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Modi MH, Gupta R, Gupta S, Yadav PK, Kant C, Lal S, Raghuvanshi VK, Kane SR. A versatile beamline for soft x-ray reflectivity, absorption, and fluorescence measurements at Indus-2 synchrotron source. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:023904. [PMID: 38364036 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
A versatile beamline for performing reflectivity, fluorescence, and absorption experiments in the soft x-ray region of 100-1500 eV is commissioned on a bending magnet port of the Indus-2 synchrotron source. A high vacuum 2-axis reflectometer with x, y, and z sample scanning stages is installed. This reflectometer is used to measure the reflectivity of large samples up to 300 mm in length and 5 kg in weight. This feature is useful for characterizing x-ray optical elements, such as mirrors, gratings, and multilayers. A flange mounted silicon drift detector is installed in the downstream of the reflectometer for soft x-ray fluorescence measurements. The soft x-ray absorption measurements are carried out in the total electron yield and partial fluorescence yield modes. Integration of three different experimental techniques in the experimental station makes the beamline versatile for materials science applications as it provides structural, chemical, and electronic state information by performing the required experiments in an identical environment. The beamline uses a varied line spacing plane grating monochromator and gives a high flux (∼109 to 1011 photon/s) with a moderate resolution (λ/Δλ ~1000-5000). A three-mirror-based higher harmonic setup is incorporated to get rid of harmonics and to get a high spectral purity monochromatic beam with less than 0.1% harmonic content. In the present article, the beamline optical scheme, mechanical configuration, and details of the experimental setups are presented, along with a few representative results of each experimental mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Modi
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Rajkumar Gupta
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Yadav
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - Chander Kant
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - V K Raghuvanshi
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - S R Kane
- Accelerator Physics and Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
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Gupta P, Rao PN, Swami MK, Bhakar A, Lal S, Garg SR, Garg CK, Gauttam PK, Kane SR, Raghuwanshi VK, Rai SK. BL-02: a versatile X-ray scattering and diffraction beamline for engineering applications at Indus-2 synchrotron source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1193-1201. [PMID: 34212884 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A hard X-ray engineering applications beamline (BL-02) was commissioned recently and started operation in March 2019 at the Indian synchrotron source, Indus-2. This bending-magnet-based beamline is capable of operating in various beam modes, viz. white, pink and monochromatic beam. The beamline utilizes the X-ray diffraction technique in energy-dispersive and angle-dispersive modes to carry out experiments mainly focused on engineering problems, viz. stress measurement, texture measurement and determination of elastic constants in a variety of bulk as well as thin-film samples. An open-cradle six-circle diffractometer with ∼12 kg load capacity allows accommodation of a wide variety of engineering samples and qualifies the beamline as a unique facility at Indus-2. The high-resolution mode of this beamline is suitably designed so as to carry out line profile analysis for characterization of micro- and nano-structures. In the present article the beamline is described starting from the beamline design, layout, optics involved, various operational modes and experimental stations. Experiments executed to validate the beamline design parameters and to demonstrate the capabilities of the beamline are also described. The future facilities to be incorporated to enhance the capabilities of the beamline are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - P N Rao
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - M K Swami
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - A Bhakar
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - S R Garg
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - C K Garg
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - P K Gauttam
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - S R Kane
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - V K Raghuwanshi
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
| | - S K Rai
- Synchrotrons Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, PO RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
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Kane SR, Sinha AK, Singh AK, Kumar S. Experimental setup to measure thermal waves generated by X-ray absorption using pyroelectric sensor. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:033301. [PMID: 30927779 DOI: 10.1063/1.5078408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyroelectric detectors are widely used for infrared radiation detection, whereas these can also be used in the X-ray region. They have multiple advantages when used at synchrotron radiation sources, such as (a) can be used with a white beam (high flux), (b) have a flat spectral response, and (c) can be used both as a detector and as a sample. However, when used in the hard X-ray region, absorption in the detector plays an important role depending upon the thickness of the detector. Hence, the estimation of the responsivity of the detector is important. In this paper, we report an improved experimental setup for the measurement of a pyroelectric signal in the hard X-ray region. The responsivity (V/W) of a pyroelectric detector for absorbed radiation in the hard x-ray region is measured. Measurements of the K-edge x-ray absorption fine structure of 10-μm copper and nickel foils are carried out using a LiTaO3 pyroelectric detector and compared with the measurements carried out using an ionization chamber as a sensor for the same foils. Absorption spectra near the Ta LIII and LII edges in LiTaO3, measured using a LiTaO3 crystal both as a sample and as a sensor, are also reported in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kane
- Synchrotrons Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
| | - A K Sinha
- Synchrotrons Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
| | - A K Singh
- Synchrotrons Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452017 India
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Das G, Kane SR, Khooha A, Singh AK, Tiwari MK. Simultaneous measurements of X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence fluorescence at BL-16 beamline of Indus-2. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:055102. [PMID: 26026553 DOI: 10.1063/1.4919557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new multipurpose x-ray reflectometer station has been developed and augmented at the microfocus beamline (BL-16) of Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source to facilitate synchronous measurements of specular x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence x-ray fluorescence emission from thin layered structures. The design and various salient features of the x-ray reflectometer are discussed. The performance of the reflectometer has been evaluated by analyzing several thin layered structures having different surface interface properties. The results reveal in-depth information for precise determination of surface and interface properties of thin layered materials demonstrating the immense potential of the combined measurements of x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence fluorescence on a single reflectometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhar Das
- Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
| | - S R Kane
- Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
| | - Ajay Khooha
- Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
| | - A K Singh
- Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
| | - M K Tiwari
- Indus Synchrotrons Utilization Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452013, India
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Tiwari MK, Gupta P, Sinha AK, Kane SR, Singh AK, Garg SR, Garg CK, Lodha GS, Deb SK. A microfocus X-ray fluorescence beamline at Indus-2 synchrotron radiation facility. J Synchrotron Radiat 2013; 20:386-389. [PMID: 23412498 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A microfocus X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy beamline (BL-16) at the Indian synchrotron radiation facility Indus-2 has been constructed with an experimental emphasis on environmental, archaeological, biomedical and material science applications involving heavy metal speciation and their localization. The beamline offers a combination of different analytical probes, e.g. X-ray fluorescence mapping, X-ray microspectroscopy and total-external-reflection fluorescence characterization. The beamline is installed on a bending-magnet source with a working X-ray energy range of 4-20 keV, enabling it to excite K-edges of all elements from S to Nb and L-edges from Ag to U. The optics of the beamline comprises of a double-crystal monochromator with Si(111) symmetric and asymmetric crystals and a pair of Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing mirrors. This paper describes the performance of the beamline and its capabilities with examples of measured results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Tiwari
- Indus Synchrotrons Utilisation Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India.
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von Braun K, Kane SR, Mahadevan S, Laughlin G, Howard A, Ciardi DR. System Geometries and Transit/Eclipse Probabilities. EPJ Web of Conferences 2011. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20101106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Irwin EF, Ho JE, Kane SR, Healy KE. Analysis of interpenetrating polymer networks via quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Langmuir 2005; 21:5529-36. [PMID: 15924485 DOI: 10.1021/la0470737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to assess the physical properties of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) through swelling experiments in ambient humidity and in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. The IPNs, based on acrylamide (AAm) and poly(ethylene glycol) (pEG), swell from thin, rigid films when dry (16.7 +/- 5.2 nm on Si/SiO(2)) to expanded, viscoelastic films when hydrated (107 +/- 24.2 nm on Si/SiO2). The dry IPNs could be analyzed using the Sauerbrey relationship, but for the hydrated films it was necessary to interpret QCM-D data with a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. A complex modulus |G| of 116 +/- 38.1 kPa for the swollen IPN surface on Si/SiO2 was defined by the model. The QCM-D was also employed to quantify the adsorption of human fibrinogen, a protein important in thrombus formation, onto the IPNs. Fibrinogen adsorption studies demonstrated the sensitivity of the QCM-D, as well as confirmed the nonfouling nature of the IPN surface, where less than 5 ng/cm2 of fibrinogen was adsorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Irwin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Kane SR, Beller HR, Legler TC, Koester CJ, Pinkart HC, Halden RU, Happel AM. Aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by aquifer bacteria from leaking underground storage tank sites. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5824-9. [PMID: 11722940 PMCID: PMC93377 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5824-5829.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for aerobic methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) degradation was investigated with microcosms containing aquifer sediment and groundwater from four MTBE-contaminated sites characterized by oxygen-limited in situ conditions. MTBE depletion was observed for sediments from two sites (e.g., 4.5 mg/liter degraded in 15 days after a 4-day lag period), whereas no consumption of MTBE was observed for sediments from the other sites after 75 days. For sediments in which MTBE was consumed, 43 to 54% of added [U-(14)C]MTBE was mineralized to (14)CO(2). Molecular phylogenetic analyses of these sediments indicated the enrichment of species closely related to a known MTBE-degrading bacterium, strain PM1. At only one site, the presence of water-soluble gasoline components significantly inhibited MTBE degradation and led to a more pronounced accumulation of the metabolite tert-butyl alcohol. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of oxygen and water-soluble gasoline components on in situ MTBE degradation will vary from site to site and that phylogenetic analysis may be a promising predictor of MTBE biodegradation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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