[The role of methylation of placental glucocorticoid response gene in the association between pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester and birth outcomes]

Objective: To investigate the role of methylation of placental glucocorticoid response gene in the association between pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester and birth outcomes. Methods: Based on a prospective cohort study, singleton live births and their mothers from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study (MABC) were included as participants in this study. The maternal pregnancy-related anxiety symptoms in the third trimester of pregnancy were evaluated by using the Pregnancy-related Anxiety Questionnaire. The neonatal birth outcomes were collected from medical records. The placental tissues from 300 pregnant women with pregnancy-related anxiety and 300 without pregnancy-related anxiety were collected to detect the methylation of FKBP5, NR3C1 and HSD11B2 genes using the Methyl Target approach. The methylation factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. Linear regression or logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester, methylation factor scores, and birth outcomes. The mediating role of methylation factors in the association between pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester and birth outcomes was analyzed by using the Process procedure. Results: The mean age of 2 833 pregnant women was (26.60±3.60) years old. After adjusting for confounding factors, pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester increased the risk of small-for-gestational-age (OR=1.32, 95%CI:1.00-1.74). A total of 5 methylation factors were extracted, and the factor 5 was loaded with FKBP5 CpGs 18-21. Pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester was negatively correlated with the factor 5 (β=-0.24,95%CI:-0.44--0.05). The factor 5 was positively correlated with the gestational age (β=0.17, 95%CI:0.06-0.27). In addition, the factor 2 (β=0.02,95%CI:0.00-0.04) and factor 3 (β=0.03,95%CI:0.01-0.05) were positively correlated with 5-min Apgar score after delivery. However, this study did not found the mediating role of the scores of the factor characterized by FKBP5 in the relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety and birth outcomes. Conclusion: Pregnancy-related anxiety in the third trimester may reduce the methylation level of FKBP5 CpGs 18-21 in placental tissues and is associated with the risk of small-for-gestational-age.

[A cohort study of maternal pregnancy-related anxiety at different trimesters and infants' neurobehavioral development]

Objective: To investigate the influence and critical period of pregnancy-related anxiety during pregnancy on the neurobehavioral development of infants. Methods: The subjects of this study were derived from the Ma'anshan Birth Corhot. From May 2013 to September 2014, a total of 3 474 pregnant women who registered in Ma 'anshan Maternal and Child Health Care Center were enrolled in the study. A total of 2 242 mother-infant pairs who completed three times assessments of maternal anxiety and at least once assessment of infants' neurobehavioral development were included in the final analysis. Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety was assessed by the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. When their children were at 6 and 18 months, their neurobehavioral development was evaluated using the Ages & Stages Questionnaire-China. The influence of maternal pregnancy-related anxiety on the neurobehavioral development of infants was analyzed by bi-nominal logistic regression. Results: The age of 2 242 pregnant women was (26.62±3.65) years, and the proportion of boys, low birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was 50% (1 120/2 242), 1.7% (38/2 242) and 11.5% (252/2 191), respectively. The detection rates of pregnancy-related anxiety during the first, second and third trimester were 24.9% (558), 28.6% (642) and 30.3% (674), respectively. After controlling confounding variables and other two trimester's anxiety, only pregnancy-related anxiety during the third trimester (not first or second trimester) significantly increased the risk of developmental delay in the domain of communication (relative risk, RR = 3.52, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.89-6.58) and personal-social (RR=2.46, 95%CI: 1.10-5.49) at the 6 months of age, as well as in the domain of fine motor (RR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.11-3.85), problem-solving domains (RR=2.31, 95%CI: 1.24-4.31). Conclusion: Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety was associated with the risk of neurobehavioral development of infants, and the third trimester may be the critical period.

[Association of antenatal anxiety with preterm birth and low birth weight: evidence from a birth cohort study]

Objective: To investigate the impacts of antenatal anxiety on preterm birth and low birth weight. Methods: Women in early pregnancy were recruited for follow-up, antenatal anxiety in three trimesters was screened using Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and the score ≥50 was regarded as anxiety. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the associations of the anxiety in three trimesters, new onset anxiety in the second and third trimesters with infant birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. Results: The rates of anxiety in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy were 12.5%, 3.7%, and 7.4% respectively. We found that there was no statistical association between anxiety in the first and second trimester and preterm birth. The anxiety in the third trimester was associated with increased odds for preterm birth (OR=3.55, 95%CI: 1.62-7.82). Associations between anxiety in all three trimesters and low birth weight were not significant. New onset anxiety in the third trimester was associated with significant increased risk of premature delivery (OR=5.20, 95%CI: 1.84-14.70) and low birth weight (OR=6.93, 95%CI: 2.42-19.88). Conclusions: Our study showed that anxiety in the third trimester is an important risk factor for premature delivery, new onset anxiety symptoms in the third trimester can significantly increase the incidence of premature birth and low birth weight of infant.

[Association between pregnancy-related anxiety of pregnant women and autism-like behavior in their offspring at 18 months of age]

Objective: To investigate the relationship of pregnancy-related anxiety of pregnant women in second/third trimesters and autism-like behaviors in their offspring at 18 months of age. Methods: Based on a prospective cohort study design, we evaluated the situation of pregnancy-related anxiety of women during second and third trimesters through a Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire. Subjects under study were classified into three groups, 1) those with pregnancy- related anxiety during both trimesters, 2) those with pregnancy-related anxiety at one trimester and 3) those without pregnancy-related anxiety in either trimester. When their children were 18 months, autism-like behaviors (ALB) were evaluated, using the part A of Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-23, and then classified into three groups as non-ALB group, minor ALB group and major ALB group. Multi-nominal logistic Regression was used to analyze the relationship of pregnancy-related anxiety with autism-like behaviors. Results: Compared with non-ALB group, children whose mother with pregnancy-related anxiety during both trimesters presented significant higher risk on ALB than children whose mother without pregnancy-related anxiety in these two periods (relative risk, RR=2.43, 95% CI: 1.21-4.86, P=0.012), major factors as pregnant women's IQ and gestational diabetes mellitus, premature delivery and education levels of fosterers on these pregnant women were under control. Our results from the stratified analysis showed: when in the subgroup that mother was the main fosterer of the child, there was an significant increase of risk in children whose mothers with pregnancy-related anxiety during both trimesters (RR=4.22, 95%CI: 1.73-10.32, P=0.002). Conclusion: The association between pregnancy-related anxiety and autism-like behavior was not strong but influenced by the fosterer of the child.

Enhancement of hydrocarbon production and catalyst stability during catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis-derived compounds over hierarchical HZSM-5

Alkali treated ZSM-5 with sheet-like mesopores showed higher yield of hydrocarbons in CFP of biomass, withstanding long-running over catalysis-regeneration cycles.

Energy monitoring and analysis during deformation of bedded-sandstone: use of acoustic emission

This paper investigates the mechanical behaviour and energy releasing characteristics of bedded-sandstone with bedding layers in different orientations, under uniaxial compression. Cylindrical sandstone specimens (54 mm diameter and 108 mm height) with bedding layers inclined at angles of 10°, 20°, 35°, 55°, and 83° to the minor principal stress direction, were produced to perform a series of Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) tests. One of the two identical sample sets was fully-saturated with water before testing and the other set was tested under dry conditions. An acoustic emission system was employed in all the testing to monitor the acoustic energy release during the whole deformation process of specimens. From the test results, the critical joint orientation was observed as 55° for both dry and saturated samples and the peak-strength losses due to water were 15.56%, 20.06%, 13.5%, 13.2%, and 13.52% for the bedding orientations 10°, 20°, 35°, 55°, and 83°, respectively. The failure mechanisms for the specimens with bedding layers in 10°, 20° orientations showed splitting type failure, while the specimens with bedding layers in 55°, 83° orientations were failed by sliding along a weaker bedding layer. The failure mechanism for the specimens with bedding layers in 35° orientation showed a mixed failure mode of both splitting and sliding types. Analysis of the acoustic energy, captured from the acoustic emission detection system, revealed that the acoustic energy release is considerably higher in dry specimens than that of the saturated specimens at any bedding orientation. In addition, higher energy release was observed for specimens with bedding layers oriented in shallow angles (which were undergoing splitting type failures), whereas specimens with steeply oriented bedding layers (which were undergoing sliding type failures) showed a comparatively less energy release under both dry and saturated conditions. Moreover, a considerable amount of energy dissipation before the ultimate failure was observed for specimens with bedding layers oriented in shallow angles under both dry and saturated conditions. These results confirm that when rock having bedding layers inclined in shallow angles the failures could be more violent and devastative than the failures of rock with steeply oriented bedding layers.