: PMC7436991 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms used by Anopheles mosquitoes to survive insecticide exposure is key to manage existing insecticide resistance and develop more suitable insecticide-based malaria vector control interventions as well as other alternative integrated tools. To this regard, the molecular basis of permethrin, DDT and dieldrin resistance in Anopheles funestus (sensu stricto) at Akaka-Remo was investigated. Methods Bioassays were conducted on 3–5-day-old adult An. funestus (s.s.) mosquitoes for permethrin, DDT and dieldrin susceptibility test. The molecular mechanisms of mosquito resistance to these insecticides were investigated using microarray and reverse transcriptase PCR techniques. The voltage-gated sodium channel region of mosquitoes was also screened for the presence of knockdown resistance mutations (kdr west and east) by sequencing method. Results Anopheles funestus (s.s.) population was resistant to permethrin (mortality rate of 68%), DDT (mortality rate of 10%) and dieldrin (mortality rate of 8%) insecticides. Microarray and RT-PCR analyses revealed the overexpression of glutathione S-transferase genes, cytochrome P450s, esterase, trypsin and cuticle proteins in resistant mosquitoes compared to control. The GSTe2 was the most upregulated detoxification gene in permethrin-resistant (FC = 44.89), DDT-resistant (FC = 57.39) and dieldrin-resistant (FC = 41.10) mosquitoes compared to control population (FC = 22.34). The cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6P9b was also upregulated in both permethrin- and DDT-resistant mosquitoes. The digestive enzyme, trypsin (hydrolytic processes) and the cuticle proteins (inducing cuticle thickening leading to reduced insecticides penetration) also showed high involvement in insecticide resistance, through their overexpression in resistant mosquitoes compared to control. The kdr east and west were absent in all mosquitoes analysed, suggesting their non-involvement in the observed mosquito resistance. Conclusions The upregulation of metabolic genes, especially the GSTe2 and trypsin, as well as the cuticle proteins is driving insecticide resistance of An. funestus (s.s.) population. However, additional molecular analyses, including functional metabolic assays of these genes as well as screening for a possible higher cuticular hydrocarbon and lipid contents, and increased procuticle thickness in resistant mosquitoes are needed to further describe their distinct roles in mosquito resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seun M Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,Cell Biology & Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Genevieve M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Insecticide Bioscience Department, Syngenta, Toulouse, UK
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gareth Weedall
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.,National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, BP 123, Natitingou, Benin
| | - Isaac O Oyewole
- Biology Department, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle A Bakare
- Cell Biology & Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.
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10
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Tossou E, Tepa-Yotto G, Kpindou OKD, Sandeu R, Datinon B, Zeukeng F, Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Djègbè I, Vontas J, Martin T, Wondji C, Tamò M, Bokonon-Ganta AH, Djouaka R. Susceptibility Profiles of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Deltamethrin Reveal a Contrast between the Northern and the Southern Benin. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1882. [PMID: 31142024 PMCID: PMC6603559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is an indigenous species in Africa and has been reported in the destruction of several crops in Benin. Management of H. armigera pest is mainly focused on the use of synthetic pyrethroids, which may contribute to resistance selection. This study aimed to screen the susceptibility pattern of field populations of H. armigera to deltamethrin in Benin. Relevant information on the type of pesticides used by farmers were gathered through surveys. Collected samples of Helicoverpa (F0) were reared to F1. F0 were subjected to morphological speciation followed by a confirmation using restriction fragment length polymorphism coupled with a polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR). F1 (larvae) were used for insecticide susceptibility with deltamethrin alone and in the presence of the P450 inhibitor Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO). Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were the most used pyrethroids in tomato and cotton farms respectively. All field-sampled Helicoverpa were found to be H. armigera. Susceptibility assays of H. armigera to deltamethrin revealed a high resistance pattern in cowpea (resistance factor (RF) = 2340), cotton (RF varying from 12 to 516) and tomato (RF=85) farms which is a concern for the control of this major polyphagous agricultural pest. There was a significant increase of mortality when deltamethrin insecticide was combined with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), suggesting the possible involvement of detoxification enzymes such as oxidase. This study highlights the presence of P450 induced metabolic resistance in H. armigera populations from diverse cropping systems in Benin. The recorded high levels of deltamethrin resistance in H. armigera is a concern for the control of this major agricultural pest in Benin as the country is currently embarking into economical expansion of cotton, vegetables and grain-legumes cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Ghislain Tepa-Yotto
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- School of Crop and Seed Production, National University of Agriculture (UNA-Benin), P.O. Box 43 Kétou, Benin.
| | - Ouorou K Douro Kpindou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Ruth Sandeu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Benjamin Datinon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Généviève M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Life And Earth Sciences, National University of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, P.O. Box 2282 Abomey, Benin.
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N Plastira 100, 70013 Crete, Greece.
- Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Ieraodos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Thibaud Martin
- Cirad UR Hortsys, Université Montpellier, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34 398 Montpellier, France.
- Biosciences Unit, University Houphouet Boigny, Cocody 01 BP 6483Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Charles Wondji
- Vector group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Aimé H Bokonon-Ganta
- Direction of Plant Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, P.O. Box 526Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 P.O. Box 0932 Tri-Postal Cotonou, Benin.
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11
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Tchigossou G, Djouaka R, Akoton R, Riveron JM, Irving H, Atoyebi S, Moutairou K, Yessoufou A, Wondji CS. Molecular basis of permethrin and DDT resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Benin. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:602. [PMID: 30458849 PMCID: PMC6247751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. In order to implement suitable insecticide resistance management strategies, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. To achieve this, the molecular basis of permethrin and DDT resistance in the principal malaria vector, Anopheles funestus from inland Benin (Kpome), was investigated. RESULTS Here, using a microarray-based genome-wide transcription and qRT-PCR analysis, we showed that metabolic resistance mechanisms through over-expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTs) are a major contributor to DDT and permethrin resistance in Anopheles funestus from Kpome. The GSTe2 gene was the most upregulated detoxification gene in both DDT- [fold-change (FC: 16.0)] and permethrin-resistant (FC: 18.1) mosquitoes suggesting that upregulation of this gene could contribute to DDT resistance and cross-resistance to permethrin. CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b genes that have been previously associated with pyrethroid resistance were also significantly overexpressed with FC 5.4 and 4.8, respectively, in a permethrin resistant population. Noticeably, the GSTs, GSTd1-5 and GSTd3, were more upregulated in DDT-resistant than in permethrin-resistant Anopheles funestus suggesting these genes are more implicated in DDT resistance. The absence of the L1014F or L1014S kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene coupled with the lack of directional selection at the gene further supported that knockdown resistance plays little role in this resistance. CONCLUSIONS The major role played by metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in this An. funestus population in Benin suggests that using novel control tools combining the P450 synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), such as PBO-based bednets, could help manage the growing pyrethroid resistance in this malaria vector in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin. .,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey Calavi, BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Seun Atoyebi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,LSTM Research Unit at the Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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12
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Djouaka R, Zeukeng F, Bigoga JD, Kakou-Ngazoa SE, Akoton R, Tchigossou G, Coulibaly DN, Tchebe SJE, Aboubacar S, Nguepdjo CN, Tossou E, Adeoti R, Ngo Nsonga TM, Akpo Y, Djegbe I, Tamo M, Mbacham WF, Ablordey A. Domestic animals infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans-Implications for transmission to humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006572. [PMID: 29965961 PMCID: PMC6044547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The environmental pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) can infect both humans and animals and cause Buruli ulcer (BU) disease. However, its mode(s) of transmission from the colonized environment to human/animal hosts remain unclear. In Australia, MU can infect both wildlife and domestic mammals. Till date, BU-like lesions have only been reported in wildlife in Africa. This warrants a thorough assessment of possible MU in domestic animals in Africa. Here, we screened roaming domesticated animals that share the human microhabitat in two different BU endemic sites, Sedje-Denou in Benin and Akonolinga in Cameroon, for MU lesions. Methodology/Principal findings We screened roaming mammals and birds across 3 endemic villages of Sedje-Denou in Southern Benin and 6 endemic villages of Akonolinga in Cameroon. After approval from relevant authorities, specimens (wound swabs and tissue fragments) were collected from animals with open or active lesion and systematically screened to detect the presence of MU though the diagnostic DNA targets IS2404, IS2606 and KR-B. Out of 397 animals surveyed in Akonolinga, 44 (11.08%) carried skin lesions and all were negative for MU DNA. For Sedje-Denou, only 25 (6.93%) out of 361 animals surveyed carried external skin lesions of which 2 (8%) were positive for MU DNA targets. These MU infected lesions were found in two different villages on a goat (abdominal part) and on a dog (nape area of the neck). Source-tracking of MU isolates within infected animal lesions was performed using VNTR genotyping and further confirmed with sequencing. One MU VNTR genotype (Z) was successfully typed from the goat lesion. The evolutionary history inferred from sequenced data revealed a clustering of animal MU isolates within isolates from human lesions. Conclusion/Significance This study describes the first report of two MU infected lesions in domestic animals in Africa. Their DNA sequence analyses show close relationship to isolates from human cases. It suggests that MU infection should be suspected in domestic hosts and these could play a role in transmission. The findings further support the hypothesis that MU is a ubiquitous environmental pathogen found in endemic areas, and probably involved in a multiple transmission pathway. Buruli ulcer (BU) remains a major Public Health problem in rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. There are several reports of the occurrence of BU in Wildlife as well as domestic animals in Australia leading to the suggestion that animals may play a role in the transmission of MU to humans. Report of BU in animals is however scanty in Africa and no significant link has been made between BU in humans and animals. BU-like lesions were investigated in 397 and 361 roaming domestic animals respectively from Sedje-Denou and Akonolinga. Wound swabs, and tissue fragments were collected from animals with active lesions. Overall, 2 (8%) type I (<5 cm) animal lesions (localized on the abdominal part of a goat and the nape area of a dog) were colonized by MU in Benin. MU VNTR genotypes Z (4, 1, 2, 2) and C- (3, 1, 2, 0) were identified in the lesions of the goat and dog respectively. Significant homology was found between orthologous sequences of MU strains infecting animals and humans. The evolutionary history inferred from sequenced data revealed a clustering of animal MU isolates within isolates from human lesions. New reservoirs of MU were found through this study and allowed to a new interpretation of the life cycle of this mycobacterium from the risk environment to humans in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Jude Daiga Bigoga
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Solange E. Kakou-Ngazoa
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Romaric Akoton
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Science and Technics, Calavi, Benin
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Science and Technics, Calavi, Benin
| | - David N’golo Coulibaly
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Sylla Aboubacar
- Department of Technics and Technology, Platform of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute Abidjan, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Eric Tossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Faculty of Science and Technics, Calavi, Benin
| | - Razack Adeoti
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | - Yao Akpo
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Laboratory of Ecology, Health and Animal Production (LESPA), Parakou, Bénin
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Manuele Tamo
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Djègbè I, Yessoufou A, Atoyebi MS, Tossou E, Zeukeng F, Boko P, Irving H, Adéoti R, Riveron J, Wondji CS, Moutairou K, Djouaka R. Experimental huts trial of the efficacy of pyrethroids/piperonyl butoxide (PBO) net treatments for controlling multi-resistant populations of Anopheles funestus s.s. in Kpomè, Southern Benin. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:71. [PMID: 30175242 PMCID: PMC6113884 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14589.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insecticides resistance in
Anopheles mosquitoes limits Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) used for malaria control in Africa, especially Benin. This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy of current LLINs in an area where
An. funestus s.l. and
An. gambiae have developed multi-resistance to insecticides, and to assess in experimental huts the performance of a mixed combination of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) treated nets on these resistant mosquitoes. Methods: The study was conducted at Kpomè, Southern Benin. The bio-efficacy of LLINs against
An. funestus and An. gambiae was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) cone and tunnel tests. A released/recapture experiment following WHO procedures was conducted to compare the efficacy of conventional LLINs treated with pyrethroids only and LLINs with combinations of pyrethroids and PBO. Prior to huts trials, we confirmed the level of insecticide and PBO residues in tested nets using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Conventional LLINs (Type 2 and Type 4) have the lowest effect against local multi-resistant
An. funestus s.s. and An. coluzzii populations from Kpomè. Conversely, when LLINs containing mixtures of pyrethroids and PBO (Type 1 and Type 3) were introduced in trial huts, we recorded a greater effect against the two mosquito populations (P < 0.0001). Tunnel test with
An. funestus s.s. revealed mortalities of over 80% with this new generation of LLINs (Type 1 and Type 3),while conventional LLINs produced 65.53 ± 8.33% mortalities for Type 2 and 71.25 ±7.92% mortalities for Type 4. Similarly, mortalities ranging from 77 to 87% were recorded with the local populations of
An. coluzzii. Conclusion: This study suggests the reduced efficacy of conventional LLINs (Pyrethroids alone) currently distributed in Benin communities where
Anopheles populations have developed multi-insecticide resistance. The new generation nets (pyrethroids+PBO) proved to be more effective on multi-resistant populations of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Akoton
- University of Abomey, Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 526, Benin.,AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Genevieve M Tchigossou
- University of Abomey, Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 526, Benin.,AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin.,National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics of Abomey, Abomey, 123, Benin
| | | | - Michael Seun Atoyebi
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin.,Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- University of Abomey, Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, 526, Benin.,AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, 812, Cameroon
| | - Pelagie Boko
- National malaria and Neglected diseases control program, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA , UK
| | - Razack Adéoti
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
| | - Jacob Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA , UK
| | | | | | - Rousseau Djouaka
- AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 0932, Benin
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Djègbè I, Akoton R, Tchigossou G, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Atoyebi SM, Adéoti R, Zeukeng F, Ketoh GK, Djouaka R. First report of the presence of L1014S Knockdown-resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.s and Anopheles coluzzii from Togo, West Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:30. [PMID: 29707654 PMCID: PMC5909049 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13888.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To optimize the success of insecticide-based malaria control intervention, knowledge of the distribution of Anopheles gambiae species and insecticide resistance mechanisms is necessary. This paper reported an updated data on pyrethroids/DDT resistance in the An. gambiae s.l population from Togo. Methods: From December 2013 to April 2015, females of indoor-resting An. gambiae s.l were captured in three locations belonging to three different ecological zones. Resistance to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin was screened in F1 progeny of collected mosquitoes using WHO susceptibility tests. The identification of species of An. gambiae complex and the detection of kdr and ace.1 R allele were carried out using DNA-based molecular techniques. Results:An. gambiae from Kovié and Nangbéto were highly resistant to DDT and permethrin with mortalities rate ranging from 0.83% to 1.58% for DDT and zero to 8.54% for permethrin. Mosquitoes collected in Nangbéto displayed 81.53% mortality with deltamethrin. An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s were found in sympatry in Nangbéto and Mango . The allelic frequency of L1014F was high, ranging from 66 to 100% in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. For the first time we detected the L1014S allele in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiaes.s. from Togo at the frequency ranging from 5% to 13% in all the sites. The kdr N1575Y was present at various frequencies in both species ranging from 10% to 45%. Both An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii shared the ace1 R mutation in all investigated sites with allelic frequency ranging from 4% to 16%. Conclusion: These results showed that multiple mutations are involved in insecticides resistance in An. gambiae populations from Togo including the kdr L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y and ace.1 R G119S mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- University of Sciences, Technologies and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BP 526, Benin
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BP 526, Benin
| | | | - Seun Michael Atoyebi
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Razack Adéoti
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Research unit of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, 01 BP 1515 , Togo
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
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Tchigossou G, Akoton R, Yessoufou A, Djegbe I, Zeukeng F, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Moutairou K, Djouaka R. Water source most suitable for rearing a sensitive malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in the laboratory. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:109. [PMID: 29387806 PMCID: PMC5721565 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12942.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The insecticide susceptibility status of
Anopheles funestus, one of the main malaria vectors in the Afrotropical regions, remains under-studied due to the difficulty of working with this mosquito species. Collecting their larvae in natural breeding sites, rearing and maintaining them in normal laboratory conditions have been a difficult task. Forced-egg laying technique has been a very good tool to generate eggs from adult mosquitoes collected from the wild but rearing these eggs to obtain satisfying portion as adults has always been the problem. In this study, we optimized the development of mosquito species larvae under standard laboratory conditions for desired production of adult mosquitoes that can be useful for insecticide susceptibility tests. Methods: A forced-egg laying technique was used to obtain eggs from gravid female
Anopheles funestus collected from Kpome locality in Benin. Eggs were reared in three different water samples (water from the borehole, and two mineral water namely FIFA and Possotômè) and larvae were fed with TetraMin baby fish food. The physico-chemical parameters of the waters were investigated prior to use for egg incubation (introduction of eggs’ batches into water). Results: In contrast to mineral water that had no contamination, the borehole water source was contaminated with lead (2.5mg/L) and nitrate (118.8mg/L). Egg hatching rates ranged as 91.9 ± 4.4%, 89.1 ± 2.5% and 87.9 ± 2.6% in FIFA, Possotômè and borehole water respectively. High emergence of larvae to adult mosquitoes was recorded as in FIFA (74.3%) and Possotômè (79.5%) water. No adult mosquito was obtained from larvae reared in borehole water. Conclusions: This study gave insight on the water sources that could be good for rearing to mass produce
An. funestus in the laboratory. More analysis with other local mineral water sources in our environments could be considered in the future, hopefully giving better outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Natitingou, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Seun M Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin
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Tchigossou GM, Akoton R, Yessoufou A, Djegbe I, Zeukeng F, Atoyebi SM, Tossou E, Moutairou K, Djouaka R. Water source most suitable for rearing a sensitive malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in the laboratory. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12942.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The insecticide susceptibility status ofAnopheles funestus,one of the main malaria vectors in the Afrotropical regions, remains under-studied due to the difficulty of working with this mosquito species. Collecting their larvae in natural breeding sites, rearing and maintaining them in normal laboratory conditions have been a difficult task. Forced-egg laying technique has been a very good tool to generate eggs from adult mosquitoes collected from the wild but rearing these eggs to obtain satisfying portion as adults has always been the problem. In this study, we optimized the development of mosquito species larvae under standard laboratory conditions for desired production of adult mosquitoes that can be useful for insecticide susceptibility tests.Methods: A forced-egg laying technique was used to obtain eggs from gravid femaleAnopheles funestuscollected from Kpome locality in Benin. Eggs were reared in three different water samples (water from the borehole,and two mineral water namely FIFA and Possotômè) and larvae were fed with TetraMin baby fish food. The physico-chemical parameters of the waters were investigated prior to use for egg incubation.Results:In contrast to mineral water that had no contamination, the borehole water source was contaminated with lead (2.5mg/L) and nitrate (118.8mg/L). Egg hatching rates ranged as 91.9 ± 4.4%, 89.1 ± 2.5% and 87.9 ± 2.6% in FIFA, Possotômè and borehole water respectively. High emergence of larvae to adult mosquitoes was recorded as in FIFA (74.3%) and Possotômè(79.5%) water. No adult mosquito was obtained from larvae reared in borehole water.Conclusions:This study gave insight on the water sources that could be good for rearing to mass produceAn. funestusin the laboratory. More analysis with other local mineral water sources in our environments could be considered in the future, hopefully giving better outputs.
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Djouaka R, Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Irving H, Kusimo MO, Djegbe I, Riveron JM, Tossou E, Yessoufou A, Wondji CS. Mapping the distribution of Anopheles funestus across Benin highlights a sharp contrast of susceptibility to insecticides and infection rate to Plasmodium between southern and northern populations. Wellcome Open Res 2016. [PMID: 28191507 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10213.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Malaria remains an important public health issue in Benin, with Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus s.s being the predominant vectors. This study was designed to generate information on An. funestus distribution, molecular speciation, Plasmodium infection rate and insecticide susceptibility status across Benin. Methods. Mosquito samples were collected from December 2014 to January 2016 in 46 localities in Benin. These samples were mapped and An. funestus collected were speciated to the molecular level. Plasmodium infection rate was determined using a Taqman assay and susceptibility to insecticides was assessed using the WHO guidelines. The genotyping of the L119F- Gste2 mutation was also carried out. Results. An. funestus was found in 8 out of the 46 localities surveyed with a high presence in Tanongou (wet Sudanese ecological zone), Kpome, Doukonta and Pahou (sub-equatorial ecological zone). Molecular identifications revealed that only An. funestuss.s was present in southern Benin, whereas in Tanongou (northern Benin) An. funestus s.s. and An. leesoni were found in sympatry at proportions of 77.7% and 22.3% respectively. Plasmodium infection rate of An. funestus was higher in southern Benin at a range of 13 to 18% compared to 5.6% recorded in Tanongou. High DDT (8±0.5%) and permethrin (11±0.5%) resistance were observed in Doukonta, Kpome and Pahou, contrasting with relatively low resistance profiles: mortality-DDT=90±3.18% and mortality-permethrin=100% in Tanongou. Genotyping analysis revealed high frequency of the resistant 119F allele in the South (Kpome and Doukonta) compared to the North (Tanongou). Discussion and Conclusion. The high presence of An. funestus in the South compared to the North could be due to favorable environmental and climatic conditions found in both regions. A significant Plasmodium infection rate was recorded across the country. A high resistance profile was recorded in the southern Benin; this raises the need for further investigations on resistance selection factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Genevieve M Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun M Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Benin
| | | | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin.,University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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Djouaka R, Akoton R, Tchigossou GM, Atoyebi SM, Irving H, Kusimo MO, Djegbe I, Riveron JM, Tossou E, Yessoufou A, Wondji CS. Mapping the distribution of Anopheles funestus across Benin highlights a sharp contrast of susceptibility to insecticides and infection rate to Plasmodium between southern and northern populations. Wellcome Open Res 2016; 1:28. [PMID: 28191507 PMCID: PMC5300096 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10213.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Malaria remains an important public health issue in Benin, with Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus s.s being the predominant vectors. This study was designed to generate information on An. funestus distribution, molecular speciation, Plasmodium infection rate and insecticide susceptibility status across Benin. Methods. Mosquito samples were collected from December 2014 to January 2016 in 46 localities in Benin. These samples were mapped and An. funestus collected were speciated to the molecular level. Plasmodium infection rate was determined using a Taqman assay and susceptibility to insecticides was assessed using the WHO guidelines. The genotyping of the L119F- Gste2 mutation was also carried out. Results. An. funestus was found in 8 out of the 46 localities surveyed with a high presence in Tanongou (wet Sudanese ecological zone), Kpome, Doukonta and Pahou (sub-equatorial ecological zone). Molecular identifications revealed that only An. funestuss.s was present in southern Benin, whereas in Tanongou (northern Benin) An. funestus s.s. and An. leesoni were found in sympatry at proportions of 77.7% and 22.3% respectively. Plasmodium infection rate of An. funestus was higher in southern Benin at a range of 13 to 18% compared to 5.6% recorded in Tanongou. High DDT (8±0.5%) and permethrin (11±0.5%) resistance were observed in Doukonta, Kpome and Pahou, contrasting with relatively low resistance profiles: mortality-DDT=90±3.18% and mortality-permethrin=100% in Tanongou. Genotyping analysis revealed high frequency of the resistant 119F allele in the South (Kpome and Doukonta) compared to the North (Tanongou). Discussion and Conclusion. The high presence of An. funestus in the South compared to the North could be due to favorable environmental and climatic conditions found in both regions. A significant Plasmodium infection rate was recorded across the country. A high resistance profile was recorded in the southern Benin; this raises the need for further investigations on resistance selection factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Genevieve M. Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Seun M. Atoyebi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Benin
| | | | - Eric Tossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Benin
- University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
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Djouaka R, Riveron JM, Yessoufou A, Tchigossou G, Akoton R, Irving H, Djegbe I, Moutairou K, Adeoti R, Tamò M, Manyong V, Wondji CS. Multiple insecticide resistance in an infected population of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Benin. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:453. [PMID: 27531125 PMCID: PMC4987972 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge on the spread and distribution of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus is key to implement successful resistance management strategies across Africa. Here, by assessing the susceptibility status of an inland population of An. funestus Giles (Kpome) and investigating molecular basis of resistance, we show that multiple resistance and consistent plasmodium infection rate are present in Anopheles funestus populations from Kpome. Methods The insecticide susceptibility level of collected Anopheles funestus was assessed. Synergist (PBO) was used to screen resistance mechanisms. The TaqMan technique was used for genotyping of insecticide resistant alleles and detecting plasmodium infection levels. The nested PCR was used to further assess the plasmodium infection rate. Results The TaqMan analysis of plasmodial infections revealed an infection rate (18.2 %) of An. funestus in this locality. The WHO bioassays revealed a multiple phenotypic resistance profile for An. funestus in Kpome. This population is highly resistant to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin), organochlorines (DDT), and carbamates (bendiocarb). A reduced susceptibility was observed with dieldrin. Mortalities did not vary after pre-exposure to PBO for DDT indicating that cytochrome P450s play little role in DDT resistance in Kpome. In contrast, we noticed, a significant increase in mortalities when PBO was combined to permethrin suggesting the direct involvement of P450s in pyrethroid resistance. A high frequency of the L119F-GSTe2 DDT resistance marker was observed in the wild DDT resistant population (9 %RS and 91 %RR) whereas the A296S mutation was detected at a low frequency (1 %RS and 99 %SS). Conclusion The presence of multiple resistance in An. funestus populations in the inland locality of Kpome is established in this study as recently documented in the costal locality of Pahou. Data from both localities suggest that resistance could be widespread in Benin and this highlights the need for further studies to assess the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance across Benin and neighboring countries as well as a more comprehensive analysis of the resistance mechanisms involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1723-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousseau Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey, Calavi BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin.,University of Abomey, Calavi BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helen Irving
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Djegbe
- University of Sciences, Arts and Techniques of Natitingou, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
| | | | - Razack Adeoti
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Victor Manyong
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
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