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Corsello A, Malandrini S, Bianchetti MG, Agostoni C, Cantoni B, Meani F, Faré PB, Milani GP. Sodium assessment in neonates, infants, and children: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:3413-3419. [PMID: 35821131 PMCID: PMC9395449 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyponatremia is a common disorder in childhood. The indirect and the direct potentiometry are currently the most popular techniques employed for sodium assessment, although discrepancies between the two techniques may be > 10 mmol/L. It is known that < 20% of the recently published articles report information about the technique used for sodium analysis, but no data are available on pediatric studies. This study aimed at investigating the laboratory technique employed for sodium measurement in studies conducted in childhood. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was undertaken to identify articles containing the word "hyponatremia" in the title between 2013 and 2020. Papers with < 10 subjects were excluded. A total of 565 articles were included. Information on the laboratory technique used for sodium analysis was more commonly (p = 0.035) reported in pediatric (n = 15, 28%) than in non-pediatric (n = 81, 16%) reports. The frequency of reports with and without information on the technique for sodium assessment was not different with respect to the study characteristics, the quartile of the journal where the paper was published, the country income setting, and the inclusion of neonates among the 54 pediatric studies. Conclusion: Most pediatric papers do not report any information on the technique used for sodium analysis. Although international authorities have recommended the implementation of direct potentiometry, a low awareness on this issue is still widespread in pediatric research. What is Known: • Direct potentiometry and indirect potentiometry are currently employed for sodium analysis in blood. • Direct potentiometry is more accurate. What is New: • Less than 30% of pediatric articles provide information on the technique employed for sodium analysis in blood. • Indirect potentiometry is more frequently employed than direct potentiometry in pediatric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Malandrini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mario G. Bianchetti
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy ,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cantoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Meani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Di Senologia Della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Pietro B. Faré
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6600 Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Gregorio P. Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy ,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Malandrini S, Lava SAG, Bianchetti MG, Meani F, Faré PB, Camozzi P, Cugliari M, Agostoni C, Milani GP. Which laboratory technique is used for the blood sodium analysis in clinical research? A systematic review. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1501-1506. [PMID: 33915610 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating sodium is analyzed by flame spectrometry and indirect or direct potentiometry. The differences between estimates returned by the three techniques are often relevant. It is unknown whether peer-reviewed international publications focusing on this parameter provide information about the technique. Objectives of the study were to ascertain if information about the employed technique is provided. CONTENT A search in the National Library of Medicine for articles whose title contains "hyponatr[a]emia" was performed. We restricted the search to clinical reports including 10 or more humans published in the 2013-2015 and 2017-2019 periods. Authors of papers not reporting the technique were contacted to obtain this information. The study design and journal quartile ranking of each article were also evaluated. SUMMARY For the final analysis, we included 361 articles (2013-2015, n=169; 2017-2019, n=192). Information about the laboratory technique was given in 61(17%) articles. Thanks to our inquiry, we collected this information for 116(32%) further reports. Indirect potentiometry was the most frequently used technique, followed by direct potentiometry. Spectrometry was used in a small minority of studies. Study design, journal ranking and study period did not modulate the mentioned frequency. OUTLOOK Most articles focusing on hyponatremia do not provide information on the laboratory technique. This parameter is nowadays analyzed by indirect or, less frequently, direct potentiometry. The figures are similar for high and low impact factor journals and for the 2013-2015 and the 2017-2019 periods. Many authors, reviewers and editors likely assume that the results of this parameter are not influenced by the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Malandrini
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sebastiano A G Lava
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario G Bianchetti
- Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.,Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Meani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro di Senologia della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Pietro B Faré
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Camozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cugliari
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio P Milani
- Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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