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Abrams RE, Pierre K, El-Murr N, Seung E, Wu L, Luna E, Mehta R, Li J, Larabi K, Ahmed M, Pelekanou V, Yang ZY, van de Velde H, Stamatelos SK. Quantitative systems pharmacology modeling sheds light into the dose response relationship of a trispecific T cell engager in multiple myeloma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10976. [PMID: 35768621 PMCID: PMC9243109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), there are few treatment options once patients progress from the established standard of care. Several bispecific T-cell engagers (TCE) are in clinical development for multiple myeloma (MM), designed to promote T-cell activation and tumor killing by binding a T-cell receptor and a myeloma target. In this study we employ both computational and experimental tools to investigate how a novel trispecific TCE improves activation, proliferation, and cytolytic activity of T-cells against MM cells. In addition to binding CD3 on T-cells and CD38 on tumor cells, the trispecific binds CD28, which serves as both co-stimulation for T-cell activation and an additional tumor target. We have established a robust rule-based quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model trained against T-cell activation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine data, and used it to gain insight into the complex dose response of this drug. We predict that CD3-CD28-CD38 killing capacity increases rapidly in low dose levels, and with higher doses, killing plateaus rather than following the bell-shaped curve typical of bispecific TCEs. We further predict that dose–response curves are driven by the ability of tumor cells to form synapses with activated T-cells. When competition between cells limits tumor engagement with active T-cells, response to therapy may be diminished. We finally suggest a metric related to drug efficacy in our analysis—“effective” receptor occupancy, or the proportion of receptors engaged in synapses. Overall, this study predicts that the CD28 arm on the trispecific antibody improves efficacy, and identifies metrics to inform potency of novel TCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Abrams
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Dr, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA.,Daichi Sankyo, 211 Mt. Airy Rd., Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA
| | - K Pierre
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Dr, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA.
| | - N El-Murr
- Sanofi, 13 quai Jules Guesde 94403 Cedex, VITRY-SUR-SEINE, Vitry/Alfortville, France
| | - E Seung
- Sanofi, 270 Albany St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Modex Therapeutics, 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - L Wu
- Sanofi, 270 Albany St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Modex Therapeutics, 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | | | | | - J Li
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Dr, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA
| | - K Larabi
- Sanofi, 13 quai Jules Guesde 94403 Cedex, VITRY-SUR-SEINE, Vitry/Alfortville, France
| | - M Ahmed
- Sanofi, 50 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - V Pelekanou
- Sanofi, 50 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Z-Y Yang
- Sanofi, 270 Albany St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Modex Therapeutics, 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | | | - S K Stamatelos
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Dr, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA. .,Bayer Pharmaceuticals, PH100 Bayer Boulevard, Whippany, NJ, 07981, USA.
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McQuade ST, Abrams RE, Barrett JS, Piccoli B, Azer K. Linear-In-Flux-Expressions Methodology: Toward a Robust Mathematical Framework for Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Simulators. Gene Regul Syst Bio 2017; 11:1177625017711414. [PMID: 29581702 PMCID: PMC5862386 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017711414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) modeling is increasingly used as a quantitative tool for advancing mechanistic hypotheses on the mechanism of action of a drug, and its pharmacological effect in relevant disease phenotypes, to enable linking the right drug to the right patient. Application of QSP models relies on creation of virtual populations for simulating scenarios of interest. Creation of virtual populations requires 2 important steps, namely, identification of a subset of model parameters that can be associated with a phenotype of disease and development of a sampling strategy from identified distributions of these parameters. We improve on existing sampling methodologies by providing a means of representing the structural relationship across model parameters and describing propagation of variability in the model. This gives a robust, systematic method for creating a virtual population. We have developed the Linear-In-Flux-Expressions (LIFE) method to simulate variability in patient pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics using relationships between parameters at baseline to create a virtual population. We demonstrate the importance of this methodology on a model of cholesterol metabolism. The LIFE methodology brings us a step closer toward improved QSP simulators through enhanced capture of the observed variability in drug and disease clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T McQuade
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ruth E Abrams
- Translational Informatics Department, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Barrett
- Translational Informatics Department, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Benedetto Piccoli
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Karim Azer
- Translational Informatics Department, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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Ming JE, Abrams RE, Bartlett DW, Tao M, Nguyen T, Surks H, Kudrycki K, Kadambi A, Friedrich CM, Djebli N, Goebel B, Koszycki A, Varshnaya M, Elassal J, Banerjee P, Sasiela WJ, Reed MJ, Barrett JS, Azer K. A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Platform to Investigate the Impact of Alirocumab and Cholesterol-Lowering Therapies on Lipid Profiles and Plaque Characteristics. Gene Regul Syst Bio 2017; 11:1177625017710941. [PMID: 28804243 PMCID: PMC5484552 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017710941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease. Alirocumab, an antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), significantly reduces LDL-C. Here, we report development of a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model integrating peripheral and liver cholesterol metabolism, as well as PCSK9 function, to examine the mechanisms of action of alirocumab and other lipid-lowering therapies, including statins. The model predicts changes in LDL-C and other lipids that are consistent with effects observed in clinical trials of single or combined treatments of alirocumab and other treatments. An exploratory model to examine the effects of lipid levels on plaque dynamics was also developed. The QSP platform, on further development and qualification, may support dose optimization and clinical trial design for PCSK9 inhibitors and lipid-modulating drugs. It may also improve our understanding of factors affecting therapeutic responses in different phenotypes of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Ming
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Ruth E Abrams
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | | | - Mengdi Tao
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Tu Nguyen
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Howard Surks
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Nassim Djebli
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Britta Goebel
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Alex Koszycki
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Meera Varshnaya
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Barrett
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Azer
- Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA; Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, and Montpellier, France
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