Prostaglandin E1 for treatment of erectile dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity, is one of the most common sexual dysfunctions in men. ED may have a dramatic impact on the quality of life of many men and their partners.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate and summarise the effectiveness and safety of PGE1 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register (June 2003), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (issue 2, 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 - June 2003), EMBASE (January 1988 - June 2003) and reference lists of articles. We also undertook handsearching and contacting trialists and pharmaceutical companies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

All unconfounded, double blind, randomised controlled trials comparing PGE1 and placebo treatment in participants with ED of different aetiology were considered. Primary outcomes were: (a) patient and partner satisfaction measured by means of a self-assessment; (b) quality of life and (c) safety assessment. Both parallel group and cross-over design trials were considered for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

All the reviewers independently selected articles for inclusion, assessed the trials' quality and extracted the data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.

MAIN RESULTS

Four trials involving 1.873 people, heterogeneous with respect to aetiology of ED, were included. Study design was two cross-over and two parallel group trials. Only the latter provided adequate data for meta-analyses. PGE1 was effective during follow-up in the "at least one successful intercourse" outcome (Peto Odds Ratio, OR 7.22, 95% CI. 5.68-9.18) and "number of successful intercourse/number of PGE1 administrations" (Peto Odds Ratio, OR 6.46, 95% CI. 5.95-7.01). One cross-over study reported "at least one successful intercourse" in 63.6% of participants with at least one dose of PGE1 (P < 0.01 for each active dose versus placebo). In the other cross-over study, only one of three treatment groups conducted a self-evaluation (55.5%: "good" or "excellent" response). Adverse effects were most frequent in the treated groups and occurred more often and intensely as doses increased. Penile pain (Peto OR 7.39, 95% CI. 5.40-10.12) and minor urethral trauma (Peto OR 3.79, 95% CI. 1.88-7.65) were predominant.

REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS

PGE1 was beneficial for many participants with ED of different aetiology. Adverse effects were proportional to dosage, albeit never serious. The use of PGE1 in ED could have been better interpreted if its effectiveness were compared by aetiology and with different forms of administrations, a longer follow-up were considered and more emphasis given to patient/partner relationships and quality of life.

Piracetam in acute stroke: a systematic review

We studied whether the administration of piracetam in acute, presumed ischemic stroke affects case fatality and functional outcome. The Cochrane Stroke Group strategy was used to evaluate all randomized controlled trials of patients with presumed ischemic stroke examined within 48 h; death and (when available) functional outcome were used as end points. Three studies were included; the most recent one contributed more than 97% of the data. There were 501 patients treated with piracetam and 501 controls. Piracetam was associated with a nonsignificant 31% increase in the odds of death (95% CI -5% to 81%). This result was due almost completely to the effect of the larger trial, which, however, reported that the difference in case fatality rate between piracetam and control disappeared after correcting for the imbalance in stroke severity between the two groups. Data on functional outcome were available only for the largest study, and no difference was reported. Data obtained from the manufacturer suggested a nonsignificant trend (-10%) towards reduction in dependency with piracetam (CI -33% to 20%); the proportions of patients dead or dependent in the two groups were the same. Relevant adverse effects were not reported. The evidence from this review does not support routine administration of piracetam in patients with acute ischemic stroke; however, since a possible beneficial effect cannot completely be ruled out, further controlled trials are warranted.

So-called "petit mal status": epileptic syndrome or seizure type?

In 1945, Lennox was the first to describe the epileptic states mainly expressed by various degrees of consciousness disturbance, which have their onset in children who present epileptic absences correlated with ictal EEG patterns of spike-wave complex discharges at about 3 Hz. As the clinical picture seemed to be similar to an uninterrupted series of absences, this led to the definition "Petit Mal Status" (PMS). Many authors have subsequently reported that PMS can occur in epileptic subjects who have never presented absences (and even in subjects without a previous history of epilepsy) and that the related EEG pictures were characterised by paroxysmal generalized activity of various morphology, but hardly ever consisted of the continuous rhythmic spike-wave or polyspike-wave complexes at 3 Hz found in petit mal absences. Finally, in reporting the onset and recurrence of this condition typically in adults and the elderly, some authors have proposed the existence of a particular form of PMS (dependent on different types of pathologic factors and characterising a specific syndrome of this age) that is different from that of the "real PMS" typical of childhood and related to petit mal absences. This paper describes fifteen patients in whom the onset of the condition occurred at different ages, and who seem to exemplify the various possible clinical expressions of PMS, with the aim of making a contribution towards the better nosographic definition of this epileptic condition. On the basis of our study, we sustain that the so-called PMS is a seizure type of Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy which may appear at nearly all ages, and may occur in isolation or in association with other epileptic manifestations, but cannot itself be considered as characterising one or more age-dependent syndromes.

Bilateral median and ulnar neuropathy at the wrist in a parquet floorer

Many cases of work related compression neuropathy of the ulnar and median nerves at the wrist have been described. This report presents a case of bilateral distal neuropathy of the median and ulnar nerves in a parquet floorer, who laid wooden block flooring by hand and used the palms and volar surface of both hands to hit the blocks into place. He also used an electric sander and polisher. Bilateral numbness and paraesthesias in all fingers had been present for about one year. Clinical examination was normal; the neurological assessment indicated slight impairment in response to tactile, heat, and pain stimuli in all 10 fingers. Electroneurography showed increased distal motor latencies of median and ulnar nerves at both wrists, although the lower limbs were normal. The results of blood, urine, and instrumental tests excluded systemic disease or local factors that could cause compression neuropathy. After stopping work for three months, the clinical picture and electroneurographic results improved. These data support the hypothesis that the damage to the median and ulnar nerves had been caused by the patient's way of working, which provoked repeated bilateral microtrauma to his wrists. To diagnose work related multiple neuropathy can be difficult and an accurate work history is necessary. Preventive measures and diligent health care are required for this category of worker.

Epilepsy with bilateral occipital calcifications: Sturge-Weber variant or a different encephalopathy?

A series of cases of epilepsy with associated bilateral occipital calcifications (EBOC) without signs of phakomatosis and without any disorders known to produce cerebral calcifications have been reported. It is unclear whether EBOC is an incomplete variant of Sturge-Weber disease (SWD) or if it is a different, as yet undefined encephalopathy. We describe four new cases of EBOC that are different clinically by age of onset, type, course, severity of epilepsy, and associated cognitive deficits but that are linked by similar neuroradiologic findings. Similar to cases described in the literature, there is convincing evidence in favor of the hypothesis that these cases belong to an encephalopathy different from SWD and frequently associated with celiac disease.

Neuralgic amyotrophy of the shoulder girdle. The Parsonage-Turner syndrome

From 1971 to 1983 we observed 58 cases of the Parsonage-Turner syndrome. This is a neuromuscular disease of the shoulder girdle and upper extremity which up to now has been dealt with almost exclusively in the French and Anglo-Saxon literature. The aetiology remains obscure. It is characterised by pain of acute and violent onset with paralysis and wasting of the muscles of no specific nerve root distribution. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and electromyography. The prognosis is usually favourable. The differential diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

Progressive bulbar paralysis in childhood: a case report

The case of a progressive bulbar paresis in a nine and a half year old child is reported. The first symptoms were present at birth; however, the subsequent evolution was very low. Lesion of the motor nuclei of the V, VII, IX, XII, cranial nerves was evident on electromyographic investigation. Damage to the acoustic brain stem pathway was documented by the brain stem evoked potentials although audiometry was normal. No other neuronal systems or districts appeared to be damaged. The case suggests Fazio-Londe disease, although the involvement (albeit partial) of the auditory pathways recalls Van Laere syndrome. This supports the view that motor neuron disease in infancy is not an autonomous entity but a variant in a wide spectrum of progressive neuronal diseases.