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Collins KS, Edie SM, Gao T, Bieler R, Jablonski D. Spatial filters of function and phylogeny determine morphological disparity with latitude. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221490. [PMID: 31465483 PMCID: PMC6715166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The drivers of latitudinal differences in the phylogenetic and ecological composition of communities are increasingly studied and understood, but still little is known about the factors underlying morphological differences. High-resolution, three-dimensional morphological data collected using computerized micro-tomography (micro-CT) allows comprehensive comparisons of morphological diversity across latitude. Using marine bivalves as a model system, this study combines 3D shape analysis (based on a new semi-automated procedure for placing landmarks and semilandmarks on shell surfaces) with non-shape traits: centroid size, proportion of shell to soft-tissue volume, and magnitude of shell ornamentation. Analyses conducted on the morphology of 95% of all marine bivalve species from two faunas along the Atlantic coast of North America, the tropical Florida Keys and the boreal Gulf of Maine, show that morphological shifts between these two faunas, and in phylogenetic and ecological subgroups shared between them, occur as changes in total variance with a bounded minimum rather than directional shifts. The dispersion of species in shell-shape morphospace is greater in the Gulf of Maine, which also shows a lower variance in ornamentation and size than the Florida Keys, but the faunas do not differ significantly in the ratio of shell to internal volume. Thus, regional differences conform to hypothesized effects of resource seasonality and predation intensity, but not to carbonate saturation or calcification costs. The overall morphological differences between the regional faunas is largely driven by the loss of ecological functional groups and family-level clades at high latitudes, rather than directional shifts in morphology within the shared groups with latitude. Latitudinal differences in morphology thus represent a complex integration of phylogenetic and ecological factors that are best captured in multivariate analyses across several hierarchical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - S. M. Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - T. Gao
- Committee on Computational and Applied Mathematics, Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - R. Bieler
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - D. Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Schumm M, Edie SM, Collins KS, Gómez-Bahamón V, Supriya K, White AE, Price TD, Jablonski D. Common latitudinal gradients in functional richness and functional evenness across marine and terrestrial systems. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190745. [PMID: 31362632 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional diversity is an important aspect of biodiversity, but its relationship to species diversity in time and space is poorly understood. Here we compare spatial patterns of functional and taxonomic diversity across marine and terrestrial systems to identify commonalities in their respective ecological and evolutionary drivers. We placed species-level ecological traits into comparable multi-dimensional frameworks for two model systems, marine bivalves and terrestrial birds, and used global species-occurrence data to examine the distribution of functional diversity with latitude and longitude. In both systems, tropical faunas show high total functional richness (FR) but low functional evenness (FE) (i.e. the tropics contain a highly skewed distribution of species among functional groups). Functional groups that persist toward the poles become more uniform in species richness, such that FR declines and FE rises with latitude in both systems. Temperate assemblages are more functionally even than tropical assemblages subsampled to temperate levels of species richness, suggesting that high species richness in the tropics reflects a high degree of ecological specialization within a few functional groups and/or factors that favour high recent speciation or reduced extinction rates in those groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumm
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - K S Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - V Gómez-Bahamón
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street (MC066), Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - K Supriya
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - A E White
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - T D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D Jablonski
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Collins KS, Edie SM, Hunt G, Roy K, Jablonski D. Extinction risk in extant marine species integrating palaeontological and biodistributional data. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1698. [PMID: 30232159 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction risk assessments of marine invertebrate species remain scarce, which hinders effective management of marine biodiversity in the face of anthropogenic impacts. To help close this information gap, in this paper we provide a metric of relative extinction risk that combines palaeontological data, in the form of extinction rates calculated from the fossil record, with two known correlates of risk in the modern day: geographical range size and realized thermal niche. We test the performance of this metric-Palaeontological Extinction Risk In Lineages (PERIL)-using survivorship analyses of Pliocene bivalve faunas from California and New Zealand, and then use it to identify present-day hotspots of extinction vulnerability for extant shallow-marine Bivalvia. Areas of the ocean where concentrations of bivalve species with higher PERIL scores overlap with high levels of climatic or anthropogenic stressors should be considered of most immediate concern for both conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - G Hunt
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-2012, USA
| | - K Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - D Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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