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Sulfonate-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Anode Interfacial Layers in Inverted Organic Solar Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030763. [PMID: 33540730 PMCID: PMC7867262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with ionic pendant groups (CPEs) are receiving increasing attention as solution-processed interfacial materials for organic solar cells (OSCs). Various anionic CPEs have been successfully used, on top of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) electrodes, as solution-processed anode interlayers (AILs) for conventional devices with direct geometry. However, the development of CPE AILs for OSC devices with inverted geometry is an important topic that still needs to be addressed. Here, we have designed three anionic CPEs bearing alkyl-potassium-sulfonate side chains. Their functional behavior as anode interlayers has been investigated in P3HT:PC61BM (poly(3-hexylthiophene): [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) devices with an inverted geometry, using a hole collecting silver electrode evaporated on top. Our results reveal that to obtain effective anode modification, the CPEs' conjugated backbone has to be tailored to grant self-doping and to have a good energy-level match with the photoactive layer. Furthermore, the sulfonate moieties not only ensure the solubility in polar orthogonal solvents, induce self-doping via a right choice of the conjugated backbone, but also play a role in the gaining of hole selectivity of the top silver electrode.
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Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polyelectrolytes for interfacial engineering in optoelectronic devices. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polar semiconducting polymers based on a conjugated polymer backbone endowed with chemically anchored polar groups on the side chains have proved to be particularly interesting as optimization layer at organic/cathode interface in optoelectronic devices. In particular, the pendant phosphonate groups impart water-alcohol solubility allowing easy solution processing, and improve electron injection thanks to both a favorable interfacial dipole of phosphonate groups and an intense coordination interaction between the phosphonate groups and Al cathode. In this work we synthesize alternating fluorene-benzothiadiazole copolymers by proposing a post-polymerization reaction to insert the phosphonate groups. Thanks to this approach it is possible to use standard Suzuki coupling conditions, simplifying the process of synthesis, purification and characterization. The polymer Poly[9,9-bis(6′-diethoxylphosphorylhexyl)-alt-benzothiadiazole] (P2), is tested in conventional organic solar cells as cathode interfacial layers showing, with respect to the control device, an increasing of all the photovoltaic parameters, with a final power conversion efficiency that reaches 5.35% starting from 4.6%. The same trend is observed for multilayered polymer light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of the P2-based PLED enhanced of 1.5 times with respect to the basic devices with bare Al cathode, and negligible roll-off efficiency. The synergic effects of energy gap modulation and of polar phosphonated pendant functionalities of P2 are compared with the corresponding fluorene-based polar homopolymer. Our results show that, not only a proper selection of side functionalities, but also the tailoring of the energy gap of cathode interfacial materials (CIMs) is a possible effective strategy to engineer cathode of different optoelectronic devices and enhance their performance.
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A bifunctional conjugated polyelectrolyte for the interfacial engineering of polymer solar cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 538:611-619. [PMID: 30553094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work a novel combination of side chain functionalities, alkyl-phosphonate (EP) and alkyl-ammonium bromide (NBr) groups, on a polyfluorene backbone (PF-NBr-EP) was studied as cathode interfacial material (CIM) in polymer-based solar cells. The devices were made with a conventional geometry, with PTB7:PC71 BM as active layer and aluminum as metal electrode. The CIM showed good solubility in ethanol and film forming ability onto the active layer so that its deposition could be finely tuned. The interface engineering imparted by this CIM was assessed and discussed through kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), impedance spectroscopy, charge recombination and electron transport characterizations. To discriminate between the interfacial modifications imparted by the interlayer and its solvent, we included in this study a surface ethanol treated device. In the optimized conditions an average power conversion efficiency of 7.24% was obtained, which is about 60% higher when compared to devices made with bare Al and 26% when compared to devices made with a standard calcium/aluminum cathode. Besides performances, some insights about the devices shelf life stability are also presented. A good persistency through aging was found for the cathode interfacial engineering capabilities of PF-NBr-EP.
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Efficient Solution-Processed Nanoplatelet-Based Light-Emitting Diodes with High Operational Stability in Air. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3441-3448. [PMID: 29722262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs), owing to their efficient and narrow-band luminescence, are considered as promising candidates for solution-processable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with ultrahigh color purity. To date, however, the record efficiencies of NPL-LEDs are significantly lower than those of more-investigated devices based on spherical nanocrystals. This is particularly true for red-emitting NPL-LEDs, the best-reported external quantum efficiency (EQE) of which is limited to 0.63% (EQE = 5% for green NPL-LEDs). Here, we address this issue by introducing a charge-regulating layer of a polar and polyelectrolytic polymer specifically engineered with complementary trimethylammonium and phosphonate functionalities that provide high solubility in orthogonal polar media with respect to the NPL active layer, compatibility with the metal cathode, and the ability to control electron injection through the formation of a polarized interface under bias. Through this synergic approach, we achieve EQE = 5.73% at 658 nm (color saturation 98%) in completely solution processed LEDs. Remarkably, exposure to air increases the EQE to 8.39%, exceeding the best reports of red NPL-LEDs by over 1 order of magnitude and setting a new global record for quantum-dot LEDs of any color embedding solution-deposited organic interlayers. Considering the emission quantum yield of the NPLs (40 ± 5%), this value corresponds to a near-unity internal quantum efficiency. Notably, our devices show exceptional operational stability for over 5 h of continuous drive in air with no encapsulation, thus confirming the potential of NPLs for efficient, high-stability, saturated LEDs.
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Effect of the introduction of an alcohol-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte as cathode interlayer in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tin-Free Synthesis of a Ternary Random Copolymer for BHJ Solar Cells: Direct (Hetero)arylation versus Stille Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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The effect of donor content on the efficiency of P3HT:PCBM bilayers: optical and photocurrent spectral data analyses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:2447-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03827d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A numerical analysis of optical absorption and photocurrent data reveals extensive interdiffusion in P3HT:PCBM bilayer devices.
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Improving the efficiency of P3HT:perylene diimide solar cells via bay-substitution with fused aromatic rings. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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All-polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells with high fill factors based on blends of poly-3-hexylthiophene: poly(perylene diimide-alt-terthiophene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe photovoltaic characteristics of all polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells made of P3HT and a perylene diimide-based copolymer (PEK3) have been studied. Thermal annealing is needed to improve the performances. Annealing optimization induces an enhancement of the power conversion efficiency from 0.06 to 1%, Jsc from 0.24 to 2.9 mA/cm2 and FF from 0.32 to 0.59. The origin of such improvements has been investigated by studying the P3HT:PEK3 blend morphology, by means of absorption and emission spectroscopy and charge transport, from single carrier measurements on P3HT:PEK3 diodes. Upon annealing we have observed an increase in phase segregation and a 100-fold enhancement of the hole and electron mobilities, that favor the dissociation of bound electron-hole pairs and their transport to the electrodes. This explains the high FF of the annealed P3HT:PEK3 solar cell.
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Abstract
ABSTRACTChiral polyalkylthiophenes are noncentrosymmetric organic materials which can be used both in second harmonic-generation devices and in polarized light emitting diodes. In this work we present the synthesis and the characterization of a polyalkylthiophene with a chiral center very close to the conjugated backbone: poly(3-[(S)-2-methylbutyl]thiophene) (PMBT). Circular dichroism (CD) measurements have been carried out to ascertain the chirality of these materials. The CD spectra show intense signals both in mixed solvents and in the solid state. The strong Cotton effect can be associated to a highly ordered aggregated phase whose nature is still under investigation. We also present the photo and electroluminescence characterization of single layer light emitting diode (LED) with the following configuration: ITO (Tin Indium Oxide)/PMBT/Al.
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A Novel Diruthenium Acetylide Donor Complex as an Unusual Active Material for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om100846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Characterization of thin films of regioregular poly(alkylthiophene)s bearing optically active substituents. E-POLYMERS 2009. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly.2009.9.1.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe spectroscopic behavior of thin films of regioregular poly(alkylthiophene)s bearing an optically active alkyl group has been investigated in the solid state under different sample preparation procedures. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of influence of the side-chain substituents on the extent of planarity of the polymeric chains and the formation of optically active chiral aggregates.
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Long-lived photoinduced charges in donor-acceptor anthraquinone-substituted thiophene copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:5351-8. [PMID: 16539468 DOI: 10.1021/jp056483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced charge-transfer properties of a series of polyalkylthiophene copolymers, carrying anthraquinone substituents covalently linked to the conjugated backbone, have been studied in the solid state by photoinduced absorption (PA) and light-induced electron spin resonance (LESR) spectroscopy. The measurements indicate the formation of metastable charges arising from the photoinduced electron transfer from the polythiophene backbone to the anthraquinone moieties. At low temperatures (below 200 K), long-lived persistent charges are formed, exhibiting lifetimes that extend for several minutes; their recombination kinetics has been studied by following the formation and decay of the PA and LESR signals. The results are rationalized using a model originally proposed to describe the low-temperature recombination kinetics of long-lived photoexcited carriers in amorphous inorganic semiconductors. It is clearly evidenced that, in these polymers, the number of acceptor substituents in the chain, easily tuned by chemical tailoring, plays a key role in the photoexcitation scenario.
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First Detailed Determination of the Molecular Conformation and the Crystalline Packing of a Chiral Poly(3-alkylthiophene): Poly-3-(S)-2-methylbutylthiophene. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0624548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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[Chest wall and vertebral en-bloc resection for sarcoma: ten-year experience]. MINERVA CHIR 2005; 60:273-8. [PMID: 16166926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM We reviewed our ten-year experience with surgical en-bloc chest wall and vertebral resection for sarcoma invading the spine, and verified five-year survival and feasibility of this aggressive surgery. METHODS From 1994 to 1999, 13 patients underwent surgical en-bloc resection for primary sarcoma of the chest wall involving the spine. Concurrent pulmonary resection was performed in 12 cases. A single hemi-vertebrectomy was performed in 2 patients, a triple hemi-vertebrectomy in 2, a complete vertebrectomy in 4, a triple complete vertebrectomy in 5. RESULTS Significative morbidity occurred in 1 patient who had lower limbs paralysis (9%). Perioperative mortality occurred in 2 patients (15.4%): 1 operative death for bleeding and 1 patients for a adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The overall five-year survival was 30.8%, excluding the 2 perioperative deaths the five-year survival resulted 36.4%. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the limited number of patients, the morbidity and mortality outcome and the five-year survival leads us to think that surgery is the main therapy for primary chest wall sarcomas involving the spine. En-bloc chest wall and vertebral resection is a safe and effective treatment.
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Hybrid iodoperfluoroalkane-ferrocene supramolecular arrays: the shortest contacts iodine forms with nitrogen atoms and unsaturated moieties. J Fluor Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Donor–acceptor polythiophene copolymers with tunable acceptor content for photoelectric conversion devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b311370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Synthesis of soluble donor-acceptor double-cable polymers based on polythiophene and tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane (TCAQ). Org Lett 2003; 5:1669-72. [PMID: 12735748 DOI: 10.1021/ol034324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Novel suitably functionalized tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane (TCAQ) derivatives covalently linked to thiophene moieties have been synthesized. The thiophene-based monomers have been chemically polymerized and copolymerized to yield new and soluble donor-acceptor double-cable polymers. The absorption and emission data reveal that the optical properties can be finely tuned by modifying the ratio of monomers in the copolymerization process.
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Rigid rod conjugated polymers for nonlinear optics: 1. Characterization and linear optical properties of poly(aryleneethynylene) derivatives. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00080a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The crystal structure of isotactic 1,4-trans-poly(2-methylpentadiene). An application of the Rietveld method. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00169a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Positive and Negative Charge Carriers in Doped or Photoexcited Polydithienothiophenes: A Comparative Study Using Raman, Infrared, and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013351o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Tracing photoinduced electron transfer process in conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions in real time. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Vibrational Spectroscopy on pDTT3A Low Band Gap Polymer Based on Dithienothiophene. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Multiple Electrochemical Doping-Induced Insulator-to-Conductor Transitions Observed in the Conjugated Ladder Polymer Polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL). J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000427s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Infrared spectroelectrochemical investigations on the doping of soluble poly(isothianaphthene methine) (PIM). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Poly(3-butyl-co-3,4-dibutylthiophene) copolymers: a new series of conjugated materials with a different energy-gap. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)80829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Rigid Rod Conjugated Polymers for Nonlinear Optics. 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Phenylene−Ethynylene Oligomers. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950968t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Optical properties and long-lived charged photoexcitations in polydiacetylenes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:8059-8066. [PMID: 10009569 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.8059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Photoinduced absorption of polymer solutions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:14809-14817. [PMID: 10008012 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Optical excitations of poly-3-alkylthiophene films and solutions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:13008-13016. [PMID: 10003340 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Depolarization ratios of the resonance Raman bands of soluble trans‐polyacetylene. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Size determination of a chain in a bad solvent by intensity light scattering comparison with a good solvent state. POLYMER 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(86)90290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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