Tamil handwritten palm leaf manuscript dataset (THPLMD)

Most palm leaf manuscripts are generally accessible in deteriorated condition, including cracks, discoloration, moisture and humidity, and insects bite. Such a manuscript is considered challenging in the research field. We captured deteriorated Tamil palm leaves around 262 dataset samples are 'Naladiyar(27)',' Tholkappiyam(221)', and' Thirikadugam(14)' which are genned up mortal health, discipline, authoritative text on Tamil grammar. We contribute the high-quality raw dataset with the aid of a Nikon camera, pre-enhance samples by editing software tool, and applied the Otsu threshold to deliver the ground images through binarization as readily accessible content presenting a highly time-consuming task to play a vital role in Machine/Deep/ Transfer learning, AI, and ANN.

Universitising teacher education in Singapore: from the TTC to the NIE

The emergence of a modern teacher education system in Singapore can be traced to 1950 when the Teachers Training College (TTC) was established. The TTC was a separate entity from the School of Education at the University of Singapore. Rapid economic growth in the 1970s and 80s necessitated changes to upgrade the education system, such that school leavers could be better prepared for work in a post-industrial economy. It was recognised then that teacher preparation had to be upgraded to represent the field as an evidence-based profession, thus leading to the establishment of the Institute of Education in 1973; this was a significant first step in the journey towards universitising teacher education in Singapore. Continued and transformative economic growth in the 1980s and 90 s necessitated further changes in education goals, best represented by the Thinking Schools, Learning Nation initiative in 1997, the Teach Less Learn More initiative in 2004, and the ICT MasterPlans initiatives. In response, in 1991, the National Institute of Education (NIE) was established, as an institute of Nanyang Technological University. The move to universitise teacher education in Singapore enabled the profession to attract a better calibre of teacher-students, develop rigorous graduate and postgraduate programmes in education, recruit faculty with postgraduate qualifications, and invest in Singapore-centric education research. Though the journey has been long, steady progress towards universitisation has contributed significantly to Singapore's development, and the NIE can today claim to be an internationally recognised Institute of Distinction.

Indole 3-acetic acid production by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Ability of 8 ectomycorrhizal fungi to synthesise indole 3-acetic acid from L-tryptophan and their growth rate were studied. Differences in the levels of IAA synthesis and biomass production among the 8 mycorrhizal fungi were observed. A positive correlation was recorded between IAA level and mycelial growth. The synthesis of IAA and mycelial biomass were maximum on 30th day after incubation. Pisolithus tinctorius and Laccaria laccata exhibited higher amounts of IAA production than other fungi, whereas Amanita muscaria and Rhizopogon luteolus showed least quantity of IAA.

A child reading: some educational and psychological considerations

This paper notes that reading is a significant and complex task; effective reading skills are crucial for educational success and psychological integration; Data from the Remedial Reading Clinic, Institute of Education and data from a reading survey amongst 1,157 Primary Six pupils from 18 schools is with the two aspects noted above as a framework. The work of Bruno Bettelheim, a noted child psychiatrist is given special attention.