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Tilson SG, Morell CM, Lenaerts AS, Park SB, Hu Z, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Liang TJ, Vallier L. Modeling PNPLA3-Associated NAFLD Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hepatology 2021; 74:2998-3017. [PMID: 34288010 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD is a growing public health burden. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been fully elucidated, and the importance of genetic factors has only recently been appreciated. Genomic studies have revealed a strong association between NAFLD progression and the I148M variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3). Nonetheless, very little is known about the mechanisms by which this gene and its variants can influence disease development. To investigate these mechanisms, we have developed an in vitro model that takes advantage of the unique properties of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and the CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing technology. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used isogenic hiPSC lines with either a knockout (PNPLA3KO ) of the PNPLA3 gene or with the I148M variant (PNPLA3I148M ) to model PNPLA3-associated NAFLD. The resulting hiPSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes, treated with either unsaturated or saturated free fatty acids to induce NAFLD-like phenotypes, and characterized by various functional, transcriptomic, and lipidomic assays. PNPLA3KO hepatocytes showed higher lipid accumulation as well as an altered pattern of response to lipid-induced stress. Interestingly, loss of PNPLA3 also caused a reduction in xenobiotic metabolism and predisposed PNPLA3KO cells to be more susceptible to ethanol-induced and methotrexate-induced toxicity. The PNPLA3I148M cells exhibited an intermediate phenotype between the wild-type and PNPLA3KO cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate that the I148M variant induces a loss of function predisposing to steatosis and increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Tilson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carola M Morell
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - An-Sofie Lenaerts
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Koulman
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Rimland CA, Tilson SG, Morell CM, Tomaz RA, Lu W, Adams SE, Georgakopoulos N, Otaizo‐Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Ferdinand JR, Gieseck RL, Sampaziotis F, Tysoe OC, Ross A, Kraiczy JM, Wesley B, Muraro D, Zilbauer M, Oniscu GC, Hannan NR, Forbes SJ, Saeb‐Parsy K, Wynn TA, Vallier L. Regional Differences in Human Biliary Tissues and Corresponding In Vitro-Derived Organoids. Hepatology 2021; 73:247-267. [PMID: 32222998 PMCID: PMC8641381 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Organoids provide a powerful system to study epithelia in vitro. Recently, this approach was applied successfully to the biliary tree, a series of ductular tissues responsible for the drainage of bile and pancreatic secretions. More precisely, organoids have been derived from ductal tissue located outside (extrahepatic bile ducts; EHBDs) or inside the liver (intrahepatic bile ducts; IHBDs). These organoids share many characteristics, including expression of cholangiocyte markers such as keratin (KRT) 19. However, the relationship between these organoids and their tissues of origin, and to each other, is largely unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Organoids were derived from human gallbladder, common bile duct, pancreatic duct, and IHBDs using culture conditions promoting WNT signaling. The resulting IHBD and EHBD organoids expressed stem/progenitor markers leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5/prominin 1 and ductal markers KRT19/KRT7. However, RNA sequencing revealed that organoids conserve only a limited number of regional-specific markers corresponding to their location of origin. Of particular interest, down-regulation of biliary markers and up-regulation of cell-cycle genes were observed in organoids. IHBD and EHBD organoids diverged in their response to WNT signaling, and only IHBDs were able to express a low level of hepatocyte markers under differentiation conditions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that differences exist not only between extrahepatic biliary organoids and their tissue of origin, but also between IHBD and EHBD organoids. This information may help to understand the tissue specificity of cholangiopathies and also to identify targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A. Rimland
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Immunopathogenesis SectionLaboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNIAIDNIHBethesdaMD,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Medical Scientist Training ProgramSchool of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC
| | - Samantha G. Tilson
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Welcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom,Liver Diseases BranchNIDDKNIHBethesdaMD
| | - Carola M. Morell
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Rute A. Tomaz
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Wei‐Yu Lu
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom,Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal ResearchInstitute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Simone E. Adams
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Immunopathogenesis SectionLaboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNIAIDNIHBethesdaMD,Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC
| | - Nikitas Georgakopoulos
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies SectionResearch Technologies BranchNIAIDNIHBethesdaMD
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis SectionLaboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNIAIDNIHBethesdaMD
| | - Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Olivia C. Tysoe
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ross
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PaediatricsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Judith M. Kraiczy
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Brandon Wesley
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniele Muraro
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Welcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriel C. Oniscu
- Edinburgh Transplant CentreRoyal Infirmary of EdinburghUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R.F. Hannan
- Division of Cancer and Stem CellsSchool of MedicineCentre for Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research UnitNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Kourosh Saeb‐Parsy
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis SectionLaboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNIAIDNIHBethesdaMD
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of SurgeryUniversity of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Haley EM, Tilson SG, Triantafillu UL, Magrath JW, Kim Y. Acidic pH with coordinated reduction of basic fibroblast growth factor maintains the glioblastoma stem cell-like phenotype in vitro. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:634-641. [PMID: 28063758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are a unique subpopulation of cells within glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumors that possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into bulk tumor cells. GSCs are resistant to currently available treatments and are the likely culprit behind tumor relapse in GBM patients. However, GSCs are currently inaccessible to the larger scientific community because obtaining a sufficient number of GSCs remains technically challenging and cost-prohibitive. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a more efficient GSC culture strategy that results in a higher cell yield of GSCs at a lower cost. We observed that the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is indispensable in allowing GSCs to retain an optimal stem cell-like phenotype in vitro, but little change was seen in their stemness when grown with lower concentrations of bFGF than the established protocol. Interestingly, a dynamic fluctuation of GSC protein marker expression was observed that corresponded to the changes in the bFGF concentration during the culture period. This suggested that bFGF alone did not control stem cell-like phenotype; rather, it was linked to the fluctuations of both bFGF and media pH. We demonstrated that a high level of stem cell-like phenotype could be retained even when lowering bFGF to 8 ng/mL when the media pH was simultaneously lowered to 6.8. These results provide the proof-of-concept that GSC expansion costs could be lowered to a more economical level and warrant the use of pH- and bFGF-controlled bioprocessing methodologies to more optimally expand GSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Haley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Samantha G Tilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Ursula L Triantafillu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Justin W Magrath
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203, USA.
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Tilson SG, Haley EM, Triantafillu UL, Dozier DA, Langford CP, Gillespie GY, Kim Y. ROCK Inhibition Facilitates In Vitro Expansion of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132823. [PMID: 26167936 PMCID: PMC4500389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their stem-like characteristics and their resistance to existing chemo- and radiation therapies, there is a growing appreciation that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the root cause behind cancer metastasis and recurrence. However, these cells represent a small subpopulation of cancer cells and are difficult to propagate in vitro. Glioblastoma is an extremely deadly form of brain cancer that is hypothesized to have a subpopulation of CSCs called glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs; also called brain tumor initiating cells, BTICs). We propose the use of selective Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, Y-27632 and fasudil, to promote GSC/BTIC-like cell survival and propagation in vitro. ROCK inhibitors have been implicated in suppressing apoptosis, and it was hypothesized that they would increase the number of GSC/BTIC-like cells grown in vitro and improve cloning efficiencies. Indeed, our data demonstrate that transient and continuous supplementation of non-toxic concentrations of Y-27632 and fasudil inhibited apoptosis, enhanced the cells’ ability to form spheres, and increased stem cell marker expressing GSC/BTIC-like cell subpopulation. Our data indicated that pharmacological and genetic (siRNA) inhibitions of the ROCK pathway facilitates in vitro expansion of GSC/BTIC-like cells. Thus, ROCK pathway inhibition shows promise for future optimization of CSC culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Tilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Haley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ursula L. Triantafillu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David A. Dozier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Catherine P. Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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