From Data to Cure: A Comprehensive Exploration of Multi-omics Data Analysis for Targeted Therapies

In the dynamic landscape of targeted therapeutics, drug discovery has pivoted towards understanding underlying disease mechanisms, placing a strong emphasis on molecular perturbations and target identification. This paradigm shift, crucial for drug discovery, is underpinned by big data, a transformative force in the current era. Omics data, characterized by its heterogeneity and enormity, has ushered biological and biomedical research into the big data domain. Acknowledging the significance of integrating diverse omics data strata, known as multi-omics studies, researchers delve into the intricate interrelationships among various omics layers. This review navigates the expansive omics landscape, showcasing tailored assays for each molecular layer through genomes to metabolomes. The sheer volume of data generated necessitates sophisticated informatics techniques, with machine-learning (ML) algorithms emerging as robust tools. These datasets not only refine disease classification but also enhance diagnostics and foster the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Through the integration of high-throughput data, the review focuses on targeting and modeling multiple disease-regulated networks, validating interactions with multiple targets, and enhancing therapeutic potential using network pharmacology approaches. Ultimately, this exploration aims to illuminate the transformative impact of multi-omics in the big data era, shaping the future of biological research.

Comparative evaluation of volumetric changes following rotary and hand files' canal preparation of primary maxillary canine: an in vitro nano-CT analysis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the volumetric changes of two recently introduced paediatric rotary file systems in comparison with conventional hand file systems in primary maxillary canines using an ultra-high-resolution nano-computed tomography.

METHODS

This in vitro study was performed in extracted primary maxillary canines based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Samples were prepared, and working length was determined after the pre-operative scan using a high-resolution nano-CT device (SkyScan 2214, Bruker, Kontich, Belgium). A single well-experienced paediatric dentist prepared the canals using three file systems: Kedo-S plus, Kedo-SG blue and hand K-files. All samples were subjected to post-operative scans performed similar to pre-operative scans. Image reconstruction was performed with NRecon software for 3D volumetric visualisation and analysis of the root canals.

RESULTS

Kedo-SG blue file systems had the highest mean difference in the canal volume (4.05%). Hand K-files had the least difference at (3.71%) of canal volume. Kedo-S plus file system had a moderate mean canal volume difference (3.82%) which is closer to hand K-files. Intergroup comparison between the three groups showed that the mean difference in canal volume was statistically significant between all three file systems (p = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of the current study, rotary file systems produced a significant enlargement of canals as compared to hand files. Kedo-SG blue created a uniform preparation of the canal cervico-apically. Kedo-S plus files were prepared more coronally with minimal preparation apically as close to the preparation of hand files.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial registration number: IHEC/SDC/PEDO-2103/22/651, Date of registration: 2022.

CORRELATION OF SPINOPELVIC PARAMETERS WITH DISABILITY STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH DEGENERATIVE LUMBAR DISEASES

Lumbar degenerative disease usually manifests in spine clinics. This study examines the spino-pelvic characteristics of lumbar degenerative disease patients as well as the clinical ramifications in the Indian population which help in early identification of sagittal spine anomalies. Purpose - to study the spinopelvic parameters and correlate them with disability status in patients with degenerative lumbar diseases. This cross-sectional observational study focused on patients aged 40 to 60, diagnosed with degenerative lumbar spine diseases, seen at the Orthopedics Outpatient Department. Thorough history, clinical examination, and disability assessment were conducted using the modified Oswestery Disability Questionnaire (ODI). Radiological evaluation included measuring spinopelvic parameters-Pelvic Incidence (PI), Pelvic Tilt (PT), Sacral Slope (SS), and Lumbar Lordosis (LL)-correlated with disability. Disability status was determined through the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability (ODI) Questionnaire. Among the study population, the difference in mean of Pelvic Tilt, Sacral slope, Lumbar lordosis, Pelvic incidence across disability status was not statistically significant. BMI and sacral slope showed positive correlation to sacral slope and negative correlation to Pelvic Tilt, Lumbar Lordosis, ODI. This study concluded there was no association between spinopelvic characteristics and level of disability in degenerative lumbar disease. Early detection of spinopelvic changes can aid in early intervention, slow down disease progression, and lessen impairment brought on by degenerative disc diseases.

FUNCTIONAL AND RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME FOLLOWING EXTENDED POSTERIOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL DECOMPRESSION IN THE TUBERCULOSIS OF DORSAL SPINE

Spinal Tuberculosis ranks as one of the most common extrapulmonary varieties of tuberculosis. The study outlines the Extended Posterior Circumferential Decompression (EPCD) procedure for managing tuberculous spondylitis, a prevalent extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis. EPCD involves 360-degree dural decompression, anterior column debridement, and reconstruction following posterior instrumentation. This technique addresses both the infection and associated complications, particularly beneficial in cases with or without paraplegia. EPCD aims to improve outcomes by effectively tackling the pathology and restoring spinal stability. Purpose - to evaluate the functional and radiological outcome following Extended Posterior Circumferential Decompression in the tuberculosis of dorsal spine. A total of 10 patients were included after fulfilling inclusion criteria between July 2019 to December 2021, all patient underwent Extended Posterior Circumferential Decompression. All patients assessed using Visual analog scale (VAS), Medical Research council (MRC) grading, Frankel grading, Kyphus angle, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), X-rays preoperative, immediate postoperative period and 9 month follow up. All patients were available for follow up, in this study mean age was 55.7±17.91. Out of 10 patients 60% were female, 40% was male. VAS, MRC grading, Frankel, ESR values, Kyphus angle showed better results in terms of functional and radiological outcome at 9 month follow up compared to preoperative values. The Employed Posterior Costotransversectomy Decortication (EPCD) technique grants ample ingress to both the lateral and anterior domains of the spinal cord, ensuring an equally efficacious decompression. This approach, characterized by its diminished morbidity, steers clear of the entanglements linked with thoracotomy and laparotomy. Moreover, it fosters prompt mobilization, thereby forestalling the adversities entailed by protracted immobility. With its capability for favorable kyphosis correction, adept surgical decompression, and enhanced functional outcomes, it stands as a beacon of surgical finesse.

Observation of Single-Top-Quark Production in Association with a Photon Using the ATLAS Detector

This Letter reports the observation of single top quarks produced together with a photon, which directly probes the electroweak coupling of the top quark. The analysis uses 139  fb^{-1} of 13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Requiring a photon with transverse momentum larger than 20 GeV and within the detector acceptance, the fiducial cross section is measured to be 688±23(stat) _{-71}^{+75}(syst)  fb, to be compared with the standard model prediction of 515_{-42}^{+36}  fb at next-to-leading order in QCD.

Immunoinformatic exploration of a multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine candidate targeting emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2

Many countries around the world are facing severe challenges due to the recently emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Over the last few months, scientists have been developing treatments, drugs, and vaccines to subdue the virus and prevent its transmission. In this context, a peptide-based vaccine construct containing pathogenic proteins of the virus known to elicit an immune response was constructed. An analysis of the spike protein-based epitopes allowed us to design an "epitope-based subunit vaccine" against coronavirus using the approaches of "reverse vaccinology" and "immunoinformatics." Computational experimentation and a systematic, comprehensive protocol were followed with an aim to develop and design a multi-epitope-based peptide (MEBP) vaccine candidate. Our study attempted to predict an MEBP vaccine by introducing mutations of SARS-CoV-2 (Delta, Lambda, Iota, Omicron, and Kappa) in Spike glycoprotein and predicting dual-purpose epitopes (B-cell and T-cell). This was followed by screening the selected epitopes based on antigenicity, allergenicity, and population coverage and constructing them into a vaccine by using linkers and adjuvants. The vaccine construct was analyzed for its physicochemical properties and secondary structure prediction, and a 3D structure was built, refined, and validated. Furthermore, the peptide-protein interaction of the vaccine construct with Toll-like receptor (TLR) molecules was performed. Immune profiling was performed to check the immune response. Codon optimization of the vaccine construct was performed to obtain the GC content before cloning it into the E. coli genome, facilitating its progression it into a vector. Finally, an in-silico simulation of the vaccine-protein complex was performed to comprehend its stability and conformational behavior.

Observation of the γγ→ττ Process in Pb+Pb Collisions and Constraints on the τ-Lepton Anomalous Magnetic Moment with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter reports the observation of τ-lepton-pair production in ultraperipheral lead-lead collisions Pb+Pb→Pb(γγ→ττ)Pb and constraints on the τ-lepton anomalous magnetic moment a_{τ}. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.44  nb^{-1} of LHC Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment in 2018. Selected events contain one muon from a τ-lepton decay, an electron or charged-particle track(s) from the other τ-lepton decay, little additional central-detector activity, and no forward neutrons. The γγ→ττ process is observed in Pb+Pb collisions with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations and a signal strength of μ_{ττ}=1.03_{-0.05}^{+0.06} assuming the standard model value for a_{τ}. To measure a_{τ}, a template fit to the muon transverse-momentum distribution from τ-lepton candidates is performed, using a dimuon (γγ→μμ) control sample to constrain systematic uncertainties. The observed 95% confidence-level interval for a_{τ} is -0.057 Collapse

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Arrhythmia During Anaphylaxis-An Intrinsic or Extrinsic Cause?

A patient in their 50s presented to the emergency department (ER) within 30 minutes of ingestion of prawns at a restaurant with complaints of an itchy skin rash, and generalized weakness; his pulse rate was 79 bpm, his blood pressure was 50/30 mm Hg, and his respiratory rate was 20 per minute. What is your diagnosis?

Strong Constraints on Jet Quenching in Centrality-Dependent p+Pb Collisions at 5.02 TeV from ATLAS

Jet quenching is the process of color-charged partons losing energy via interactions with quark-gluon plasma droplets created in heavy-ion collisions. The collective expansion of such droplets is well described by viscous hydrodynamics. Similar evidence of collectivity is consistently observed in smaller collision systems, including pp and p+Pb collisions. In contrast, while jet quenching is observed in Pb+Pb collisions, no evidence has been found in these small systems to date, raising fundamental questions about the nature of the system created in these collisions. The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider has measured the yield of charged hadrons correlated with reconstructed jets in 0.36  nb^{-1} of p+Pb and 3.6  pb^{-1} of pp collisions at 5.02 TeV. The yields of charged hadrons with p_{T}^{ch}>0.5  GeV near and opposite in azimuth to jets with p_{T}^{jet}>30 or 60 GeV, and the ratios of these yields between p+Pb and pp collisions, I_{pPb}, are reported. The collision centrality of p+Pb events is categorized by the energy deposited by forward neutrons from the struck nucleus. The I_{pPb} values are consistent with unity within a few percent for hadrons with p_{T}^{ch}>4  GeV at all centralities. These data provide new, strong constraints that preclude almost any parton energy loss in central p+Pb collisions.

Search for Heavy Neutral Leptons in Decays of W Bosons Using a Dilepton Displaced Vertex in sqrt[s]=13 TeV pp Collisions with the ATLAS Detector

A search for a long-lived, heavy neutral lepton (N) in 139  fb^{-1} of sqrt[s]=13  TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is reported. The N is produced via W→Nμ or W→Ne and decays into two charged leptons and a neutrino, forming a displaced vertex. The N mass is used to discriminate between signal and background. No signal is observed, and limits are set on the squared mixing parameters of the N with the left-handed neutrino states for the N mass range 3  GeV Collapse

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Test of CP Invariance in Higgs Boson Vector-Boson-Fusion Production Using the H→γγ Channel with the ATLAS Detector

A test of CP invariance in Higgs boson production via vector-boson fusion has been performed in the H→γγ channel using 139  fb^{-1} of proton-proton collision data at sqrt[s]=13  TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The optimal observable method is used to probe the CP structure of interactions between the Higgs boson and electroweak gauge bosons, as described by an effective field theory. No sign of CP violation is observed in the data. Constraints are set on the parameters describing the strength of the CP-odd component in the coupling between the Higgs boson and the electroweak gauge bosons in two effective field theory bases: d[over ˜] in the HISZ basis and c_{HW[over ˜]} in the Warsaw basis. The results presented are the most stringent constraints on CP violation in the coupling between Higgs and weak bosons. The 95% C.L. constraint on d[over ˜] is derived for the first time and the 95% C.L. constraint on c_{HW[over ˜]} has been improved by a factor of 5 compared to the previous measurement.

Comparative analysis of experimental and numerical investigation on multiple projectile impact of AA5083 friction stir welded targets

This research aims to investigate the ballistic resistance of base material (BM)and "Friction Stir Welded (FSW)", AA5083 aluminum alloy. The primary objective was to build a finite element model to predict kinetic energy absorption and target deformation under single and multiple projectile impact conditions. This study employed 7.62mm Hard Steel Core (HSC) projectiles produced from Steel 4340. The target was analyzed using commercially available Abaqus Explicit software for Finite Element Analysis. It was noticed that the generation of kinetic energy and surface residual velocity increases as the number of projectile strikes increases. In addition, the experimental ballistic test was conducted to validate the numerical results. Using the analytical Recht-Ipson model, each target's experimental residual velocity was determined. It was determined that weldments perform less well (30%) as compared to BM targets. Occurrence of plastic deformation during welding causes reduction in ballistic performance of weldments. For both the computational and experimental approaches, a correlation between residual velocities was found. The plastic deformations with ductile hole formation were observed in all the cases.

An early prediction and classification of lung nodule diagnosis on CT images based on hybrid deep learning techniques

Detection of malignant lung nodules at an early stage may allow for clinical interventions that increase the survival rate of lung cancer patients. Using hybrid deep learning techniques to detect nodules will improve the sensitivity of lung cancer screening and the interpretation speed of lung scans. Accurate detection of lung nodes is an important step in computed tomography (CT) imaging to detect lung cancer. However, it is very difficult to identify strong nodes due to the diversity of lung nodes and the complexity of the surrounding environment. Here, we proposed lung nodule detection and classification with CT images based on hybrid deep learning (LNDC-HDL) techniques. First, we introduce a chaotic bird swarm optimization (CBSO) algorithm for lung nodule segmentation using statistical information. Second, we illustrate an improved Fish Bee (IFB) algorithm for feature extraction and selection. Third, we develop a hybrid classifier i.e. hybrid differential evolution-based neural network (HDE-NN) for tumor prediction and classification. Experimental results have shown that the use of computed tomography, which demonstrates the efficiency and importance of the HDE-NN specific structure for detecting lung nodes on CT scans, increases sensitivity and reduces the number of false positives. The proposed method shows that the benefits of HDE-NN node detection can be reaped by combining clinical practice.

Deep Learning-Based Modeling of Drug–Target Interaction Prediction Incorporating Binding Site Information of Proteins

Chemogenomics, also known as proteochemometrics, covers various computational methods for predicting interactions between related drugs and targets on large-scale data. Chemogenomics is used in the early stages of drug discovery to predict the off-target effects of proteins against therapeutic candidates. This study aims to predict unknown ligand–target interactions using one-dimensional SMILES as inputs for ligands and binding site residues for proteins in a computationally efficient manner. We first formulate a Deep learning CNN model using one-dimensional SMILES for drugs and motif-rich binding pocket subsequences of proteins as inputs. We evaluate and compare the proposed deep learning model trained on expert-based features against shallow feature-based machine learning methods. The proposed method achieved better or similar performance on the MSE and AUPR metrics than the shallow methods. Additionally, We show that our deep learning model, DeepPS is computationally more efficient than the deep learning model trained on full-length raw sequences of proteins. We conclude that a beneficial research approach would be to integrate structural information of proteins for modeling drug-target interaction prediction of large datasets for more interpretability, high throughput, and broad applicability.

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QSAR, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-GBSA approach for identification of prospective benzotriazole-based SARS-CoV 3CL protease inhibitors

The 3CL Protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), responsible for viral replication, has emerged as an essential target for designing anti-coronaviral inhibitors in drug discovery. In recent years, small molecule and peptidomimetic inhibitors have been used to target the inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL Protease. In this study, we have developed 2D and 3D Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models on 3CL protease inhibitors with good predictive capability to propose inhibitors with improved affinities. Based on the 3 D contour maps, three new inhibitors were designed in silico, which were further subjected to molecular docking to explore their binding modes. The newly designed compounds showed improved interaction energies toward SARS-CoV-3CLPro due to additional interactions with the active site residues. The molecular docking studies of the most potent compounds revealed specific interactions with Glu 166 and Cys 145. Furthermore, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME) and drug-likeness evaluation revealed improved pharmacokinetic properties for these compounds. The molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the interactions identified by docking. The results presented would guide the development of new 3CL protease inhibitors with improved affinities in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

IND-2, a Quinoline Derivative, Inhibits the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Inhibiting Topoisomerase II

In men, prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, causing an estimated 375,000 deaths globally. Currently, existing therapies for the treatment of PC, notably metastatic cases, have limited efficacy due to drug resistance and problematic adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to discover and develop novel drugs for treating PC that are efficacious and do not produce intolerable adverse or toxic effects. Condensed quinolines are naturally occurring anticancer compounds. In this study, we determined the in vitro efficacy of IND-2 (4-chloro-2-methylpyrimido[1″,2″:1,5]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolone) in the PC lines, PC-3 and DU-145. IND-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 and DU-145, with IC₅₀ values of 3 µM and 3.5 µM, respectively. The incubation of PC-3 cells with 5 and 10 µM of IND-2 caused the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential in PC-3 cells. Furthermore, IND-2, at 5 µM, increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The incubation of PC-3 cells with 5 µM of IND-2 significantly decreased the expression of the apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Furthermore, 5 and 10 µM of IND-2 produced morphological changes in PC-3 cells characteristic of apoptosis. Interestingly, IND-2 (2.5, 5 and 10 µM) also induced mitotic catastrophe in PC-3 cells, characterized by the accumulation of multinuclei. The incubation of DU-145 cells with 1.25 and 5 μM of IND-2 significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, IND-2, at 10 μM, inhibited the catalytic activity of topoisomerase IIα. Overall, our findings suggest that IND-2 could be a potential lead compound for the development of more efficacious compounds for the treatment of PC.

A dynamic Brugada sign due to left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion

Brugada phenocopies (BrP) include several conditions with a common electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern that are indistinguishable from classical Brugada syndrome (BrS). In this report, we describe two cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presenting as BrP. The majority of cases of BrP in AMI have been reported due to right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion. Rarely, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) is incriminated as the cause. In both our cases of BrP, LAD was the culprit vessel.

Oncology biosimilars: New developments and future directions

Biologicals have become an integral part of cancer treatment both as therapeutic agents and as supportive care agents. It is important to know that biologics are large, complex molecular entities requiring extensive immunogenicity testing and pharmacovigilance strategies to ensure no immune response is evoked in the body. Oncology's pharmacological market is dominated by biologics; however, their high development and manufacturing costs are burdensome to health care systems. Biologics being the most expensive prescription drugs on the market limit the accessibility for necessary treatment in the case of many patients. As biologics patents expire, the development of biosimilars is underway in an effort to lower costs and enable patients to access new cancer therapies. Regulatory guidelines for biosimilars have now been established and are constantly being revised to address any issues, facilitating their robust development. Moreover, many scientific societies offer guidance to help stakeholders better understand current regulations and biosimilar's safety. Despite the potential cost benefits, lack of knowledge about biosimilars, and the possibility of immunogenicity have created an uncertain environment for healthcare professionals and patients. In this review, we provide an overview of relevant legislation and regulations, pharmacoeconomics, and stakeholder perceptions regarding biosimilars. The article also describes biosimilars in development, as well as the ones currently available on the market.

Impact of health education intervention on menstruation and its hygiene among urban school-going adolescent girls in Thiruvallur, Tamilnadu

Introduction

Adolescent girls require specific and special attention since they are the most vulnerable group not only in terms of their social status but also their health. Poor menstrual hygiene can lead to developing infections and other complications. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of assessing the impact of health education on menstrual hygiene among urban school-going adolescent girls.

Methodology

A quasi-experimental, pre and post-test study was conducted among adolescent girls aged between 11 to 17 years from two public schools in the urban field practice area of tertiary care medical college in Thiruvallur district of Tamilnadu. A pre-interventional survey was done using a pretested validated questionnaire. Multipronged health education intervention was administered, and its effectiveness was measured after four months using the same tool. Frequencies, percentages, median, and range were used to describe variables. 'Wilcoxon signed-rank test' and the "Mann-Whitney U-" test were used for inferential statistics.

Results

There was a statistically significant (P = 0.0001) improvement in the knowledge of menstruation, perceived attitude, and practice of good menstrual hygiene from pre to post-test after the intervention. Demographic factors such as age, mother's education, and socio-economic status, and Menstrual characteristics such as age at menarche, regular menstrual flow, absence of dysmenorrhea, and getting menstruation advice before menarche were found to be significantly associated with the post-test median scores.

Conclusion

A planned and structured health education program should be addressed to adolescent girls both at schools and community settings for improving menstruation-related knowledge and practices.

Observation of WWW Production in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter reports the observation of WWW production and a measurement of its cross section using 139  fb^{-1} of proton-proton collision data recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with two same-sign leptons (electrons or muons) and at least two jets, as well as events with three charged leptons, are selected. A multivariate technique is then used to discriminate between signal and background events. Events from WWW production are observed with a significance of 8.0 standard deviations, where the expectation is 5.4 standard deviations. The inclusive WWW production cross section is measured to be 820±100 (stat)±80 (syst)  fb, approximately 2.6 standard deviations from the predicted cross section of 511±18  fb calculated at next-to-leading-order QCD and leading-order electroweak accuracy.

Comparison of performance indicators of MGIT primary culture to assess the impact of implementation of ISO 15189:2012 standards

Performance indicators are key component and plays a major role for monitoring and continuous quality improvement of the test results. The NABL certificate of accreditation is issued in accordance with the standard ISO 15189:2012 requirements. As part of the accreditation process, the laboratory has acquired knowledge and implemented the quality system procedures. Present study analyzed the impact of the accreditation process on the "performance indicators" of MGIT primary culture and found that performance indicators have been improved significantly after implementation of NABL for almost all indicators which clearly indicate the importance of accreditation and implementation of quality procedures for reliability of valid test results.

A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery

The standard model of particle physics1-4 describes the known fundamental particles and forces that make up our Universe, with the exception of gravity. One of the central features of the standard model is a field that permeates all of space and interacts with fundamental particles5-9. The quantum excitation of this field, known as the Higgs field, manifests itself as the Higgs boson, the only fundamental particle with no spin. In 2012, a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson of the standard model was observed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN10,11. Since then, more than 30 times as many Higgs bosons have been recorded by the ATLAS experiment, enabling much more precise measurements and new tests of the theory. Here, on the basis of this larger dataset, we combine an unprecedented number of production and decay processes of the Higgs boson to scrutinize its interactions with elementary particles. Interactions with gluons, photons, and W and Z bosons-the carriers of the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces-are studied in detail. Interactions with three third-generation matter particles (bottom (b) and top (t) quarks, and tau leptons (τ)) are well measured and indications of interactions with a second-generation particle (muons, μ) are emerging. These tests reveal that the Higgs boson discovered ten years ago is remarkably consistent with the predictions of the theory and provide stringent constraints on many models of new phenomena beyond the standard model.

Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Linezolid and Clofazimine for Treatment of Pre-extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND

Treatment success rates for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remain low globally. Availability of newer drugs has given scope to develop regimens that can be patient-friendly, less toxic, with improved outcomes. We proposed to determine the effectiveness of an entirely oral, short-course regimen with Bedaquiline and Delamanid in treating MDR-TB with additional resistance to fluoroquinolones (MDR-TBFQ+) or second-line injectable (MDR-TBSLI+).

METHODS

We prospectively determined the effectiveness and safety of combining two new drugs with two repurposed drugs - Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Linezolid, and Clofazimine for 24-36 weeks in adults with pulmonary MDR-TBFQ+ or/and MDR-TBSLI+. The primary outcome was a favorable response at end of treatment, defined as two consecutive negative cultures taken four weeks apart. The unfavorable outcomes included bacteriologic or clinical failure during treatment period.

RESULTS

Of the 165 participants enrolled, 158 had MDR-TBFQ+. At the end of treatment, after excluding 12 patients due to baseline drug susceptibility and culture negatives, 139 of 153 patients (91%) had a favorable outcome. Fourteen patients (9%) had unfavorable outcomes: four deaths, seven treatment changes, two bacteriological failures, and one withdrawal. During treatment, 85 patients (52%) developed myelosuppression, 69 (42%) reported peripheral neuropathy, and none had QTc(F) prolongation >500msec. At 48 weeks of follow-up, 131 patients showed sustained treatment success with the resolution of adverse events in the majority.

CONCLUSION

After 24-36 weeks of treatment, this regimen resulted in a satisfactory favorable outcome in pulmonary MDR-TB patients with additional drug resistance. Cardiotoxicity was minimal, and myelosuppression, while common, was detected early and treated successfully.

Abstract 5656: Design and development of novel anticancer dimethoxyquinazoline-4-amine analog, DW-8, against colorectal cancer

Patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) often have poor prognosis and survival. There are ongoing efforts to identify novel molecules to manage advanced and metastatic CRC. Modifications in the quinazoline ring has resulted in effective and clinically approved drugs such as gefitinib, erlotinib, vandetanib among others. We rationalized and synthesized a series of 4-anilinoquinazoline analogues, DW (1-10) and evaluated them for anticancer efficacy in human CRC cell lines (HCT116, HT29, SW620). We identified a lead molecule DW-8, with sub-micromolar potency against CRC lines with selectivity index of DW-8 being >2 folds in CRC cells compared to non-cancerous line, CRL1459. Mechanistically, DW-8 produced significant morphological changes in SW620 cells. This included nuclear condensation, cell shrinkage, blebbing and apoptotic bodies formation which are the hallmarks of apoptosis. We found that the DW-8 induced apoptosis by i) producing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase; ii) activated intrinsic apoptosis as shown by cleaved caspases such as caspase-9, the executioner caspases 3 and 7; iii) produced nuclear fragmentation; and iv) increased the level of reactive oxygen species. We are now synthesizing the analogs of DW-8 and are optimizing the formulations for efficient delivery to CRC tumors in vivo. Overall, our result suggests DW-8 may represent a suitable lead for developing novel compound to treat CRC.

Citation Format: Rabin Neupane, Saloni Malla, Mariam Sami Abou-Dahech, Swapnaa Balaji, Shikha Kumari, Yuan Tang, Chandrabose Karthikeyan, Amit K. Tiwari. Design and development of novel anticancer dimethoxyquinazoline-4-amine analog, DW-8, against colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5656.

Search for Lepton-Flavor Violation in Z-Boson Decays with τ Leptons with the ATLAS Detector

A search for lepton-flavor-violating Z→eτ and Z→μτ decays with pp collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. This analysis uses 139  fb^{-1} of Run 2 pp collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV and is combined with the results of a similar ATLAS search in the final state in which the τ lepton decays hadronically, using the same data set as well as Run 1 data. The addition of leptonically decaying τ leptons significantly improves the sensitivity reach for Z→ℓτ decays. The Z→ℓτ branching fractions are constrained in this analysis to B(Z→eτ)<7.0×10^{-6} and B(Z→μτ)<7.2×10^{-6} at 95% confidence level. The combination with the previously published analyses sets the strongest constraints to date: B(Z→eτ)<5.0×10^{-6} and B(Z→μτ)<6.5×10^{-6} at 95% confidence level.

Dynamic access control and security performance prediction for IoT networking using a novel deep learning technique.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-947700/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Internet of things (IoT) has increased an importance for an area of interest in many devices. Then, the applications such as sensitive home sensors, medical devices, wireless sensors,and other devices are related to IoT network. The transmission of big data is subject to a possible attack that could cause network interruptions and problems with security. The security performance prediction is important for IoT networks to address complicated security issues in real-time which one of the attacks can freely threaten its global performance. Initially,investigate the safety performance of security intelligent prediction techniques is linking with deep learning algorithms into the IoT security risks. This contribution provides a CNN model that improves IoT security risk assessment (SRA) performance. Then, the access control techniques are changed with IoT-like dynamic systems with the number of items spread all over the place. Therefore, dynamic access control models are necessary. Thesedesign not individual use strategies of access but incorporate environmental and real-time data to predict the decision on access. The risk-based access control approach is one of those dynamic models. To decide the access decision, this model assesses the security risk value associated with the access request. This assessment of the model proposed results from the performance and accuracy of IoT networks.

Search for New Phenomena in Final States with Two Leptons and One or No b-Tagged Jets at sqrt[s]=13 TeV Using the ATLAS Detector

A search for new phenomena is presented in final states with two leptons and one or no b-tagged jets. The event selection requires the two leptons to have opposite charge, the same flavor (electrons or muons), and a large invariant mass. The analysis is based on the full run-2 proton-proton collision dataset recorded at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=13  TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139  fb^{-1}. No significant deviation from the expected background is observed in the data. Inspired by the B-meson decay anomalies, a four-fermion contact interaction between two quarks (b, s) and two leptons (ee or μμ) is used as a benchmark signal model, which is characterized by the energy scale and coupling, Λ and g_{*}, respectively. Contact interactions with Λ/g_{*} lower than 2.0 (2.4) TeV are excluded for electrons (muons) at the 95% confidence level, still far below the value that is favored by the B-meson decay anomalies. Model-independent limits are set as a function of the minimum dilepton invariant mass, which allow the results to be reinterpreted in various signal scenarios.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs): concepts and applications in pharmacogenomics

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to extract information from various datasets of different dimensions. This approach has led to accurate interpretations in several subfields of biological research, like pharmacogenomics, addressing issues previously faced by other computational methods. With the rising attention for personalized and precision medicine, scientists and clinicians have now turned to artificial intelligence systems to provide them with solutions for therapeutics development. CNNs have already provided valuable insights into biological data transformation. Due to the rise of interest in precision and personalized medicine, in this review, we have provided a brief overview of the possibilities of implementing CNNs as an effective tool for analyzing one-dimensional biological data, such as nucleotide and protein sequences, as well as small molecular data, e.g., simplified molecular-input line-entry specification, InChI, binary fingerprints, etc., to categorize the models based on their objective and also highlight various challenges. The review is organized into specific research domains that participate in pharmacogenomics for a more comprehensive understanding. Furthermore, the future intentions of deep learning are outlined.

Search for Displaced Leptons in sqrt[s]=13 TeV pp Collisions with the ATLAS Detector

A search for charged leptons with large impact parameters using 139  fb^{-1} of sqrt[s]=13  TeV pp collision data from the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented, addressing a long-standing gap in coverage of possible new physics signatures. Results are consistent with the background prediction. This search provides unique sensitivity to long-lived scalar supersymmetric lepton partners (sleptons). For lifetimes of 0.1 ns, selectron, smuon, and stau masses up to 720, 680, and 340  GeV, respectively, are excluded at 95% confidence level, drastically improving on the previous best limits from LEP.

The transferred translocases: An old wine in a new bottle

The role of translocases was underappreciated and was not included as a separate class in the enzyme commission until August 2018. The recent research interests in proteomics of orphan enzymes, ionomics, and metallomics along with high-throughput sequencing technologies generated overwhelming data and revamped this enzyme into a separate class. This offers a great opportunity to understand the role of new or orphan enzymes in general and specifically translocases. The enzymes belonging to translocases regulate/permeate the transfer of ions or molecules across the membranes. These enzyme entries were previously associated with other enzyme classes, which are now transferred to a new enzyme class 7 (EC 7). The entries that are reclassified are important to extend the enzyme list, and it is the need of the hour. Accordingly, there is an upgradation of entries of this class of enzymes in several databases. This review is a concise compilation of translocases with reference to the number of entries currently available in the databases. This review also focuses on function as well as dysfunction of translocases during normal and disordered states, respectively.

Antiproliferative Efficacy of N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-amine, DW-8, in Colon Cancer Cells Is Mediated by Intrinsic Apoptosis

A novel series of 4-anilinoquinazoline analogues, DW (1–10), were evaluated for anticancer efficacy in human breast cancer (BT-20) and human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (HCT116, HT29, and SW620). The compound, DW-8, had the highest anticancer efficacy and selectivity in the colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT116, HT29, and SW620, with IC₅₀ values of 8.50 ± 2.53 µM, 5.80 ± 0.92 µM, and 6.15 ± 0.37 µM, respectively, compared to the non-cancerous colon cell line, CRL1459, with an IC₅₀ of 14.05 ± 0.37 µM. The selectivity index of DW-8 was >2-fold in colon cancer cells incubated with vehicle. We further determined the mechanisms of cell death induced by DW-8 in SW620 CRC cancer cells. DW-8 (10 and 30 µM) induced apoptosis by (1) producing cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase; (2) activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as indicated by the activation of caspase-9 and the executioner caspases-3 and 7; (3) nuclear fragmentation and (4) increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, our results suggest that DW-8 may represent a suitable lead for developing novel compounds to treat CRC.

Longitudinal Flow Decorrelations in Xe+Xe Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.44 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

The first measurement of longitudinal decorrelations of harmonic flow amplitudes v_{n} for n=2-4 in Xe+Xe collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.44  TeV is obtained using 3  μb^{-1} of data with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The decorrelation signal for v_{3} and v_{4} is found to be nearly independent of collision centrality and transverse momentum (p_{T}) requirements on final-state particles, but for v_{2} a strong centrality and p_{T} dependence is seen. When compared with the results from Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV, the longitudinal decorrelation signal in midcentral Xe+Xe collisions is found to be larger for v_{2}, but smaller for v_{3}. Current hydrodynamic models reproduce the ratios of the v_{n} measured in Xe+Xe collisions to those in Pb+Pb collisions but fail to describe the magnitudes and trends of the ratios of longitudinal flow decorrelations between Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb. The results on the system-size dependence provide new insights and an important lever arm to separate effects of the longitudinal structure of the initial state from other early and late time effects in heavy-ion collisions.

Search for Dark Matter Produced in Association with a Dark Higgs Boson Decaying into W^{±}W^{∓} or ZZ in Fully Hadronic Final States from sqrt[s]=13 TeV pp Collisions Recorded with the ATLAS Detector

Several extensions of the Standard Model predict the production of dark matter particles at the LHC. An uncharted signature of dark matter particles produced in association with VV=W^{±}W^{∓} or ZZ pairs from a decay of a dark Higgs boson s is searched for using 139  fb^{-1} of pp collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The s→V(qq[over ¯])V(qq[over ¯]) decays are reconstructed with a novel technique aimed at resolving the dense topology from boosted VV pairs using jets in the calorimeter and tracking information. Dark Higgs scenarios with m_{s}>160  GeV are excluded.

Alternative approaches to overcome chemoresistance to apoptosis in cancer

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that is essential for organogenesis and homeostatic maintenance of normal cell populations. Apoptotic stimuli activate the intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathways to induce cell death due to perturbations in the intracellular and extracellular microenvironments, respectively. In patients with cancer, the induction of apoptosis by anticancer drugs and radiation can produce cancer cell death. However, tumor cells can adapt and become refractory to apoptosis-inducing therapies, resulting in the development of clinical resistance to apoptosis. Drug resistance facilitates the development of aggressive primary tumors that eventually metastasize, leading to therapy failure and mortality. To overcome the resistance to apoptosis to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or targeted therapy, alternative targets of RCD can be induced in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Alternatively, cell death can be independent of apoptosis and this strategy could be utilized to develop novel anti-cancer therapies. This chapter discusses approaches that could be employed to overcome clinical resistance to apoptosis in cancer cells.

Insulin Receptor-Expressing T Cells Appear in Individuals at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes and Can Move into the Pancreas in C57BL/6 Transgenic Mice

Insulin receptor (IR) expression on the T cell surface can indicate an activated state; however, the IR is also chemotactic, enabling T cells with high IR expression to physically move toward insulin. In humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the NOD mouse model, a T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells occurs. In previous work, when purified IR⁺ and IR^- T cells were sorted from diabetic NOD mice and transferred into irradiated nondiabetic NOD mice, only those that received IR⁺ T cells developed insulitis and diabetes. In this study, peripheral blood samples from individuals with T1D (new onset to 14 y of duration), relatives at high-risk for T1D, defined by positivity for islet autoantibodies, and healthy controls were examined for frequency of IR⁺ T cells. High-risk individuals had significantly higher numbers of IR⁺ T cells as compared with those with T1D (p < 0.01) and controls (p < 0.001); however, the percentage of IR⁺ T cells in circulation did not differ significantly between T1D and control subjects. With the hypothesis that IR⁺ T cells traffic to the pancreas in T1D, we developed a (to our knowledge) novel mouse model exhibiting a FLAG-tagged mouse IR on T cells on the C57BL/6 background, which is not susceptible to developing T1D. Interestingly, these C57BL/6-CD3FLAGmIR/mfm mice showed evidence of increased IR⁺ T cell trafficking into the islets compared with C57BL/6 controls (p < 0.001). This transgenic animal model provides a (to our knowledge) novel platform for investigating the influence of IR expression on T cell trafficking and the development of insulitis.

Medium-Induced Modification of Z-Tagged Charged Particle Yields in Pb+Pb Collisions at 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

The yield of charged particles opposite to a Z boson with large transverse momentum (p_{T}) is measured in 260  pb^{-1} of pp and 1.7  nb^{-1} of Pb+Pb collision data at 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The Z boson tag is used to select hard-scattered partons with specific kinematics, and to observe how their showers are modified as they propagate through the quark-gluon plasma created in Pb+Pb collisions. Compared with pp collisions, charged-particle yields in Pb+Pb collisions show significant modifications as a function of charged-particle p_{T} in a way that depends on event centrality and Z boson p_{T}. The data are compared with a variety of theoretical calculations and provide new information about the medium-induced energy loss of partons in a p_{T} regime difficult to measure through other channels.

Systematic measurements of charge transfer complexes caused from 1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 4-aminoacetanilide with series of π-acceptors (BQ, DDQ, TCNQ)

Molecular charge-transfer interaction of a series of electron π-acceptors of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) with selected donors of 1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (PTHIQ) and 4-aminoacetanilide (ACE) have been studied in methanol at room temperature. The stoichiometry of the complexes was determined by photometric titration method and was found to be 1:1, in all the cases. Spectro-kinetic interaction studies along with rate constants and observed formation constants (K) indicated that the strength of the complex formations is PTHIQ-BQ < PTHIQ-DDQ < PTHIQ-TCNQ. Also, Similar observations happened in ACE-BQ and < ACE-DDQ < ACE-TCNQ systems. FT-IR results indicated that the point of interaction was identifying in NH moiety of PTHIQ and NH₂ moiety of ACE with series of π-acceptor complexes. The experimental results were compared with Ab initio DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d) level of theory. The increasing order of the experimentally measured formation constant of CT-complexes (PTHIQ and ACE with series of acceptors) was well supported by theoretical HOMO-LUMO energy gap and drastically changes in Mulliken charges of NH moiety of PTHIQ, NH₂ moiety of ACE with complexation with acceptors.

Observation and Measurement of Forward Proton Scattering in Association with Lepton Pairs Produced via the Photon Fusion Mechanism at ATLAS

The observation of forward proton scattering in association with lepton pairs (e^{+}e^{-}+p or μ^{+}μ^{-}+p) produced via photon fusion is presented. The scattered proton is detected by the ATLAS Forward Proton spectrometer, while the leptons are reconstructed by the central ATLAS detector. Proton-proton collision data recorded in 2017 at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=13  TeV are analyzed, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 14.6  fb^{-1}. A total of 57 (123) candidates in the ee+p (μμ+p) final state are selected, allowing the background-only hypothesis to be rejected with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations in each channel. Proton-tagging techniques are introduced for cross-section measurements in the fiducial detector acceptance, corresponding to σ_{ee+p}=11.0±2.6(stat)±1.2(syst)±0.3(lumi) and σ_{μμ+p}=7.2±1.6(stat)±0.9(syst)±0.2(lumi)  fb in the dielectron and dimuon channel, respectively.

Search for Heavy Resonances Decaying into a Photon and a Hadronically Decaying Higgs Boson in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

This Letter presents a search for the production of new heavy resonances decaying into a Higgs boson and a photon using proton-proton collision data at sqrt[s]=13  TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 139  fb^{-1}. The analysis is performed by reconstructing hadronically decaying Higgs boson (H→bb[over ¯]) candidates as single large-radius jets. A novel algorithm using information about the jet constituents in the center-of-mass frame of the jet is implemented to identify the two b quarks in the single jet. No significant excess of events is observed above the expected background. Upper limits are set on the production cross-section times branching fraction for narrow spin-1 resonances decaying into a Higgs boson and a photon in the resonance mass range from 0.7 to 4 TeV, cross-section times branching fractions are excluded between 11.6 fb and 0.11 fb at a 95% confidence level.

Search for Higgs Boson Decays into a Z Boson and a Light Hadronically Decaying Resonance Using 13 TeV pp Collision Data from the ATLAS Detector

A search for Higgs boson decays into a Z boson and a light resonance in two-lepton plus jet events is performed, using a pp collision dataset with an integrated luminosity of 139  fb^{-1} collected at sqrt[s]=13  TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN LHC. The resonance considered is a light boson with a mass below 4 GeV from a possible extended scalar sector or a charmonium state. Multivariate discriminants are used for the event selection and for evaluating the mass of the light resonance. No excess of events above the expected background is found. Observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section times branching fraction to a Z boson and the signal resonance, with values in the range 17-340 pb (16_{-5}^{+6}-320_{-90}^{+130}  pb) for the different light spin-0 boson mass and branching fraction hypotheses, and with values of 110 and 100 pb (100_{-30}^{+40} and 100_{-30}^{+40}  pb) for the η_{c} and J/ψ hypotheses, respectively.

Dijet Resonance Search with Weak Supervision Using sqrt[s]=13 TeV pp Collisions in the ATLAS Detector

This Letter describes a search for narrowly resonant new physics using a machine-learning anomaly detection procedure that does not rely on signal simulations for developing the analysis selection. Weakly supervised learning is used to train classifiers directly on data to enhance potential signals. The targeted topology is dijet events and the features used for machine learning are the masses of the two jets. The resulting analysis is essentially a three-dimensional search A→BC, for m_{A}∼O(TeV), m_{B},m_{C}∼O(100  GeV) and B, C are reconstructed as large-radius jets, without paying a penalty associated with a large trials factor in the scan of the masses of the two jets. The full run 2 sqrt[s]=13  TeV pp collision dataset of 139  fb^{-1} recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is used for the search. There is no significant evidence of a localized excess in the dijet invariant mass spectrum between 1.8 and 8.2 TeV. Cross-section limits for narrow-width A, B, and C particles vary with m_{A}, m_{B}, and m_{C}. For example, when m_{A}=3  TeV and m_{B}≳200  GeV, a production cross section between 1 and 5 fb is excluded at 95% confidence level, depending on m_{C}. For certain masses, these limits are up to 10 times more sensitive than those obtained by the inclusive dijet search. These results are complementary to the dedicated searches for the case that B and C are standard model bosons.