1
|
Renders M, Dumbre S, Abramov M, Kestemont D, Margamuljana L, Largy E, Cozens C, Vandenameele J, Pinheiro VB, Toye D, Frère JM, Herdewijn P. Kinetic analysis of N-alkylaryl carboxamide hexitol nucleotides as substrates for evolved polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2160-2168. [PMID: 30698800 PMCID: PMC6412122 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six 1′,5′-anhydrohexitol uridine triphosphates were synthesized with aromatic substitutions appended via a carboxamide linker to the 5-position of their bases. An improved method for obtaining such 5-substituted hexitol nucleosides and nucleotides is described. The incorporation profile of the nucleotide analogues into a DNA duplex overhang using recently evolved XNA polymerases is compared. Long, mixed HNA sequences featuring the base modifications are generated. The apparent binding affinity of four of the nucleotides to the enzyme, the rate of the chemical step and of product release, plus the specificity constant for the incorporation of these modified nucleotides into a DNA duplex overhang using the HNA polymerase T6G12_I521L are determined via pre-steady-state kinetics. HNA polymers displaying aromatic functional groups could have significant impact on the isolation of stable and high-affinity binders and catalysts, or on the design of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Renders
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Abramov
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donaat Kestemont
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lia Margamuljana
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Largy
- ARNA laboratory, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR5320, IECB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christopher Cozens
- Structural and Molecular Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E B6T, UK.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Vandenameele
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding/Robotein Platform, Centre for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 13, Bât. B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Vitor B Pinheiro
- Structural and Molecular Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E B6T, UK.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Toye
- Chemical engineering laboratory, University of Liège, Allée de la chimie, 3, Bât B6c, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Frère
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding/Robotein Platform, Centre for Protein Engineering (CIP), Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 13, Bât. B6a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega, Herestraat 49 box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Université d'Evry, CNRS-UMR8030/Laboratoire iSSB, CEA, DRF, IG, Genoscope, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry 91000, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Modranka J, Li J, Parchina A, Vanmeert M, Dumbre S, Salman M, Myllykallio H, Becker HF, Vanhoutte R, Margamuljana L, Nguyen H, Abu El-Asrar R, Rozenski J, Herdewijn P, De Jonghe S, Lescrinier E. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one Analogues as Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Thymidylate Synthase X. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:645-662. [PMID: 30702807 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of a flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase (ThyX or FDTS) that is absent in humans but crucial for DNA biosynthesis in a diverse group of pathogens, the enzyme has been pursued for the development of new antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the widespread infectious disease tuberculosis (TB). In response to a growing need for more effective anti-TB drugs, we have built upon our previous screening efforts and report herein an optimization campaign of a novel series of inhibitors with a unique inhibition profile. The inhibitors display competitive inhibition toward the methylene tetrahydrofolate cofactor of ThyX, enabling us to generate a model of the compounds bound to their target, thus offering insight into their structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Modranka
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiahong Li
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastasia Parchina
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mayla Salman
- Laboratory of Optics and Biosciences, INSERM U 696-CNRS UMR 7645, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Hannu Myllykallio
- Laboratory of Optics and Biosciences, INSERM U 696-CNRS UMR 7645, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Hubert F Becker
- Laboratory of Optics and Biosciences, INSERM U 696-CNRS UMR 7645, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roeland Vanhoutte
- Present affiliation: Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, O&N I, Herestraat 49, PO Box 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lia Margamuljana
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hoai Nguyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rania Abu El-Asrar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Present affiliation: Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1043, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Science, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO Box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dahmane I, Montagner C, Matagne A, Dumbre S, Herdewijn P, Terrak M. Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase-ligand binding assay based on tryptophan fluorescence quenching. Biochimie 2018; 152:1-5. [PMID: 29909047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (GTase) of family 51 are essential enzymes for the synthesis of the glycan chains of the bacterial cell wall. They are considered potential antibacterial target, but discovery of inhibitors was hampered so far by the lack of efficient and affordable screening assay. Here we used Staphylococcus aureus MtgA to introduce a single tryptophan reporter residue in selected positions flanking the substrates binding cavity of the protein. We selected a mutant (Y181W) that shows strong fluorescence quenching in the presence of moenomycin A and two lipid II analogs inhibitors. The assay provides a simple method to study GTase-ligand interactions and can be used as primary high throughput screening of GTase inhibitors without the need for lipid II substrate or reporter ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismahene Dahmane
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-InBioS, University of Liège, B6a, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 11, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Caroline Montagner
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-InBioS, University of Liège, B6a, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 11, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-InBioS, University of Liège, B6a, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 11, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines-InBioS, University of Liège, B6a, Quartier Agora, Allée du six Août 11, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu C, Cozens C, Jaziri F, Rozenski J, Maréchal A, Dumbre S, Pezo V, Marlière P, Pinheiro VB, Groaz E, Herdewijn P. Phosphonomethyl Oligonucleotides as Backbone-Modified Artificial Genetic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6690-6699. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Faten Jaziri
- iSSB, Genopole, CNRS, UEVE, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie Pezo
- iSSB, Genopole, CNRS, UEVE, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Marlière
- iSSB, Genopole, CNRS, UEVE, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Vitor B. Pinheiro
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- iSSB, Genopole, CNRS, UEVE, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maiti M, Maiti M, Knies C, Dumbre S, Lescrinier E, Rosemeyer H, Ceulemans A, Herdewijn P. Xylonucleic acid: synthesis, structure, and orthogonal pairing properties. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7189-200. [PMID: 26175047 PMCID: PMC4551940 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a common interest for studying xeno-nucleic acid systems in the fields of synthetic biology and the origin of life, in particular, those with an engineered backbone and possessing novel properties. Along this line, we have investigated xylonucleic acid (XyloNA) containing a potentially prebiotic xylose sugar (a 3'-epimer of ribose) in its backbone. Herein, we report for the first time the synthesis of four XyloNA nucleotide building blocks and the assembly of XyloNA oligonucleotides containing all the natural nucleobases. A detailed investigation of pairing and structural properties of XyloNAs in comparison to DNA/RNA has been performed by thermal UV-melting, CD, and solution state NMR spectroscopic studies. XyloNA has been shown to be an orthogonal self-pairing system which adopts a slightly right-handed extended helical geometry. Our study on one hand, provides understanding for superior structure-function (-pairing) properties of DNA/RNA over XyloNA for selection as an informational polymer in the prebiotic context, while on the other hand, finds potential of XyloNA as an orthogonal genetic system for application in synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohitosh Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Munmun Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Knies
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse. 7, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- Organic Materials Chemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse. 7, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Arnout Ceulemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bande O, Abu El Asrar R, Braddick D, Dumbre S, Pezo V, Schepers G, Pinheiro VB, Lescrinier E, Holliger P, Marlière P, Herdewijn P. Isoguanine and 5-methyl-isocytosine bases, in vitro and in vivo. Chemistry 2015; 21:5009-22. [PMID: 25684598 PMCID: PMC4531829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, base-pairing properties and in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 5-methyl-isocytosine (isoCMe) and isoguanine (isoG) nucleosides, incorporated in an HNA(h) (hexitol nucleic acid)–DNA(d) mosaic backbone, are described. The required h-isoG phosphoramidite was prepared by a selective deamination as a key step. As demonstrated by Tm measurements the hexitol sugar showed slightly better mismatch discrimination against dT. The d-isoG base mispairing follows the order T>G>C while the h-isoG base mispairing follows the order G>C>T. The h- and d-isoCMe bases mainly mispair with G. Enzymatic incorporation experiments show that the hexitol backbone has a variable effect on selectivity. In the enzymatic assays, isoG misincorporates mainly with T, and isoCMe misincorporates mainly with A. Further analysis in vivo confirmed the patterns of base-pair interpretation for the deoxyribose and hexitol isoCMe/isoG bases in a cellular context, through incorporation of the bases into plasmidic DNA. Results in vivo demonstrated that mispairing and misincorporation was dependent on the backbone scaffold of the base, which indicates rational advances towards orthogonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Bande
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven (Belgium)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bury D, Dahmane I, Derouaux A, Dumbre S, Herdewijn P, Matagne A, Breukink E, Mueller-Seitz E, Petz M, Terrak M. Positive cooperativity between acceptor and donor sites of the peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:141-50. [PMID: 25462814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The glycosyltransferases of family 51 (GT51) catalyze the polymerization of lipid II to form linear glycan chains, which, after cross linking by the transpeptidases, form the net-like peptidoglycan macromolecule. The essential function of the GT makes it an attractive antimicrobial target; therefore a better understanding of its function and its mechanism of interaction with substrates could help in the design and the development of new antibiotics. In this work, we have used a surface plasmon resonance Biacore(®) biosensor, based on an amine derivative of moenomycin A immobilized on a sensor chip surface, to investigate the mechanism of binding of substrate analogous inhibitors to the GT. Addition of increasing concentrations of moenomycin A to the Staphylococcus aureus MtgA led to reduced binding of the protein to the sensor chip as expected. Remarkably, in the presence of low concentrations of the most active disaccharide inhibitors, binding of MtgA to immobilized moenomycin A was found to increase; in contrast competition with moenomycin A occurred only at high concentrations. This finding suggests that at low concentrations, the lipid II analogs bind to the acceptor site and induce a cooperative binding of moenomycin A to the donor site. Our results constitute the first indication of the existence of a positive cooperativity between the acceptor and the donor sites of peptidoglycan GTs. In addition, our study indicates that a modification of two residues (L119N and F120S) within the hydrophobic region of MtgA can yield monodisperse forms of the protein with apparently no change in its secondary structure content, but this is at the expense of the enzyme function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bury
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ismahene Dahmane
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la Chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la Chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la Chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Mueller-Seitz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Petz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la Chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dumbre S, Derouaux A, Lescrinier E, Piette A, Joris B, Terrak M, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Modified Peptidoglycan Precursor Analogues for the Inhibition of Glycosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9343-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302099u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Piette
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Bernard Joris
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|