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Huijgen R, Blom DJ, Hartgers ML, Chemello K, Benito-Vicente A, Uribe KB, Behardien Z, Blackhurst DM, Brice BC, Defesche JC, de Jong AG, Jooste RJ, Solomon GAE, Wolmarans KH, Hovingh GK, Martin C, Lambert G, Marais AD. Novel PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9) Variants in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia From Cape Town. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:934-943. [PMID: 33147992 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and markedly increased cardiovascular risk. In patients with a genetic diagnosis, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations account for >90% of cases, apolipoprotein B (APOB) mutations for ≈5% of cases, while proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gain of function mutations are rare (<1% of cases). We aimed to evaluate the functional impact of several novel PCSK9 variants in a cohort of patients with FH by genetic cascade screening and in vitro functionality assays. Approach and Results: Patients with clinically diagnosed FH underwent genetic analysis of LDLR, and if negative, sequential testing of APOB and PCSK9. We analyzed cosegregation of hypercholesterolemia with novel PCSK9 variants. Gain of function status was determined by in silico analyses and validated by in vitro functionality assays. Among 1055 persons with clinical FH, we identified nonsynonymous PCSK9 variants in 27 (2.6%) patients and 7 of these carried one of the 4 previously reported gain of function variants. In the remaining 20 patients with FH, we identified 7 novel PCSK9 variants. The G516V variant (c.1547G>T) was found in 5 index patients and cascade screening identified 15 additional carriers. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were higher in these 15 carriers compared with the 27 noncarriers (236±73 versus 124±35 mg/dL; P<0.001). In vitro studies demonstrated the pathogenicity of the G516V variant. CONCLUSIONS In our study, 1.14% of cases with clinical FH were clearly attributable to pathogenic variants in PCSK9. Pathogenicity is established beyond doubt for the G516V variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Huijgen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H., M.L.H., A.G.d.J., G.K.H.).,Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Dirk J Blom
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (D.J.B., Z.B., D.M.B., D.M.B., B.C.B., R.J.J., K.H.W.), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Merel L Hartgers
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H., M.L.H., A.G.d.J., G.K.H.)
| | - Kévin Chemello
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France (K.C., G.L.)
| | - Asier Benito-Vicente
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain (A.B.-V., K.B.U., C.M.)
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain (A.B.-V., K.B.U., C.M.)
| | - Zorena Behardien
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (D.J.B., Z.B., D.M.B., D.M.B., B.C.B., R.J.J., K.H.W.), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dee M Blackhurst
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (D.J.B., Z.B., D.M.B., D.M.B., B.C.B., R.J.J., K.H.W.), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitte C Brice
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (D.J.B., Z.B., D.M.B., D.M.B., B.C.B., R.J.J., K.H.W.), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joep C Defesche
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Laboratory of Genome Diagnostics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.C.D.)
| | - Annemiek G de Jong
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H., M.L.H., A.G.d.J., G.K.H.)
| | - Rosemary J Jooste
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (D.J.B., Z.B., D.M.B., D.M.B., B.C.B., R.J.J., K.H.W.), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriele A E Solomon
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology (G.A.E.S., A.D.M.), University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa (G.A.E.S., A.D.M.)
| | - Karen H Wolmarans
- Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (D.J.B., Z.B., D.M.B., D.M.B., B.C.B., R.J.J., K.H.W.), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H., M.L.H., A.G.d.J., G.K.H.)
| | - Cesar Martin
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain (A.B.-V., K.B.U., C.M.)
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France (K.C., G.L.)
| | - A David Marais
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology (G.A.E.S., A.D.M.), University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa (G.A.E.S., A.D.M.)
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