The vasoactive peptide angiotensin-(1-7), its receptor Mas and the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 are expressed in the human endometrium

Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is one of the major active components of the renin-angiotensin system, produced from cleavage of Ang II by angiotensin-converting-enzyme type 2 (ACE2), which acts through a specific G protein-coupled receptor, Mas. We have investigated whether the human endometrium expresses these components during menstrual cycle. By radioimmunoassay, Ang-(1-7) was detected in endometrial wash fluid at picomolar concentrations. Using immunofluorescence, both the peptide and its receptor were identified in cultured endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. By immunohistochemistry, Ang(1-7) was localized in the endometrium throughout menstrual cycle, being more concentrated in the glandular epithelium of mid- and late secretory phase. This pattern corresponded to the ACE2 mRNA, which was more abundant in epithelial cells than in stromal cells (2-fold increase, p < 0.05) and in the secretory vs. proliferative phase (6.6-fold increase, p < 0.01). The receptor Mas was equally distributed between epithelial and stromal cells and did not change during menstrual cycle. The physiological role of this peptide system in normal and pathological endometrium warrants further investigation.

Cardiac angiotensin II type I and type II receptors are increased in rats submitted to experimental hypothyroidism

This study assessed the behaviour of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors in an experimental hypothyroidism model in male Wistar rats. Animals were subjected to thyroidectomy and resting for 14 days. The alteration of cardiac mass was evaluated by total heart weight (HW), right ventricle weight (RVW), left ventricle weight (LVW), ratio of HW, RVW and LVW to body weight (BW) and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) expression. Cardiac and plasma Ang II levels and serum T3 and T4 were determined. The mRNA and protein levels of Ang II receptors were investigated by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Functional analyses were performed using binding assays. T3 and T4 levels and the haemodynamic parameters confirmed the hypothyroid state. HW/BW, RVW/BW and LVW/BW ratios and the ANF expression were lower than those of control animals. No change was observed in cardiac or plasma Ang II levels. Both AT1/AT2 mRNA and protein levels were increased in the heart of hypothyroid animals due to a significant increase of these receptors in the RV. Experiments performed in cardiomyocytes showed a direct effect promoted by low thyroid hormone levels upon AT1 and AT2 receptors, discarding possible influence of haemodynamic parameters. Functional assays showed that both receptors are able to bind Ang II. Herein, we have identified, for the first time, a close and direct relation of elevated Ang II receptor levels in hypothyroidism. Whether the increase in these receptors in hypothyroidism is an alternative mechanism to compensate the atrophic state of heart or whether it may represent a potential means to the progression of heart failure remains unknown.