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Tsai CW, North KE, Tin A, Haack K, Franceschini N, Saroja Voruganti V, Laston S, Zhang Y, Best LG, MacCluer JW, Beaty TH, Navas-Acien A, Kao WHL, Howard BV. Both rare and common variants in PCSK9 influence plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in American Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E345-9. [PMID: 25412415 PMCID: PMC4318886 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Elevated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Variants in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene have been associated not only with plasma LDL-C concentration, but also with ischemic heart disease. Little is known about the genetic architecture of PCSK9 and its influence on LDL-C in American Indians. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the genetic architecture in the 1p32 region encompassing PCSK9 and its influence on LDL-C in American Indians. DESIGN The Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS) is a family-based genetic study. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand four hundred fifty eight American Indians from Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, and South Dakota, who were genotyped by Illumina MetaboChip. RESULTS We genotyped 486 SNPs in a 3.9 Mb region at chromosome 1p32 encompassing PCSK9 in 2458 American Indians. We examined the association between these SNPs and LDL-C. For common variants (MAF ≥ 1%), meta-analysis across the three geographic regions showed common variants in PCSK9 were significantly associated with higher LDL-C. The most significant SNP rs12067569 (MAF = 1.7 %, β = 16.9 ± 3.7, P = 5.9 × 10(-6)) was in complete LD (r(2) = 1) with a nearby missense SNP, rs505151 (E670G) (β = 15.0 ± 3.6, P = 3.6 × 10(-5)). For rare variants (MAF < 1%), rs11591147 (R46L, MAF = 0.9%) was associated with lower LDL-C (β = - 31.1 ± 7.1, P = 1.4 × 10(-5)). The mean (SD) of LDL-C was 76.9 (7.8) and 107.4 (1.0) mg/dL for those with and without the R46L mutation, respectively. One person who was homozygous for R46L had LDL-C levels of 11 mg/dL. In one family, 6 out of 8 members carrying the R46L mutation had LDL-C levels below the lower 10% percentile of LDL-C among all study participants. CONCLUSIONS Both rare and common variants in PCSK9 influence plasma LDL-C levels in American Indians. Follow-up studies may disclose the influence of these mutations on the risk of CVD and responses to cholesterol-lowering medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Tsai
- Departments of Epidemiology (C.-W.T., A.T., T.H.B., A.N.-A., W.H.L.K.) and Environmental Health Sciences (A.N.-A.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology (K.E.N., N.F.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics (K.H., S.L., J.W.M.), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Nutrition and University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute (V.S.V.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina; Center for American Indian Health Research (Y.Z.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc. (L.G.B.), Timber Lake, South Dakota; The Welch Center for Prevention (A.N.-A., W.H.L.K.), Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; MedStar Health Research Institute (B.V.H.), Hyattsville, Maryland; Georgetown and Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science (B.V.H.), Washington, D.C.; Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-W.T.), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Franceschini N, Haack K, Göring HHH, Voruganti VS, Laston S, Almasy L, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, North KE, Maccluer JW, Meigs JB, Pankow JS, Cole SA. Epidemiology and genetic determinants of progressive deterioration of glycaemia in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2194-202. [PMID: 23851660 PMCID: PMC3773080 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, heterogeneous disease and a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The underlying mechanisms leading to progression to type 2 diabetes are not fully understood and genetic tools may help to identify important pathways of glycaemic deterioration. METHODS Using prospective data on American Indians from the Strong Heart Family Study, we identified 373 individuals defined as progressors (diabetes incident cases), 566 individuals with transitory impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and 1,011 controls (normal fasting glycaemia at all visits). We estimated the heritability (h(2)) of the traits and the evidence for association with 16 known variants identified in type 2 diabetes genome-wide association studies. RESULTS We noted high h(2) for diabetes progression (h(2) = 0.65 ± 0.16, p = 2.7 × 10(-6)) but little contribution of genetic factors to transitory IFG (h(2) = 0.09 ± 0.10, p = 0.19) for models adjusted for multiple risk factors. At least three variants (in WFS1, TSPAN8 and THADA) were nominally associated with diabetes progression in age- and sex-adjusted analyses with estimates showing the same direction of effects as reported in the discovery European ancestry studies. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings do not exclude these loci for diabetes susceptibility in American Indians and suggest phenotypic heterogeneity of the IFG trait, which may have implications for genetic studies when diagnosis is based on a single time-point measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St, Suite 306 CB No 8050, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8050, USA.
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Bella JN, Cole SA, Laston S, Almasy L, Comuzzie A, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Maccluer JW, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Göring HHH. Genome-wide linkage analysis of carotid artery lumen diameter: the strong heart family study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3902-8. [PMID: 23871337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of the variability in carotid artery lumen diameter is attributable to genetic factors. METHODS Carotid ultrasonography and genotyping were performed in the 3300 American Indian participants in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS) to identify chromosomal regions harboring novel genes associated with inter-individual variation in carotid artery lumen diameter. Genome-wide linkage analysis was conducted using standard variance component linkage methods, implemented in SOLAR, based on multipoint identity-by-descent matrices. RESULTS Genome-wide linkage analysis revealed a significant evidence for linkage for a locus for left carotid artery diastolic and systolic lumen diameters in Arizona SHFS participants on chromosome 7 at 120 cM (lod = 4.85 and 3.77, respectively, after sex and age adjustment, and lod = 3.12 and 2.72, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and current smoking). Other regions with suggestive evidence of linkage for left carotid artery diastolic and systolic lumen diameter were found on chromosome 12 at 153 cM (lod = 2.20 and 2.60, respectively, after sex and age adjustment, and lod = 2.44 and 2.16, respectively, after full covariate adjustment) in Oklahoma SHFS participants; suggestive linkage for right carotid artery diastolic and systolic lumen diameter was found on chromosome 9 at 154 cM (lod = 2.72 and 3.19, respectively after sex and age adjustment, and lod = 2.36 and 2.21, respectively, after full covariate adjustment) in Oklahoma SHFS participants. CONCLUSION We found significant evidence for loci influencing carotid artery lumen diameter on chromosome 7q and suggestive linkage on chromosomes 12q and 9q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Bella
- Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Franceschini N, Shara NM, Wang H, Voruganti VS, Laston S, Haack K, Lee ET, Best LG, Maccluer JW, Cochran BJ, Dyer TD, Howard BV, Cole SA, North KE, Umans JG. The association of genetic variants of type 2 diabetes with kidney function. Kidney Int 2012; 82:220-5. [PMID: 22513821 PMCID: PMC3664521 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent and is the major cause of progressive chronic kidney disease in American Indians. Genome-wide association studies identified several loci associated with diabetes but their impact on susceptibility to diabetic complications is unknown. We studied the association of 18 type 2 diabetes genome-wide association single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; MDRD equation) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in 6958 Strong Heart Study family and cohort participants. Center-specific residuals of eGFR and log urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, obtained from linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, were regressed onto SNP dosage using variance component models in family data and linear regression in unrelated individuals. Estimates were then combined across centers. Four diabetic loci were associated with eGFR and one locus with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. A SNP in the WFS1 gene (rs10010131) was associated with higher eGFR in younger individuals and with increased albuminuria. SNPs in the FTO, KCNJ11, and TCF7L2 genes were associated with lower eGFR, but not albuminuria, and were not significant in prospective analyses. Our findings suggest a shared genetic risk for type 2 diabetes and its kidney complications, and a potential role for WFS1 in early-onset diabetic nephropathy in American Indian populations.
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Bella JN, Cole S, Laston S, Almasy L, Comuzzie A, Lee E, Best L, Fabsitz R, Howard B, Roman M, Devereux RB, Göring HH. GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE ANALYSIS OF CAROTID ARTERY LUMEN DIAMETER IN AMERICAN INDIANS: THE STRONG HEART FAMILY STUDY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(12)61672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bella JN, Cole SA, Laston S, Almasy L, Comuzzie A, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, MacCluer JW, Devereux RB, Göring HH. GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE MAPPING FOR LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION PHENOTYPES IN AMERICAN INDIANS: THE STRONG HEART FAMILY STUDY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(11)61158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Melton PE, Haack K, Göring HH, Laston S, Umans JG, Lee ET, Fabsitz RR, Devereux RB, Best LG, Maccluer JW, Almasy L, Cole SA. Genetic influences on serum bilirubin in American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:118-25. [PMID: 21080475 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variation influencing serum bilirubin levels in American Indians, we performed genome-wide screening and association analyses in the Strong Heart Family Study. Bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant that has demonstrated an inverse relationship with cardiovascular disease. Genetic variation within the promoter region of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) on chromosome 2q has been associated with elevated serum bilirubin levels in European populations. However, no study has investigated the UGT1A1 promoter in American Indians. METHODS Statistical analyses were carried out with 3,484 participants aged 14 to 93 years recruited from three geographic areas in the United States; Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota. RESULTS Variance components linkage analysis detected a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for bilirubin on chromosome 2q in the combined centers (LOD = 6.61, P = 4.24 × 10⁻⁶) and in Oklahoma (LOD = 5.65, P = 4.57 24 × 10⁻⁵). Genetic association of the UGT1A1 promoter polymorphism was significant for all geographic locations. After adjustment using conditional linkage for UGT1A1 promoter variance, the linkage signal dropped to 1.10 in the combined sample and to 3.32 (P = 0.02) in Oklahoma, indicating this polymorphism is not completely responsible for the linkage signal in American Indians. We also detected suggestive linkage signals in the Dakotas on chromosome 10p12 (LOD = 2.18) and in the combined centers (LOD = 2.24) on chromosome 10q21. CONCLUSIONS Replication of a serum bilirubin QTL on chromosome 2q in American Indians implicates UGT1A1 but further genotyping is warranted to identify additional causative polymorphisms. Evidence also supports a potential novel locus for bilirubin on chromosome 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Melton
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.
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Franceschini N, Voruganti VS, Haack K, Almasy L, Laston S, Goring HHH, Umans JG, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, MacCluer JW, Howard BV, North KE, Cole SA. The association of the MYH9 gene and kidney outcomes in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. Hum Genet 2010; 127:295-301. [PMID: 19921264 PMCID: PMC2930187 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem in American Indian populations. Recent research has identified associations of polymorphisms in the myosin heavy chain type II isoform A (MYH9) gene with hypertensive CKD in African-Americans. Whether these associations are also present among American Indian individuals is unknown. To evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms in the MYH9 gene on kidney disease in American Indians, we genotyped 25 SNPs in the MYH9 gene region in 1,119 comparatively unrelated individuals. Four SNPs failed, and one SNP was monomorphic We inferred haplotypes using seven SNPs within the region of the previously described E haplotype using Phase v2.1. We studied the association between 20 MYH9 SNPs with kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR) and CKD (eGFR\60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) or renal replacement therapy or kidney transplant) using age-, sex- and center-adjusted models and measured genotyped within the variance component models. MYH9 SNPs were not significantly associated with kidney traits in additive or recessive genetic adjusted models. MYH9 haplotypes were also not significantly associated with kidney outcomes. In conclusion, common variants in MYH9 polymorphisms may not confer an increased risk of CKD in American Indian populations. Identification of the actual functional genetic variation responsible for the associations seen in African-Americans will likely help to clarify the lack of replication of this gene in our population of American Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Franceschini N, Rose KM, Storti KL, Rutherford S, Voruganti VS, Laston S, Göring HHH, Dyer TD, Umans JG, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, Cole SA, MacCluer JW, North KE. Social- and behavioral-specific genetic effects on blood pressure traits: the Strong Heart Family Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:396-401. [PMID: 20031612 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.853630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population studies have demonstrated an important role of social, behavioral, and environmental factors in blood pressure (BP) levels. Accounting for the genetic interaction of these factors may help to identify common BP susceptibility alleles. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the interaction of additive genetic effects and behavioral (physical activity, smoking, alcohol use) and socioeconomic (education) factors on BP in approximately 3600 American Indian participants of the Strong Heart Family Study, using variance component models. The mean and SD of resting systolic and diastolic BPs were 123 + or - 17 and 76 + or - 11 mm Hg, respectively. We detected evidence for distinct genetic effects on diastolic BP among ever smokers compared with never smokers (P = 0.01). For alcohol intake, we observed significant genotype-by-environment interactions on diastolic (rhog = 0.10, P = 0.0003) and on systolic BPs (rhog = 0.59, P = 0.0008) among current drinkers compared with former or never drinkers. We also detected genotype-by-physical activity interactions on diastolic BP (rhog = 0.35, P = 0.0004). Finally, there was evidence for distinct genetic effects on diastolic BP among individuals with less than high school education compared with those with 12 or more years of education (rhog = 0.41, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that behavioral and socioeconomic factors can modify the genetic effects on BP phenotypes. Accounting for context dependent factors may help us to better understand the complexities of the gene effects on BP and other complex phenotypes with high levels of genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 137 E Franklin St, Suite 306 CB#8050, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Li X, Monda KL, Göring HHH, Haack K, Cole SA, Diego VP, Almasy L, Laston S, Howard BV, Shara NM, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, MacCluer JW, North KE. Genome-wide linkage scan for plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-1 and triglyceride variation among American Indian populations: the Strong Heart Family Study. J Med Genet 2009; 46:472-9. [PMID: 19429595 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.063891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have identified chromosomal regions linked to variation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) and triglyceride (TG), although results have been inconsistent and previous studies of American Indian populations are limited. OBJECTIVE In an attempt to localise quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing HDL-C, apo A-1 and TG, we conducted genome-wide linkage scans of subjects of the Strong Heart Family Study. METHODS We implemented analyses in 3484 men and women aged 18 years or older, at three study centres. RESULTS With adjustment for age, sex and centre, we detected a QTL influencing both HDL-C (logarithm of odds (LOD) = 4.4, genome-wide p = 0.001) and apo A-1 (LOD = 3.2, genome-wide p = 0.020) nearest marker D6S289 at 6p23 in the Arizona sample. Another QTL influencing apo A-1 was found nearest marker D9S287 at 9q22.2 (LOD = 3.0, genome-wide p = 0.033) in the North and South Dakotas. We detected a QTL influencing TG nearest marker D15S153 at 15q22.31 (LOD = 4.5 in the overall sample and LOD = 3.8 in the Dakotas sample, genome-wide p = 0.0044) and when additionally adjusted for waist, current smoking, current alcohol, current oestrogen, lipid treatment, impaired fasting glucose, and diabetes, nearest marker D10S217 at 10q26.2 (LOD = 3.7, genome-wide p = 0.0058) in the Arizona population. CONCLUSIONS The replication of QTLs in regions of the genome that harbour well known candidate genes suggest that chromosomes 6p, 9q and 15q warrant further investigation with fine mapping for causative polymorphisms in American Indians.
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Best LG, North KE, Li X, Palmieri V, Umans JG, MacCluer J, Laston S, Haack K, Goring H, Diego VP, Almasy L, Lee ET, Tracy RP, Cole S. Linkage study of fibrinogen levels: the Strong Heart Family Study. BMC Med Genet 2008; 9:77. [PMID: 18700015 PMCID: PMC2518547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves both hemostatic and inflammatory mechanisms. Fibrinogen is associated with both risk of thrombosis and inflammation. A recent meta-analysis showed that risk of coronary heart disease may increase 1.8 fold for 1 g/L of increased fibrinogen, independent of traditional risk factors. It is known that fibrinogen levels may be influenced by demographic, environmental and genetic factors. Epidemiologic and candidate gene studies are available; but few genome-wide linkage studies have been conducted, particularly in minority populations. The Strong Heart Study has demonstrated an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in the American Indian population, and therefore represents an important source for genetic-epidemiological investigations. Methods The Strong Heart Family Study enrolled over 3,600 American Indian participants in large, multi-generational families, ascertained from an ongoing population-based study in the same communities. Fibrinogen was determined using standard technique in a central laboratory and extensive additional phenotypic measures were obtained. Participants were genotyped for 382 short tandem repeat markers distributed throughout the genome; and results were analyzed using a variance decomposition method, as implemented in the SOLAR 2.0 program. Results Data from 3535 participants were included and after step-wise, linear regression analysis, two models were selected for investigation. Basic demographic adjustments constituted model 1, while model 2 considered waist circumference, diabetes mellitus and postmenopausal status as additional covariates. Five LOD scores between 1.82 and 3.02 were identified, with the maximally adjusted model showing the highest score on chromosome 7 at 28 cM. Genes for two key components of the inflammatory response, i.e. interleukin-6 and "signal transducer and activator of transcription 3" (STAT3), were identified within 2 and 8 Mb of this 1 LOD drop interval respectively. A LOD score of 1.82 on chromosome 17 between 68 and 93 cM is supported by reports from two other populations with LOD scores of 1.4 and 1.95. Conclusion In a minority population with a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, strong evidence for a novel genetic determinant of fibrinogen levels is found on chromosome 7 at 28 cM. Four other loci, some of which have been suggested by previous studies, were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle G Best
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research Inc, Timber Lake, SD, USA.
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North KE, Göring HHH, Cole SA, Diego VP, Almasy L, Laston S, Cantu T, Howard BV, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, MacCluer JW. Linkage analysis of LDL cholesterol in American Indian populations: the Strong Heart Family Study. J Lipid Res 2005; 47:59-66. [PMID: 16264198 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500395-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is influenced by both genes and environment. Although rare genetic variants associated with Mendelian causes of increased LDL-C are known, only one common genetic variant has been identified, the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). In an attempt to localize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing LDL-C, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan of LDL-C in participants of the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS). Nine hundred eighty men and women, age 18 years or older, in 32 extended families at three centers (in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota) were phenotyped for LDL-C concentration and other risk factors. Using a variance component approach and the program SOLAR, and after accounting for the effects of covariates, we detected a QTL influencing LDL-C on chromosome 19, nearest marker D19S888 at 19q13.41 [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 4.3] in the sample from the Dakotas. This region on chromosome 19 includes many possible candidate genes, including the APOE/C1/C4/C2 gene cluster. In follow-up association analyses, no significant evidence for an association was detected with the APOE*2 and APOE*4 alleles (P = 0.76 and P = 0.53, respectively). Suggestive evidence of linkage to LDL-C was detected on chromosomes 3q, 4q, 7p, 9q, 10p, 14q, and 17q. These linkage signals overlap positive findings for lipid-related traits and harbor plausible candidate genes for LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Islam MS, Siddique AK, Salam A, Akram K, Majumdar RN, Zaman K, Fronczak N, Laston S. Microbiological investigation of diarrhoea epidemics among Rwandan refugees in Zaire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:506. [PMID: 8560524 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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Siddique AK, Salam A, Islam MS, Akram K, Majumdar RN, Zaman K, Fronczak N, Laston S. Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire. Lancet 1995; 345:359-61. [PMID: 7646639 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In July, 1994, in one of the worst cholera outbreaks in recent times, an estimated 12,000 Rwandan refugees died in Goma in eastern Zaire. The Vibrio cholerae strains were resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline, the commonly used drugs for cholera treatment. Despite the efforts of international organisations, which provided medical relief by establishing treatment centres in Goma, mortality from the disease was much higher than expected. In the area of Muganga camp, which had the largest concentration of refugees and where most of the medical aid organisations were active, the highest reported case-fatality ratio for a single day was 48%. The slow rate of rehydration, inadequate use of oral rehydration therapy, use of inappropriate intravenous fluids, and inadequate experience of health workers in management of severe cholera are thought to be some of the factors associated with the failure to prevent so many deaths during the epidemic. In one of the temporary treatment centres with the worst case-fatality record, our team showed that improvement of these factors could increase the odds of survival of cholera patients even in a disaster setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Siddique
- Community Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
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