Assessment of Serum Total Cholesterol in Adult Male Hypertensive Bangladeshi People

Hypertension is a most common health problem worldwide and its incidence seems to be increasing on global scale. The objective of the study was to assess the relationship of serum Total Cholesterol with hypertensive patients in order to compare this parameter with normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2018. A total number of 120 male subjects, age ranged from 30-65 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. In this study we found that serum total cholesterol was significant in study group (229.62±17.49mg/dl) in comparison with control group (166.32±18.04mg/dl). Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to hypertension for leading a healthy life.

Study on Serum Calcium Level in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients often present with chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated with hypocalcaemia. Lower serum calcium is independently associated with chronic kidney disease. Aim of this study was to assess of serum calcium level in chronic kidney diseased patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Physiology department, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 subjects, age range 30-70 year were included in this study. Among 200 subjects, 100 healthy were taken as control group (Group I) and 100 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II). Control group (Group I) subdivided into male healthy subject (Group IA) and female healthy subject (Group IB). Also study group (Group II) subdivided into male chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIA) and female chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIB). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS version-21. Expression of data as mean±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that mean±SE serum calcium of Group IA and Group IIA were 9.60±0.09mg/dl & 8.04±0.03mg/dl respectively. The mean±SE serum calcium of Group IB and Group IIB were 9.38±0.096mg/dl & 8.19±0.05mg/dl respectively. Serum calcium was significantly decreased in study groups in comparison with control groups (p<0.001). By this study we therefore recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to chronic kidney disease for leading a healthy life.

Correlation Study between COPD and Heart Failure in Elderly Patient

Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are acquiring significant morbidity and mortality and the amalgamation presents many diagnostic challenges. Assessment of cardiac and pulmonary function by echocardiography and pulmonary function tests should be executed in all patients with cautious explanation to avoid misdiagnosis and wrong treatment. Both conditions share overlapping pathophysiological processes. Both functional status and quality of life are greatly influenced by these and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates leading to increase the health-care costs. Although both diseases have been studied extensively, information about the correlation between heart failure and COPD is lacking. Classifying the reason of breathing symptoms among people with both the diseases can be demanding. Therefore it is plausible that a considerable proportion of patients with a diagnosis of COPD have associated heart failure, which ruins unrecognized by primary care physicians or pulmonologists. This study's aim was to assess the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure among elderly patients with chronic cough and dyspnea. This study was done in 100 patient's ≥40 years with a GP (general physician) diagnosis of COPD. Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh from November 2011 to April 2012. A total of 100 cases of chronic cough with breathlessness coming into out patient department and admitted into Department of Medicine of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent was taken from the participants and data was collected by a questionnaire and relevant investigations were done. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and were expressed as mean±SE and significance level of differences among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study among 100 participating patients with a diagnosis of COPD by their physician, in 24(24%) patients had previously unrecognized heart failure. Pearson Correlation study showed that there is significant positive correlation between FEV₁/FVC and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and there is also significant positive correlation between FEV₁/FVC and Total Left Ventricular Dysfunction. By this study we recommend that evaluation and assessment of cardiac status is very important in elderly patients with COPD.

Correlation between Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc Level in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type-2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes. There is a Correlation between Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc level in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. This study was done to assess the relationship of Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc in type-2 diabetic patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age ranged from 35-65 years was included in this study. Among them, seventy (70) type-2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group II) and seventy (70) ages matched healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Group I again subdivided into control group male (Group IA) and control group female (Group IB). Group II also subdivided into study group male (Group IIA) and study group female (Group IIB). Pearson correlation coefficient test is done to correlate the relationship between fasting serum glucose (FSG) and serum zinc. In this study we found that serum zinc level was decreased in study groups in comparison with control groups. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to diabetes for leading a healthy life.

Evaluation of Change of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased (COPD) Patients

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem which causes high health care utilizations, poor health-related quality of life, and substantial cost burden and deaths in worldwide. This study was done to evaluate the changes of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, age ranged from 30-70 years was included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). PEFR was assessed by peak flow meter. Data were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean ±SD of PEFR of Group I and Group II were 432.75±30.23 L/min & 203.5±20.81 L/min respectively. The mean ±SD of PEFR significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in PEFR causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complications related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Study on Body Mass Index, Serum C-Reactive Protein and Their Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women

Menopause is the natural process of ageing when women pass from reproductive to non -reproductive phase with the cessation of cyclical ovarian functions. After menopause women are usually troubled by increasing weight and waist circumference caused by obesity and androidal fat redistribution. With the increase in life expectancy resulting in women living one half to one third of their lives after menopause, the high incidence of overweight and obesity in women have become important public health concerns. In postmenopausal women, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most significant predictors of cardiovascular disease and heart attack risk. In middle aged women, the risk of a coronary event rises dramatically after onset of menopause corresponding to decreased levels of circulating endogenous estrogens. Both body mass index (BMI) and serum CRP are significantly higher among postmenopausal women as compared with reproductive aged women. To assess the BMI and serum CRP level changes in healthy postmenopausal women in order to compare this parameter with healthy reproductive aged women. This comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July, 2018 to June, 2019. Two hundred healthy women (100 female were postmenopausal as study group and 100 female were reproductive aged women as control group) aged between 25 to 65 years were enrolled in this study. BMI was calculated as weight in kilogram divided by the height in meter square. Serum CRP by CRP-Latex Test (Slide agglutination procedure). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean value ±SD of BMI and serum CRP level was higher in postmenopausal group in comparison to the reproductive women group. This study concludes, BMI and Serum C-Reactive protein level increased in postmenopausal women.

Unrecognized Heart Failure in Elderly Patient with COPD

Both of heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are in the elderly. They have an important impact on quality of life and functional status, show high morbidity and mortality rates and lead to extensive health-care costs. Although both diseases have been studied extensively, information about the prevalence of heart failure in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is lacking. For people who have both the diseases, identifying the cause of breathing symptoms can be challenging. It seems therefore plausible that a considerable proportion of patients with a diagnosis of COPD have concomitant heart failure, which remains unrecognized by primary care physicians or pulmonologists. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of heart failure in patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The prevalence of previously unknown heart failure was assessed in 100 patients ≥40 years with a GP (General physician) diagnosis of COPD, in a stable phase of their disease. This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh from November 2011 to April 2012. A total of 100 cases of chronic breathlessness coming into out patient department and admitted into Department of Medicine of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra were included based on inclusion & exclusion criteria. After taking informed written consent data was collected by a questionnaire and relevant investigations were done. Then collected data was analyzed and were expressed as mean ±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students 't' test. In this study we founded among 100 participating patients with a diagnosis of COPD by their physician, in 24 (24%) patients had previously unrecognized heart failure. Therefore, by this study we recommend that evaluation and assessment of cardiac status is very important in elderly patients with COPD.

Relationship of BMI and Fasting Serum Glucose with Hypertension

Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease. It is recognized as a major contributor to the disease burden globally. Aim of the study was to evaluate body mass index and fasting serum glucose level in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Total 200 male subjects, age range was from 30-65 years were included in this study. Among them, 100 hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and 100 ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Quantitative data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that body mass index was significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (29.52±2.46) in comparison with control group (22.91±1.04). Fasting serum glucose level was also significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (6.35±0.47) in comparison with control group (4.52±0.50). Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of body mass index and fasting serum glucose level with hypertension. Therefore, basic measurement of weight and height to determine the body mass index and fasting serum glucose level as routine assessment during hospital visitation with appropriate lifestyle modification would help in controlling hypertension as well as its devastating consequences.

Relationship of Serum Creatinine and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in which there is a loss of kidney function over time. CKD is associated with increased risks of several co morbidities, not limited to but including cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure. Hypercreatininemia is associated with low level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in chronic kidney diseased patients. Objective of the study was to assess the relationship of eGFR and serum creatinine in chronic kidney diseased patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 subjects, age range (30-70 year) were included in this study. Among them, 100 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) and 100 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II). Control group (Group I) again subdivided into male healthy subject (Group IA) and female healthy subject (Group IB). Study group (Group II) also subdivided into male chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIA) and female chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIB). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Data were expressed as mean(±SE) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's t-test. In this study we found that eGFR was significantly decreased and serum creatinine was significantly increased in study groups in comparison with control groups. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complications related to chronic kidney disease.

Evaluation of the Changes of Blood Pressure and Serum Calcium Level In Postmenopausal Women

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation at the end of the reproductive life due to loss of ovarian follicular activity. The prevalence of hypertension in women increases after menopause, suggesting that an absence of female gonadal steroids may represent a major risk factor for postmenopausal hypertension. Menopause is the phase from where bone mineralization becomes critics because of various physiological and hormonal changes. Estrogen deficiency and age related processes alter the rate of calcium turnover in bone that the ageing women face. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure is significantly higher and serum calcium level is significantly lower among post menopausal women as compared with reproductive aged women. The objective of the study was to assess the blood pressure and serum calcium level changes in healthy postmenopausal women in order to compare this parameter with healthy reproductive aged women. This comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Two hundred healthy women (100 female were postmenopausal as study group and 100 female were reproductive aged women as control group) aged between 25 to 65 years were enrolled in this study. Blood pressure was measured by indirect auscultatory method with an aneroid sphygmomanometer and serum calcium level of the individual was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method with o-cresoftaline-complexon. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean value ±SD of blood pressure was higher and serum calcium level was lower in postmenopausal group in comparison to the reproductive women group. This study concludes, blood pressure increases and serum calcium level decreases in postmenopausal women.

Percent Saturation of Oxygen Status in Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased Patients

At present Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming one of the important global health problems. This study was done to evaluate the changes of percent saturation of oxygen in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, age ranged from 30-70 years was included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Percent saturation of oxygen was estimated by pulse oximeter. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of percent saturation of oxygen of Group I and Group II were 98.30±0.74% & 90.65±3.27% respectively. The mean±SD of percent saturation of oxygen was significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in percent saturation of oxygen causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So assessment of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Evaluation of Serum Zinc Status and Glycated Hemoglobin in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type-2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of all diabetes. This study was done to assess the Serum Zinc status and Glycated Hemoglobin in type-2 diabetic patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age was ranged from 35-65 years were included in this study. Among them, seventy (70) type-2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group II) and seventy (70) age matched healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Group I again subdivided into control group male (Group IA) and control group female (Group IB). Group II also subdivided into study group male (Group IIA) and study group female (Group IIB). Data were expressed as mean±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to diabetes for leading a healthy life.

Evaluation of Serum Uric Acid and Serum Creatinine in Male Hypertensive Patients

Hypertension is a major public health problem of adult population across the globe that significantly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and blindness. It is one of the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Aim of the study was to evaluate serum uric acid and serum creatinine in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 male subjects, age ranged from 30-65 years was included in this study. Among them, hundred (100) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and hundred (100) ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that serum uric acid and serum creatinine was significantly increased in study group in comparison with control group. Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of serum uric acid and serum creatinine with hypertension. Therefore, serum uric acid and serum creatinine should be measured in all hypertensive subjects for prevention of devastating consequences of hypertension and thus can combat morbidity and mortality.