1
|
Kilbride M, Egleston BL, Chung WK, Olopade O, Maxwell KN, Shah P, Churpek JE, Fleisher L, Terry MB, Fetzer D, Gaieski JB, Bulafka J, Espinal A, Karpink K, Walser S, Singleton D, Palese M, Siljander I, Brandt A, Clark D, Koval C, Wynn J, Long JM, McKenna D, Powers J, Nielsen S, Domchek SM, Nathanson KL, Bradbury AR. Uptake of Genetic Research Results and Patient-Reported Outcomes With Return of Results Incorporating Web-Based Predisclosure Education. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4905-4915. [PMID: 37611220 PMCID: PMC10617912 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed a web-based education intervention as an alternative to predisclosure education with a genetic counselor (GC) to reduce participant burden and provider costs with return of genetic research results. METHODS Women at three sites who participated in 11 gene discovery research studies were contacted to consider receiving cancer genetic research results. Participants could complete predisclosure education through web education or with a GC. Outcomes included uptake of research results, factors associated with uptake, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS Of 819 participants, 178 actively (21.7%) and 167 passively (20.4%) declined return of results; 474 (57.9%) were enrolled. Most (60.3%) received results although this was lower than the 70% uptake we hypothesized. Passive and active decliners were more likely to be Black, to have less education, and to have not received phone follow-up after the invitation letter. Most participants selected web education (88.5%) as an alternative to speaking with a GC, but some did not complete or receive results. Knowledge increased significantly from baseline to other time points with no significant differences between those who received web versus GC education. There were no significant increases in distress between web and GC education. CONCLUSION Interest in web-based predisclosure education for return of genetic research results was high although it did not increase uptake of results. We found no negative patient-reported outcomes with web education, suggesting that it is a viable alternative delivery model for reducing burdens and costs of returning genetic research results. Attention to attrition and lower uptake of results among Black participants and those with less formal education are important areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison Kilbride
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | | | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Payal Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Linda Fleisher
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Dominique Fetzer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jill Bennett Gaieski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jessica Bulafka
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Aileen Espinal
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Kelsey Karpink
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah Walser
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Davone Singleton
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Amanda Brandt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dana Clark
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carrie Koval
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Julia Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York City, NY
| | - Jessica M. Long
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danielle McKenna
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacquelyn Powers
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Susan M. Domchek
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Angela R. Bradbury
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walser S, El Moussawi F, Sire JM, Do Cao J, Boileau P, Letouzey M. Late-onset sepsis due to Salmonella Typhi in a preterm infant in a French neonatal unit. Arch Pediatr 2020; 28:93-95. [PMID: 33257212 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of late-onset sepsis caused by Salmonella Typhi in a one-month old preterm infant hospitalised in our neonatal unit. An investigation of the index case was undertaken to identify the source of contamination. The patient made a complete recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Walser
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - F El Moussawi
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - J M Sire
- Department of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - J Do Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, 157, rue de la porte de Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - P Boileau
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - M Letouzey
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, rue du champ Gaillard, 78300 Poissy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aggarwal CS, Walser S, Bhandari A, Garg N, McClafferty B, Ramgobin D, Golamari R, Sahu N, Kumar A, Jain R. A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19 Associated Neurological Manifestations. S D Med 2020; 73:569-571. [PMID: 33684975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor of cells in order to gain entry and continue infection. Recent literature has focused on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other associated pulmonary complications; however, only a scarce amount of literature exists on neurological complications. Such complications also pose a high morbidity in these patients. The exact pathogenesis of nervous system involvement by COVID-19 still remains poorly understood. The aim of this article is to review the neurological symptoms seen in COVID-19 infection and discuss the probable pathogenesis, management and outcome of associated neurological complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Walser
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nikita Garg
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - Brendan McClafferty
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | | | - Reshma Golamari
- Department of Internal Medicine, KIST Medical College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Nitasa Sahu
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gaieski JB, Patrick‐Miller L, Egleston BL, Maxwell KN, Walser S, DiGiovanni L, Brower J, Fetzer D, Ganzak A, McKenna D, Long JM, Powers J, Stopfer JE, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, Bradbury AR. Research participants' experiences with return of genetic research results and preferences for web-based alternatives. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e898. [PMID: 31376244 PMCID: PMC6732272 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there is increasing interest in sharing genetic research results with participants, how best to communicate the risks, benefits and limitations of research results remains unclear. METHODS Participants who received genetic research results answered open and closed-ended questions about their experiences receiving results and interest in and advantages and disadvantages of a web-based alternative to genetic counseling. RESULTS 107 BRCA1/2 negative women with a personal or family history of breast cancer consented to receive genetic research results and 82% completed survey items about their experience. Most participants reported there was nothing they disliked (74%) or would change (85%) about their predisclosure or disclosure session (78% and 89%). They most frequently reported liking the genetic counselor and learning new information. Only 24% and 26% would not be willing to complete predisclosure counseling or disclosure of results by a web-based alternative, respectively. The most frequently reported advantages included convenience and reduced time. Disadvantages included not being able to ask questions, the risk of misunderstanding and the impersonal nature of the encounter. CONCLUSION Most participants receiving genetic research results report high satisfaction with telephone genetic counseling, but some may be willing to consider self-directed web alternatives for both predisclosure genetic education and return of results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Gaieski
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Linda Patrick‐Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology‐OncologyThe University of ChicagoChicagoUSA
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global HealthThe University of ChicagoChicagoUSA
| | - Brian L. Egleston
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterTemple University Health SystemPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Sarah Walser
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Laura DiGiovanni
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jamie Brower
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Dominique Fetzer
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Amanda Ganzak
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Danielle McKenna
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jessica M. Long
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jacquelyn Powers
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Jill E. Stopfer
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human GeneticsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Susan M. Domchek
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Angela R. Bradbury
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health PolicyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Araneda G, Walser S, Colombe Y, Higginbottom DB, Volz J, Blatt R, Rauschenbeutel A. Wavelength-scale errors in optical localization due to spin-orbit coupling of light. Nat Phys 2019; 15:17-21. [PMID: 30854021 PMCID: PMC6398575 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Far-field optical imaging techniques allow the determination of the position of point-like emitters and scatterers [1-3]. Although the optical wavelength sets a fundamental limit to the image resolution of unknown objects, the position of an individual emitter can in principle be estimated from the image with arbitrary precision. This is used for example in the determination of stars position [4] or in optical super-resolution microscopy [5]. Furthermore, precise position determination is an experimental prerequisite for the manipulation and measurement of individual quantum systems, such as atoms, ions, and solid-state-based quantum emitters [6-8]. Here we demonstrate that spin-orbit coupling of light in the emission of elliptically polarized emitters can lead to systematic, wavelength-scale errors in the estimation of the emitters position. Imaging a single trapped atom as well as a single sub-wavelength-diameter gold nanoparticle, we demonstrate a shift between the emitters measured and actual positions which is comparable to the optical wavelength. For certain settings, the expected shift can become arbitrarily large. Beyond optical imaging techniques, our findings could be relevant for the localization of objects using any type of wave that carries orbital angular momentum relative to the emitters position with a component orthogonal to the direction of observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Araneda
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck,
Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Walser
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, TU Wien-Atominstitut,
Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Y. Colombe
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck,
Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D. B. Higginbottom
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck,
Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School
of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601,
Australia
| | - J. Volz
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, TU Wien-Atominstitut,
Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Blatt
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck,
Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation,
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Technikerstraße 21a, 6020
Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A. Rauschenbeutel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, TU Wien-Atominstitut,
Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bradbury AR, Gaieski JB, Egleston BL, Patrick-Miller LJ, Chung W, Olopade OI, Maxwell KN, Walser S, Fetzer D, Brower J, Brandt AC, Clark D, DiGiovanni L, Long JM, Powers J, Mckenna D, Stopfer J, Weipert CM, Nathanson K, Domchek SM. Interest in and outcomes with web-based education for return of genetic research results for inherited susceptibility to breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Bradbury
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Olufunmilayo I. Olopade
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Jamie Brower
- Basser Center for BRCA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Dana Clark
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Danielle Mckenna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scheepers HPA, Neerup Handlos V, Walser S, Schutjens MDB, Neef C. Impact of the Council of Europe Resolution on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2017; 24:218-223. [PMID: 31157793 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objective The regulation of pharmacy preparations, especially for standards for quality assurance and safety, is not harmonised across Europe and falls under the national competencies of individual states. There are concerns about quality control and safety for the medicinal products made in pharmacies, which is widespread in European countries. There are, however, good reasons to continue this practice, which is able to tailor preparations to the specific needs of a particular patient or patient group and to provide a supplementary source of supply when an industrially manufactured product, which is authorised for marketing is not available or when there are temporary shortages of licensed medicines. In seeking to provide guidelines for legislation and acting on the advice of an expert group dealing in pharmaceutical practices, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe passed a resolution in 2011. The Council of Europe Resolution provides authorities and pharmacists with the means to reinforce safety measures for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies and to harmonise quality assurance and safety standards. It dealt with aspects of pharmacy preparation such as quality standards for preparation and distribution, marketing authorisation, product dossiers, labelling, reporting, and safety. In 2013 and 2014 the Committee of Experts carried out a survey to evaluate the impact of the resolution within a cross section of member states. The objectives of this study were both to monitor the extent to which the recommendations had been enshrined in national legislation and also to understand current differences in legislation and practice between the member states. Methods In the resolution of 2011 the member states were recommended to adapt their legislation in line with its provisions. The survey that was carried out in 2013 and 2014 followed the recommendations in the resolution. A questionnaire was made and sent to a cross section of member states. Results Among the member states involved, the results of this survey show a clear commitment to implement the recommendations of the resolution. Conclusions This report presents the results of the survey with a discussion of outstanding issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H P A Scheepers
- Health Care Inspectorate, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - S Walser
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - M D B Schutjens
- Pharmaceutical Law University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Neef
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scheepers HP, Langedijk J, Neerup Handlos V, Walser S, Schutjens MH, Neef C. Legislation on the preparation of medicinal products in European pharmacies and the Council of Europe Resolution. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2017; 24:224-229. [PMID: 31157801 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rights of patients should be sufficiently protected even when an appropriate authorised medicine does not exist or is unavailable on the market. The Resolution, which was adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 2011, aims at harmonising quality and safety standards for pharmacy preparation of medicinal products in Europe. Two pillars of EU regulation and the exceptions to them The system of regulation of medicinal products is built upon two pillars: the marketing authorisation of the medicinal product and the licence for manufacturing and wholesale. This article provides insight into the recent interpretation of the European Court of Justice concerning the scope of European Union (EU) regulation of medicinal products and the circumstances in which the EU regulation does not apply: pharmacy preparations, specialties and the compassionate use of medicines, including manufacturing licence. EU regulation and the Resolution concerning pharmacy preparation Pharmacy preparations are allowed under certain strict conditions according to EU regulations. However, pharmacies specialised in preparation and distributing medicinal products to local pharmacies do not fulfil these strict conditions in EU regulation. Apart from the legal context, relevant standards for safety and quality assurance are needed in Europe in order to protect patients' rights and to avoid risks from pharmacy preparations. Discussion and conclusions The Council of Europe Resolution provides a means of establishing standards for safety and quality assurance for pharmacy preparations through Good Manufacturing Practice Guidelines. The Resolution is available to authorities and pharmacists in order to prevent incidents with medicines prepared in pharmacies which may threaten patients' safety. The authors conclude that pharmacy practices have changed over time in Europe and this may imply a reason for a reform of EU regulation on medicinal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Pa Scheepers
- Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Health Care Inspectorate, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Langedijk
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - S Walser
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - M H Schutjens
- Pharmaceutical law University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Neef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Walser S, Gerstner D, Twardella D, Reiter C, Weilnhammer V, Hendrowarsito L, Perez-Alvarez C, Steffens T, Stilianakis N, Heinze S, Herr C. Monitoring von lärmbedingten Hörschwellenverschiebungen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen: Relevanz der Exposition gegenüber Freizeitlärm im Rahmen der prospektiven Ohrkan-Kohortenstudie. Gesundheitswesen 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Walser
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - D Gerstner
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - D Twardella
- Zentrum für Krebsfrüherkennung und Krebsregistrierung, Nürnberg
| | - C Reiter
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - V Weilnhammer
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - L Hendrowarsito
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - C Perez-Alvarez
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum, Regensburg
| | - T Steffens
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum, Regensburg
| | - N Stilianakis
- Gemeinsame Forschungsstelle, Europäische Kommission, Ispra
| | - S Heinze
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - C Herr
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matias Garcia PR, Walser S, Gerstner D, Heinze S, Herr C. Ausbruchsmanagement von luftübertragenen Legionellen-Infektionen: ein systematischer Review von Standards und Handlungsrichtlinien. Gesundheitswesen 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PR Matias Garcia
- Institut für medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München
| | - S Walser
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - D Gerstner
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - S Heinze
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - C Herr
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Walser S, Bartha B, Brenner B, Tuschak C, Huber S, Heinze S, Höller C, Lück C, Seidel M, Herr C. Standardisiertes Ausbruchsmanagement bei anthropogen verursachten aerogenen Legionellenexpositionen. Gesundheitswesen 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Walser
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - B Bartha
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - B Brenner
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - C Tuschak
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - S Huber
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - S Heinze
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| | - C Höller
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim
| | - C Lück
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - M Seidel
- Technische Universität München, München
| | - C Herr
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, München
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Werner-Lin A, Walser S, Barg FK, Bernhardt BA. “They Can't Find Anything Wrong with Him, Yet
”: Mothers’ experiences of parenting an infant with a prenatally diagnosed copy number variant (CNV). Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:444-451. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Werner-Lin
- School of Social Policy and Practice; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Walser
- Translational Medicine and Medical Genetics; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Frances K. Barg
- Department of Anthropology and Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara A. Bernhardt
- Translational Medicine and Medical Genetics; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walser S, Huber S, Brenner B, Kolb S, Höller C, Herr C. Umweltmedizinische Relevanz von Legionellen in Kläranlagen. Gesundheitswesen 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1578844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Scheepers H, Beaney AM, Le Brun P, Neerup Handlos V, Schutjens M, Walser S, Neef C. Aseptic preparation of parenteral medicinal products in healthcare establishments in Europe. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2015; 23:50-53. [PMID: 31156814 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2015-000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cases, parenteral medicines with a marketing authorisation cannot be administered directly to patients, that is, they are not presented in ready-to-administer form. Before administration to patients, these medicines have to be reconstituted. Reconstitution has a special position; it can neither be seen as industrial manufacture nor as 'regular' pharmacy preparation. There are other processes in healthcare establishments (eg, parenteral nutrition), related to the reconstitution process, where the requirements of national quality assurance standards for the safe preparation of sterile products are equally important and have to be fulfilled. In European healthcare establishments, aseptic preparation of parenteral medicinal products is considered to be a process of crucial importance for patient safety because errors in the preparation of these medicines may lead to a product that can cause immediate damage to patients. Aseptic preparation of medicinal products is carried out in hospital pharmacies as well as in clinical areas in healthcare establishments. The Committee of Experts on Quality and Safety Standards for Pharmaceutical Practices and Pharmaceutical Care (Council of Europe; hereafter: Committee of Experts), supported by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare, is undertaking work on the topic of aseptic preparation of medicines. The work is carried out in cooperation with the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists on the basis of a Resolution CM/Res AP(2011)1 on Quality and Safety Assurance requirements for Medicinal Products prepared in Pharmacies for the Special Needs of Patients, which was adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 January 2011. The Resolution includes some recommendations and an outlook to further work on reconstitution of parenteral medicines. A survey that was sent to the different European countries demonstrated that there is no or just limited regulation concerning reconstitution in Europe. This article describes the risks associated with poor reconstitution practices and the previous work as well as the ongoing activities concerning reconstitution at the European level. The article emphasises the need for regulation in this area, which is missing at present. It is expected that consensus can be reached on a guidance document for reconstitution at the European level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hpa Scheepers
- Department of Health Care Inspectorate, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A M Beaney
- Regional Quality Assurance Specialist, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pph Le Brun
- Apotheek Haagse Ziekenhuizen, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mdb Schutjens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Law, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Walser
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Neef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walser S, Brenner B, Huber S, Kolb S, Höller C, Herr C. Umweltmedizinische Relevanz von Legionellenhaltigen Aerosolen. Gesundheitswesen 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1562994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Gerstner D, Walser S, Brenner B, Bünger J, Eikmann T, Kolb S, Kolk A, Nowak D, Raulf M, Sagunski H, Sedlmaier N, Suchenwirth R, Wiesmüller G, Wollin KM, Tesseraux I, Herr C. Ableitung gesundheitsbasierter Beurteilungswerte für Bioaerosole. Gesundheitswesen 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1562995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Huber S, Walser S, Brenner B, Kolb S, Herr C, Höller C. Legionellen in Abwasser. Gesundheitswesen 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1563086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
18
|
Walser S, Kolb S, Brenner B, Huber S, Gerstner D, Höller C, Herr C. Erfassung und Bewertung der umweltmedizinischen Relevanz von Legionellen-haltigen Bioaerosolen. Gesundheitswesen 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Gerstner D, Walser S, Brenner B, Herr C. Entwicklung gesundheitsbasierter Ableitungswerte für Bioaerosole. Gesundheitswesen 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Abstract
Long-term monitoring methods providing an overview of the course of bipolar disorder of individual patients are a clinical necessity at least for patients who require a combination therapy with drugs that have only proven their efficacy for monotherapy. The Life Chart Method (LCM) of the NIMH is an adequate method for this purpose. Unfortunately, due to data entry and management requirements, it is too expensive for everyday clinical use. The 'electronic diary for patients with bipolar disorder' is meant to provide a method to minimize the effort for detailed long-term monitoring of patients with bipolar affective disorder and thus make it available for the everyday clinical use for every bipolar patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L O Schärer
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hörn M, Schärer L, Walser S, Scherer-Klabunde D, Biedermann C, Walden J. Comparison of long-term monitoring methods for bipolar affective disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2002; 45 Suppl 1:27-32. [PMID: 11893874 DOI: 10.1159/000049258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring is a clinical necessity in bipolar affective disorder. The most important requirements are usability and value for clinical decisions. Four methods of long-term monitoring - (1) the Adjective Mood Scale by von Zerssen, (2) Kraepelin's early life charts, (3) the NIMH Life Chart Method by Leverich and Post and (4) the Social Rhythm Metric by Monk - were compared regarding the acceptance by patients, the time commitment needed for documentation and training as well as the usability for the clinician regarding psychotherapy and decision support in pharmacotherapy. The Adjective Mood Scale is easiest to learn, Kraepelin's life chart offers the best graphical presentation, the NIMH life charts offer the best clinical decision support and the Social Rhythm Metric integrates a psychotherapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hörn
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schärer LO, Hartweg V, Valerius G, Graf M, Hoern M, Biedermann C, Walser S, Boensch A, Dittmann S, Forsthoff A, Hummel B, Grunze H, Walden J. Life charts on a palmtop computer: first results of a feasibility study with an electronic diary for bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord 2002; 4 Suppl 1:107-8. [PMID: 12479693 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.4.s1.51.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L O Schärer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dittmann S, Biedermann NC, Grunze H, Hummel B, Schärer LO, Kleindienst N, Forsthoff A, Matzner N, Walser S, Walden J. The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network: results of the naturalistic follow-up study after 2.5 years of follow-up in the German centres. Neuropsychobiology 2002; 46 Suppl 1:2-9. [PMID: 12571425 DOI: 10.1159/000068018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (SFBN) is an international, multisite network investigating the characteristics and course of bipolar disorder. Methods (history, ratings and longitudinal follow-up) are standardized and equally applied in all 7 centres. This article describes demographics and illness characteristics of the first 152 German patients enrolled in the SFBN as well as the results of 2.5 years of follow-up. Patients in Germany were usually enrolled after hospitalisation. More than 72% of the study population suffered from bipolar I disorder and 25% from bipolar II disorder. The mean +/- SD age of the study participants was 42.08 +/- 13.5 years, and the mean +/- SD age of onset 24.44 +/- 10.9 years. More than 40% of the sample reported a rapid-cycling course in history, and even more a cycle acceleration over time. 37% attempted suicide at least once. 36% had an additional Axis I disorder, with alcohol abuse being the most common one, followed by anxiety disorders. During the follow-up period, only 27% remained stable, 56% had a recurrence, 12.8% perceived subsyndromal symptoms despite treatment and regular visits. 27% suffered from a rapid-cycling course during the follow-up period. Recurrences were significantly associated with bipolar I disorder, an additional comorbid Axis I disorder, rapid cycling in history, a higher number of mood stabilizers and the long-term use of typical antipsychotics. Rapid cycling during follow-up was only associated with a rapid-cycling course in history, a higher number of mood stabilizers and at least one suicide attempt in history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dittmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Walser S, Hruby R, Hesse E, Heinzl H, Mascher H. Preliminary toxicokinetic study with different crystal forms of S (+)-ibuprofen (dexibuprofen) and R,S-ibuprofen in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1997; 47:750-4. [PMID: 9239454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to gain information on the plasma concentration-time profiles of both ibuprofen (CAS 15687-27-1) enantiomers in the rat after single oral application of two different crystal forms of S (+)-ibuprofen (dexibrufen, CAS 51146-56-6) and racemic ibuprofen in order to optimize blood-sampling times in a subsequent subchronic toxicity study. The application of either commercial racemic ibuprofen or recrystallised S (+)-ibuprofen (60 mg/kg) to two groups of 4 rats per blood sampling term was carried out in order to define Cmax and tmax and AUC of the plasma-concentrations of the ibuprofen enantiomers. The crystals of commercial (manufactured according to an usual manufacturing procedure) and recrystallised (S(+)- and racemic ibuprofen were different in respect to their shape and size. The recrystallised crystal species of S (+)- and racemic ibuprofen has better galenic (tabletting-) properties and tablets containing the modified S (+)-ibuprofen species showed favorable clinical results. The toxicokinetic behaviour of the recrystallised species was investigated in comparison to the commercial crystal species because of its slightly but significantly slower dissolution rate in simulated gastric and enteric juice. As the AUC0-24 h S-(+)-ibuprofen and the AUC0-24 h, R-(-)-ibuprofen after application of commercial and recrystallised crystal species were not different, the crystal form apparently did not exert an influence on the extent of absorption of S-(+)-ibuprofen and racemic ibuprofen in the rat. The rat has a high inversion capacity and the inversion of R-(-)-ibuprofen after application of commercial and recrystallised racemic ibuprofen was nearly complete in this study. The effects of crystallinity on solubility in simulated media in vitro did not correlate to the findings on the extent of absorption in the rat in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Walser
- Department of Research and Development, Gebro Broschek GmbH, Fieberbrunn, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Prast H, Walser S, Saxer A, Philippu A. The release of endogenous histamine in distinct brain areas is modified by electrical stimulation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1989; 339:564-7. [PMID: 2475787 DOI: 10.1007/bf00167262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In anaesthetized cats, mamillary bodies, hypothalamic areas and medial amygdaloid nuclei were bilaterally superfused through push-pull cannulae and the effects of the electrical stimulation on the release of endogenous histamine were investigated. Electrical stimulation of the mamillary body increased the release of histamine in the stimulated area, as well as in the contralateral mamillary body. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area enhanced the histamine release in the contralateral hypothalamic area. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area led to a delayed increase in the histamine release in the stimulated area. Stimulation of the medial amygdaloid nucleus reduced the release if histamine in the ipsilateral posterior hypothalamic area, while the histamine release in the contralateral lateral hypothalamic area was enhanced. The results demonstrate that electrical stimulation of distinct brain areas rich in histaminergic neurons may either increase, or decrease the release rate of histamine in the stimulated area and/or in remote brain areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Institut für Pharmakodynamik und Toxikologie, Universität Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Prast H, Gujrati V, Walser S, Philippu A. Histamine, histidine decarboxylase and histamine-N-methyltransferase in brain areas of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988; 338:573-6. [PMID: 3244396 DOI: 10.1007/bf00179332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Histamine levels, histidine decarboxylase and histamine-N-methyltransferase activities were determined in various brain areas of young (9-week old) and adult (18-week old) normotensive rats (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR). When compared with WKY, histamine levels were increased in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus of young and adult SHR, as well as in the brainstem of young SHR. Histidine decarboxylase activity was unchanged in the posterior hypothalamus and in the medulla oblongata of young and adult SHR as well as in the anterior hypothalamus of young SHR, but it was slightly decreased in the anterior hypothalamus of adult SHR. Histidine decarboxylase activity was enhanced in the cortex-midbrain of young, as well as adult SHR, histamine-N-methyltransferase in the cortex-midbrain of young SHR. The following differences were found between young and adult rats: histamine levels were elevated in the cortex-midbrain of adult WKY and SHR. In the cortex-midbrain and brainstem of adult WKY and SHR histidine decarboxylase activity was also increased, while histamine-N-methyltransferase activity was elevated in the cortex-midbrain of adult WKY. The findings show changes in histamine levels, histidine decarboxylase and histamine-N-methyltransferase activities in SHR and suggest involvement of histaminergic neurons in hypertension. The activity of histaminergic neurons of adult rats seems to be higher than that of young animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Institut für Pharmakodynamik und Toxikologie der Universität Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|