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Alzahrani AM, Alzhrani AA, Felix HC, Alharbi KK, Shahzad MW, Arbaein TJ, Monshi SS. Patient Satisfaction with Private Community Pharmacies versus Pharmacies in Primary Health Care Centers in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102091. [PMID: 38757070 PMCID: PMC11097056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Saudi Arabia has begun reforming its government-run health care system to increase efficiency and reduce costs. One effort is the adoption of an electronic prescribing system (Wasfaty) and outsourcing pharmaceutical services from government-run clinics to community pharmacies (CP). This study aims to compare satisfaction with pharmaceutical services offered in the two systems. Materials and methods This cross-sectional observational study used existing survey data collected from patients (≥15 years of age) visiting government primary health care centers from January 2022 to June 2022. Satisfaction with three pharmaceutical services (availability of medications, pharmacist's explanation of the prescription, and waiting time to get medications) were the main outcomes. Results The study comprised 91,317 participants, 74.06 % of them were CP/Wasfaty users. CP/Wasfaty patients had lower odds of satisfaction with the three pharmaceutical services: availability of medications (OR = 0.49, 95 % CI = 0.47-0.51), pharmacists' explanation of prescription (OR = 0.55, 95 % CI = 0.53-0.58), and waiting time to get medications (OR = 0.81, 95 % CI = 0.75-0.88). Additional findings showed variations in satisfaction levels based on demographic factors and clinic types. Conclusions The significant differences observed in satisfaction levels based on demographic characteristics and type of clinics visited emphasize the importance of tailoring pharmaceutical services to meet the specific needs and expectations of different patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Alzahrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman A. Alzhrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Holly C. Felix
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Khulud K. Alharbi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Turky J. Arbaein
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Arbaein TJ, Alharbi KK, Alfahmi AA, Alharthi KO, Monshi SS, Alzahrani AM, Alkabi S. Makkah healthcare cluster response, challenges, and interventions during COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:975-985. [PMID: 38631067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global COVID-19 crisis has underscored the critical role of effective decision-making in healthcare systems. Saudi Arabia has shown resilience by implementing comprehensive testing, tracing, and vaccination measures. Given the unique cultural and religious characteristics of Makkah, specific challenges have prompted efforts to uncover local pandemic responses. This qualitative assessment aims to delineate the challenges faced by decision-makers during COVID-19 in Makkah and identify key interventions implemented by the Makkah healthcare cluster to manage and coordinate care. METHOD Utilizing a purposive sampling approach, executive leaders within the Makkah Healthcare Cluster were invited for semi-structured interviews during the COVID-19 period. Thematic analysis was carried out in five steps, ensuring rigor and trustworthiness through multiple checks, and employing a critical and collaborative approach. RESULT Throughout the COVID-19 outbreak in Makkah, participants revealed Several factors that have hindered healthcare organizations' ability to effectively manage the pandemic, including testing difficulties, resource shortages, vaccination misconceptions, continuity of care issues, infections among healthcare workers, and the need for consistent protocols. The participant leaders in Makkah's healthcare cluster specified implemented strategies that helped in overcoming the encountered challenges, such as adopting new technologies, enhancing communication, managing supply and demand, and improving workforce adaptability and development. Their experience in managing Hajj and Umrah provided valuable insights for handling the pandemic effectively. CONCLUSION The study emphasizes the significance of technology adoption, effective communication, supply management, workforce development, and lessons from managing religious events. Its findings have implications for healthcare systems globally, emphasizing the importance of preparedness, response, and resilience in diverse cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turky J Arbaein
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khulud K Alharbi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah A Alfahmi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawlah O Alharthi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alzahrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa Alkabi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Arbaein TJ, Alharbi KK, Alzhrani AA, Monshi SS, Alzahrani AM, Alsadi TM. The assessment of readiness to change among head managers of primary healthcare centers in Makkah, KSA. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:453-459. [PMID: 38510063 PMCID: PMC10950747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background KSA is currently undergoing significant changes in its healthcare system, with a particular emphasis on enhancing the role of primary healthcare centers (PHCs) to elevate patient experience and overall healthcare quality. At the forefront of this transformation are head managers in PHCs, who play a crucial role in implementing these changes effectively. The readiness of these managers is paramount to the successful execution of the envisioned transformation and the subsequent improvement of patient experience. Objective This study aims to assess the readiness to change among head managers of primary healthcare centers in Makkah, KSA. Methodology Cross-sectional study utilized the ADKAR model questionnaire, consisting of 22 Likert scale questions, to assess PHCs head managers' awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, reinforcement, and overall change readiness. Results The study found a significant association between higher educational levels and increased awareness (β = 0.214, p = 0.030), along with greater desire (β = 0.207, p = 0.029) among primary healthcare (PHC) managers. Additionally, a positive association was found between age (≥41 years) and knowledge among PHC managers (β = 0.138, p = 0.030). However, managers with 11 or more years of experience showed a negative association with change readiness (β = -0.112, p = 0.001). Conclusion The ADKAR model outlines five dimensions that are useful for identifying the readiness and willingness of head managers in PHCs in Makkah cluster to undergo change. Assessing change readiness is crucial for organizational transformation, with head managers playing a significant role. Factors such as age, education, and experience influence managers' readiness for change in primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Makkah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turky J. Arbaein
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Khulud K. Alharbi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Abdulrhman A. Alzhrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Ali M. Alzahrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospital, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Talal M. Alsadi
- Al Awali Primary Healthcare Department, Makkah Healthcare Cluster, KSA
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Aldhahir AM, Siraj RA, Alqarni AA, Alqahtani JS, Alyami MM, Majrshi MS, Alwafi H, Alqahtani MM, Monshi SS, Al-Zalabani AH, Alanazi AM. The prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco and nicotine use among students in healthcare disciplines in Saudi Arabian universities: a cross-sectional survey. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1348370. [PMID: 38515594 PMCID: PMC10954892 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoking is one of the most significant health-related problems worldwide. However, the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco and nicotine use among students on healthcare courses in Saudi Arabia are limited. Methods This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire that was distributed via SurveyMonkey between November 2022 and June 2023 to all student universities offering healthcare courses. Data are presented as frequency and percentages. The associated sociodemographic factors with current tobacco and nicotine use were subjected to logistic regression. Results Overall, 5,012, of whom 3,872 (77.25%) were males, responded to the online survey. The prevalence of current tobacco and nicotine use was 3,553 (71%). The majority of users used electronic nicotine delivery systems (1,622: 32.36%). The current use of cigarettes (AOR: 1.75 (1.42 to 2.15)), e-cigarettes (AOR: 1.17 (1.01 to 1.37)), and smokeless tobacco substances (AOR: 1.35 (1.02 to 1.90)) were more pronounced among males compared to female students. However, the current use of a hookah was less among males (AOR: 0.74 (95% CI: 61 to 0.91)). Smoking cigarettes was practiced less among students living in other regions compared to the Central Region. However, smokeless tobacco substances seem to be more prevalent in the Western, Southern, and Northern Regions, (AOR: 1.57 (95% CI: 1.09 to 2.26)), (AOR: 1.43 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.95)), and (AOR: 1.57 (95% CI: 1.09 to 2.26)), respectively. Conclusion Smoking is prevalent among students in the healthcare disciplines, with electronic nicotine delivery systems being the most used product. Several sociodemographic factors were associated with higher tobacco or nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulelah M. Aldhahir
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan A. Siraj
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alqarni
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber S. Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Alyami
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Batterjee Medical College, Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S. Majrshi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Monshi SS, Alqahtani MM, Alangari AS, Sinky TH, Al-Zalabani AH, Alanazi AM. The association between cultural and social occasions and smoking cessation: The case of Saudi Arabia. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:153. [PMID: 38026497 PMCID: PMC10655210 DOI: 10.18332/tid/174490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco use remains high in Saudi Arabia, necessitating an understanding of the influence of cultural and social events on smoking cessation. This study examined whether cultural and social events like Ramadan, Eids, and birthdays, motivate Saudi adults to quit smoking. METHODS Convenience sampling of 742 Saudi tobacco users was conducted between July 2021 and May 2022. A cross-sectional survey was used to assess self-reported desire to quit (1 = 'least desire' to 10 = 'highest desire') and behaviors in relation to special occasions. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine the association between cultural and social occasions and the desire to quit, while logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between cultural and social occasions and historical quit attempts, medicinal nicotine product use, visiting smoking cessation clinics, and calling the national Quitline. Demographic variables and tobacco types were controlled for in the analyses. RESULTS Considering quitting during Ramadan, Eids, and birthdays was associated with a higher desire to quit (Ramadan: B=2.99; 95% CI: 2.51-3.47, Eids: B=2.83; 95% CI: 2.12-3.54, and birthdays: B=2.76; 95% CI: 1.93-3.60, p<0.01) and a greater likelihood of past quit attempts (Ramadan: AOR=8.2; 95% CI: 5.5-12.1, Eids: AOR=5.8; 95% CI: 3.2-10.5, and birthdays: AOR=4.8; 95% CI: 2.4-9.4). Only considering quitting during Ramadan was associated with calling the national Quitline (AOR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.8-4.9). CONCLUSIONS Cultural and social events like Ramadan and Eids motivate adults in Saudi Arabia to attempt tobacco cessation. Targeting interventions around meaningful cultural occasions may promote successful quitting. These findings highlight the importance of understanding cultural and religious influences on cessation behaviors in Saudi Arabia and in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S Alangari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tassnym H Sinky
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alharbi KK, Arbaein TJ, Alzhrani AA, Alzahrani AM, Monshi SS, Alotaibi AFM, Aljasser AI, Alruhaimi KT, Alotaibi SDK, Alsultan AK, Arafat MS, Aldhabib A, Abd-Ellatif EE. Factors Affecting the Length of Stay in the Intensive Care Unit among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6787. [PMID: 37959252 PMCID: PMC10649797 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess patient-related factors associated with the LOS among adults admitted to the ICU in Saudi Arabia. The Ministry of Health provided a cross-sectional dataset for 2021, which served as the data source for this study. The data included data on adults admitted to different ICUs at various hospitals. The number of days spent in the ICU was the outcome variable of interest. The potential predictors were age, sex, and nationality, as well as clinical data from the time of admission. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used to analyse the association between the predictors and the ICU LOS and characterize how they were distributed. We used negative binomial regression to examine the relationship between the study predictors and the ICU LOS. A total of 42,884 individuals were included in this study, of whom 25,520 were men and 17,362 were women. The overall median ICU LOS was three days. This study showed that the ICU LOS was highly influenced by the patient's age, sex, nationality, source of admission, and clinical history. Several predictors that affect how long adults stay in the ICU in Saudi Arabian hospitals were identified in this study. These factors can be attributed to variances in health care delivery systems, patient demographics, and cultural considerations. To allocate resources efficiently, enhance patient outcomes, and create focused treatments to reduce ICU LOS, it is essential to comprehend these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khulud K. Alharbi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia; (T.J.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Turky J. Arbaein
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia; (T.J.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Abdulrhman A. Alzhrani
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia; (T.J.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Ali M. Alzahrani
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia; (T.J.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia; (T.J.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Adel Fahad M. Alotaibi
- Department of Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.M.A.); (A.I.A.); (K.T.A.); (S.D.K.A.)
| | - Areej I. Aljasser
- Department of Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.M.A.); (A.I.A.); (K.T.A.); (S.D.K.A.)
| | - Khalil Thawahi Alruhaimi
- Department of Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.M.A.); (A.I.A.); (K.T.A.); (S.D.K.A.)
| | - Satam Dhafallah K. Alotaibi
- Department of Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.M.A.); (A.I.A.); (K.T.A.); (S.D.K.A.)
| | - Ali K. Alsultan
- Emergency Medicine, Saudi Medical Appointment and Referral Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.K.A.); (M.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammed S. Arafat
- Emergency Medicine, Saudi Medical Appointment and Referral Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.K.A.); (M.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman Aldhabib
- Emergency Medicine, Saudi Medical Appointment and Referral Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia; (A.K.A.); (M.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Eman E. Abd-Ellatif
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
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Al-Zalabani AH, Monshi SS, Al-Ahmadi AF, Ali AKA, Mirdad GA, Alanazi MM, Alsaedi MQ, Alanazi AM. Dissuasive cigarettes as a tobacco control measure: a scoping review. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-057974. [PMID: 37414527 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-057974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify and review the research literature on dissuasive cigarettes, including key concepts, types, sources of evidence and research gaps. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched up to January 2023 with no language or date restrictions. All study designs were included. Reference lists of the identified studies were manually searched. Studies on tobacco products other than cigarettes or on external cigarette packaging alone were excluded. STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts independently using eligibility criteria. The full text of the selected articles was subsequently screened independently by two reviewers to confirm eligibility. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data from all studies using data abstraction forms. Results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. DATA SYNTHESIS We identified 24 original studies, 3 review articles and 4 commentary articles. Research on dissuasive cigarettes was reported from Australia, New Zealand, Europe and North America. We presented results in four themes: the concept of dissuasive cigarettes; approaches and types; potential benefits, barriers and concerns; and current research gaps. CONCLUSIONS Dissuasive cigarettes represent a promising strategy that could be used in tobacco control. Parallel implementation with plain packaging would be feasible and synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Khalid A Ali
- Model of Care, Al-Madinah Health Cluster, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Manal Muteb Alanazi
- Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mawada Qabl Alsaedi
- Saudi Board Preventive Medicine Program, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alanazi
- Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Monshi SS, Alanazi AMM, Alzahrani AM, Alzhrani AA, Arbaein TJ, Alharbi KK, Z Alqahtani M, Alzahrani AH, A Elkhobby A, Almazrou AM, Al-Zalabani AH. Awareness and utilization of smoking cessation clinics in Saudi Arabia, findings from the 2019 Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:33. [PMID: 37322497 PMCID: PMC10268372 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use remains a leading cause of premature death. To combat tobacco use, the Ministry of Health (MOH) improved access to smoking cessation clinics (SCCs) by developing fixed SCCs and mobile SCCs, which move based on demand across locations. The goal of this study was to investigate awareness and utilization of SCCs among tobacco users in Saudi Arabia and the factors that influence their awareness and utilization. METHOD This cross-sectional study used the 2019 Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Three outcome variables were employed, including tobacco users' awareness of fixed SCCs, mobile SCCs, and utilization of fixed SCCs. Several independent variables were examined, including sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco use. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS One thousand six hundred sixty-seven tobacco users were included in this study. There were 60%, 26%, and 9% of tobacco users who were aware of fixed SCCs, aware of mobile SCCs, and visited fixed SCCs, respectively. The likelihood of being aware of SCCs increased among users residing in urban areas (fixed SCCs: OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.31-2.68; mobile SCCs: OR = 2.09; CI = 1.37-3.17) while it decreased among those reported self-employed (fixed SCCs: OR = 0.31; CI = 0.17-0.56; mobile SCCs: OR = 0.42; CI = 0.20-0.89). The likelihood of visiting fixed SCCs increased among educated tobacco users aged 25-34 (OR = 5.61; CI = 1.73-18.21) and 35-44 (OR = 4.22; CI = 1.07-16.64) while the odds of visiting SCCs decreased among those who were working in the private sector (OR = 0.26; CI = 0.09-0.73). CONCLUSION The decision to quit smoking must be supported by an effective healthcare system that provides accessible and affordable smoking cessation services. Knowing the factors that influence the awareness and utilization of SCCs would help policymakers dedicate efforts targeting those who desire to quit smoking yet face limitations in using SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M M Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alzahrani
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman A Alzhrani
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turky J Arbaein
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud K Alharbi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali H Alzahrani
- Tobacco Control Program at Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Elkhobby
- Tobacco Control Program at Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulmohsen H Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Alanazi AM, Monshi SS, Aldawsari NS, Almujel AA, Bin Saad WM, Alajlan SA, Alotaibi TF, Algarni SS, Abunurah HY, Alqahtani MM, Ismaeil TT, Al-Haddad MA, Hamilah SN, Abd Elmeguid WS, Al-Zalabani AH. The associations between cigarette smoking behavior and the use of heated tobacco products among Arab cigarette smokers: Findings from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37184532 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2204075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As the availability of tobacco forms has evolved, emerging products known as heated tobacco products (HTPs) are increasingly being consumed worldwide and are claimed to be less harmful than tobacco cigarette smoking. To date, it is unknown whether Arab cigarette smokers are using or susceptible to HTPs. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association between cigarette smoking behavior and the use of and susceptibility to HTPs in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Arab cigarette smokers (n = 628) from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. A cross-sectional survey comprised questions related to sociodemographic characteristics, cigarette smoking behavior characteristics (quitting attempts and desire to quit cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and consideration of switching to nicotine products with reduced health risks), and awareness of, use of, and susceptibility to use of HTPs. Descriptive and logistic regression models were used for analysis. The participants indicated a high frequency of past quitting attempts and a desire to quit smoking cigarettes. They were also considering switching to a nicotine product with reduced health risks. However, their awareness of HTPs was relatively low (24.2%), and the proportion of participants who had ever used HTPs or were currently using them was quite low as well (10.7% and 5.0%, respectively). A history of quit attempts was associated with more likely lifetime use of HTPs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.21-5.71]). Nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers were more likely to be susceptible to HTP use (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.01-1.24]). Moreover, those who would consider switching to a product that provided nicotine and could reduce health risks by 99% were more likely to be susceptible to using HTPs (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI [1.05-4.51]). Awareness of HTPs is relatively low among Arab cigarette smokers. Attempts to quit cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and the consideration of switching to a product that delivers nicotine with reduced health risks were significantly associated with using HTPs. The findings of this study provide potential for evidence-based treatment for smokers and will help prevent the use of tobacco industry tactics in marketing HTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of public health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura S Aldawsari
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alma A Almujel
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad M Bin Saad
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad A Alajlan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq F Alotaibi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Algarni
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Abunurah
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha T Ismaeil
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Services, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maath A Al-Haddad
- Physical Therapy Department, Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait city, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Abdulmohsen H Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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Monshi SS, Arbaein TJ, Alzhrani AA, Alzahrani AM, Alharbi KK, Alfahmi A, Alqahatani M, Alzahrani AH, Yaqoob A, Almazroua A, Alanazi AMM. Factors associated with the desire to quit tobacco smoking in Saudi Arabia: Evidence from the 2019 Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:33. [PMID: 36875735 PMCID: PMC9983308 DOI: 10.18332/tid/159735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saudi Arabia is expected to witness a slight reduction in tobacco use. The Saudi government offers free-of-charge smoking cessation services. Yet, factors influencing the desire to quit smoking are not comprehensively investigated in Saudi Arabia. This study examines the factors influencing the desire to quit among smoking adults in Saudi Arabia and investigates whether using alternative tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, is associated with the desire to quit smoking. METHODS Data from the 2019 nationally representative Global Adults Tobacco Survey (GATS) was used. GATS utilized a face-to-face household cross-sectional survey that collected data from adults aged ≥15 years. Several factors including, sociodemographic characteristics, use of alternative tobacco products, attitude toward tobacco control, and awareness of smoking cessation clinics (SCCs), were examined to predict the desire to quit. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS A total of 11381 individuals completed the survey. Of the total sample, 1667 participants were tobacco smokers. The majority of the tobacco smokers were interested in quitting smoking (82.4%); 58% of cigarette smokers and 17.1% of waterpipe smokers were interested in quitting smoking. The desire to quit smoking was positively associated with the awareness of SCCs (AOR=3; 95% CI: 1.8-5), attitude toward raising tobacco taxes (AOR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.4-3.8), and a strict rule of smoking inside the home (AOR=2; 95% CI: 1.1-3.9). No statistical association was found between the desire to quit smoking and the use of e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The desire to quit tobacco smoking among Saudi smokers increased with awareness of SCCs, favoring taxes on tobacco products, and implementing strict rules of smoking inside the home. The study reveals valuable insights into the main factors that could inform the development of more effective policy interventions targeting smokers in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turky J Arbaein
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman A Alzhrani
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alzahrani
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud K Alharbi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah Alfahmi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali H Alzahrani
- Tobacco Control Program, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Yaqoob
- Tobacco Control Program, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M M Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alanazi AM, Monshi SS, Alfahadi NA, Alsayari SS, Alkhonain FS, Alsulami NM, Alotaibi TF, Algarni SS, Abunurah HY, Al-Zalabani AH, Ismaeil TT. The associations between the credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body and smoking behavior change among Saudi smokers. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:107. [PMID: 36514796 PMCID: PMC9717579 DOI: 10.18332/tid/155814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, Saudi Arabia has extensively reformed its tobacco control policies and extended its smoking cessation services. A public outrage on social media among smokers was witnessed, especially after the implementation of plain cigarette packaging, which might have discredited the significant efforts of tobacco treatment services and tobacco control policies. However, it is not known how the credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body among Saudi smokers might affect their smoking behavior. METHODS Saudi tobacco smokers (n=511) were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. A cross-sectional survey was conducted comprising questions related to the credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body (modified Food and Drug Administration Tobacco Credibility Scale), quit attempts, use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and motivation to change smoking behavior in the future. Logistic and linear regression models were used for the analysis. RESULTS The public interest subscale of the credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body, was positively associated with confidence in changing smoking behavior (β=0.204; 95% CI: 0.078-0.713; t=2.449, p=0.015) and readiness to change smoking behavior (β=0.237; 95% CI: 0.127-0.727; t=2.802, p=0.005). Moreover, the subscale of expertise was positively associated with confidence in changing smoking behavior (β=0.190; 95% CI: 0.006-0.697; t=1.999, p=0.046) and readiness to change smoking behavior (β=0.225; 95% CI: 0.063-0.710; t=2.352, p=0.019). However, public interest in the credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body was negatively associated with NRT use among smokers who tried to quit (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=0.691; 95% CI: 0.526-0.909). The credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body, however, was not associated with the last month's or ever quit attempts. CONCLUSIONS The credibility of the tobacco control regulatory body was positively associated with motivation to change smoking behavior but negatively associated with NRT use. Optimizing communication tools with the public is a potential avenue for improving smoking treatment and prevention in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada A. Alfahadi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeem S. Alsayari
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Foton S. Alkhonain
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah M. Alsulami
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq F. Alotaibi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S. Algarni
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y. Abunurah
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha T. Ismaeil
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Monshi SS, Collins BN, Wu J, Alzahrani MAJ, Ibrahim JK. Tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship in Arabic media between 2017 and 2019. Health Policy Plan 2022; 37:990-999. [PMID: 35668650 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen out of 22 countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, including the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, have ratified the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) treaty. One of FCTC's provisions prohibits tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS). The TAPS provision requires nations to ban direct and indirect tobacco ads in media, as exposure to tobacco use in the media encourages smoking initiation. A limited number of studies have examined TAPS in Arabic media. This study examined the occurrence of tobacco use across Arabic television (TV) series released between January 2017 and December 2019 to assess compliance with the FCTC provision banning TAPS. The content analysis examined incidents of tobacco use in Arabic TV series, types of tobacco products used and the portrayal of second-hand smoking exposure. Out of 92 Arabic TV series (2952 episodes), there were 32 044 incidents of tobacco use. Incidents of tobacco use per episode fluctuated over time. During Ramadan, the median number of tobacco incidents declined from 6 in 2017 to 3 in 2019; however, it increased to 8 in 2018. Regular cigarettes and water pipes were the most common tobacco products used in TV series. While 27% of tobacco use showed characters who smoked tobacco products alone, 13% of the incidents portrayed characters who were smoking in the presence of children. This study concludes that tobacco imagery is not completely banned in Arabic media and its continued representation weakens tobacco control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Health Services Management, Umm Al-Qura University, 7392 Al Jamiah, Mecca 24243, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bradley N Collins
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Jennifer K Ibrahim
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Monshi SS, Wu J, Collins BN, Ibrahim JK. Youth susceptibility to tobacco use in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries, 2001–2018. Prev Med Rep 2022; 26:101711. [PMID: 35145839 PMCID: PMC8819131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the susceptibility to initiating tobacco use identifies youth at higher risk of initiating tobacco. Susceptibility to initiate tobacco use in increased in the United Arab Emirates while decreased in Bahrain and Qatar. FCTC may have an independent impact on initiating tobacco use among youth. The study helps policymakers identify impactful policies and prioritize resources accordingly.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2006. Yet, GCC countries predict a slight reduction in tobacco use compared to the Eastern Mediterranean region’s significant downward trend. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in self-reported intention to initiating tobacco use (susceptibility) among youth over time in five GCC countries and the relationship between susceptibility and key FCTC provisions. Complex sample logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from the 2001 to 2018 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 349,878 adolescents). Since the ratification of FCTC in GCC countries, susceptibility to initiate tobacco use significantly decreased in Bahrain and Qatar while it increased in UAE (P < 0.001). Exposure to smoking in public places increased the odds of susceptibility to tobacco use in Bahrain (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = [1.2–2.2), Kuwait (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = [1.2–2.0]), Qatar (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = [1.4–2.6]), and UAE (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI = [1.6–2.7]). Susceptibility to tobacco use was significantly associated with exposure to tobacco imagery in media in the UAE (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI = [1.2–2.3]) and with tobacco industry activities like promotion in Bahrain (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI = [1.9–4.2]) and Kuwait (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = [1.5–3.1]). In conclusion, the impact of FCTC provisions on tobacco use differs across countries. Findings suggested that the implementation of tobacco control policies may independently influence the initiation of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Health Services Management, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Health Services Administration & Policy, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bradley N. Collins
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Ibrahim
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Alanazi AM, Almutairi SF, Alsarami AA, Alanazi FJ, Alqahtani LH, Alotaibi TF, Algarni SS, Monshi SS, Ismaeil TT. Effects of Abstinence Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancies of Tobacco Smoking on the Desire to Quit Among Saudi Women: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Analysis. Tob Use Insights 2022; 15:1179173X221075581. [PMID: 35221737 PMCID: PMC8874158 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x221075581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is one of the major preventable causes of morbidity and mortality and has been associated with numerous illnesses. While smoking is increasing among Saudi women, the characteristics of smoking behavior related to abstinence self-efficacy, which is a belief regarding one’s ability to successfully resist performing a behavior, and outcome expectancies, meaning the anticipated consequences of performing a behavior, are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to test whether abstinence self-efficacy mediated the relationship between tobacco smoking outcome expectancies and the desire to quit tobacco among Saudi women who smoke. Methods This cross-sectional study collected a sample of 211 Saudi women who smoked tobacco, including cigarettes and shisha. A self-administered questionnaire was used to examine several variables, including abstinence self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and desire to quit tobacco smoking. Mediational path analysis was used to answer the research question. Indirect effects were estimated through a bootstrapping of 10,000. Results All 4 constructs of outcome expectancies (negative consequences, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and appetite/weight control) were associated with lower abstinence self-efficacy and desire to quit tobacco smoking. In the mediation analysis, the indirect effect of negative consequences (standardized beta = −.013, SE = .008, 95% CI [−.030, −.001]), negative reinforcement (standardized beta = −.012, SE = .006, 95% CI [−.025, −.001]), and appetite/weight control (standardized beta = −.008, SE = .006, 95% CI [−.022, −.001]) through abstinence self-efficacy were significant, suggesting mediation in the relationship between outcome expectancies and desire to quit tobacco smoking. Conclusion Cognitive mechanisms that may explain the desire to quit tobacco smoking among Saudi women were identified. Although future longitudinal studies are required to determine relationships prospectively, targeted interventions that correct tobacco smoking outcome expectancies and boost abstinence self-efficacy skills may reduce tobacco smoking among Saudi women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad F Almutairi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud A Alsarami
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fay J Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama H Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq F Alotaibi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Algarni
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health information technology and management, College of public health, Umm Al Qura university, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha T Ismaeil
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was developed to assist nations in reducing the demand and supply of tobacco. As of 2020, 182 nations joined the FCTC, agreeing to implement the recommended tobacco control measures. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, including Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates (UAE) ratified the WHO FCTC by August 2006. Given the unique political, cultural, and religious context - and known tobacco industry efforts to influence tobacco use- in these nations, a careful examination of the translation of FCTC measures into policy is needed. This study aimed to assess the implementation of FCTC tobacco control measures at the national level within the six GCC countries. METHOD We collected and coded the FCTC measures that were implemented in the GCC countries. We examined trends and variations of the implementation between 2008 and 2020. RESULTS GCC countries implemented most FCTC measures targeting the demand for and supply of tobacco, with some variation among countries. Bahrain and Qatar were more comprehensively implementing FCTC measures while Kuwait and Oman implemented the least number of the FCTC measures. Implementing measures related to tobacco prices and eliminating the illicit tobacco trade has slowly progressed in GCC countries. All GCC countries entirely banned smoking in workplaces while three countries implemented a partial ban in restaurants. Only Oman has restrictions on tobacco ads shown in media. There is progress in implementing FCTC measures related to tobacco packaging, cessation, and sale to minors in most GCC countries. CONCLUSIONS Given the influence of the tobacco industry in the Gulf region, the findings suggest a need for ongoing surveillance to monitor the proliferation of tobacco control measures and evaluate their effectiveness. Efforts required to address tobacco use should correspond to the unique political and cultural background of the GCC countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Monshi
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
- Department of Health Services Administration, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jennifer Ibrahim
- Department of Health Services Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Abstract
Objectives: To examined published literature describing the predictors of smoking cessation (SC) and cessation interventions in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Methods: Systematic literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar, and grey literature. The study was conducted between October and December of 2017. Inclusion criteria were studies reporting factors associated with SC or studies of utilization or delivery of SC medications in GCC countries. Results: Twenty-one articles met the study criteria. Thematic analysis revealed factors associated with SC that were classified as individual or clinician level. Individual-level factors were access and cost of SC medications, knowledge about harms, concern about health, self-efficacy, perceived stress, level of tobacco consumption, belief about SC medications, clinician advice, social support, and enforcement of smoke-free ban. Clinician-level factors were time to provide counseling, training to assist patients, patient acceptance, best practice for treating patients, resources, perception related to responsibilities, and knowledge about effective medications. Conclusion: This review revealed perceived barriers to SC among smokers and clinicians in GCC countries. It highlighted cultural factors that need to be addressed by tobacco use policies in GCC countries to help smokers quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Monshi
- Health Services Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia (PA), United States of America. E-mail.
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