N-Feruloylserotonin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via SIRT1-stimulated FOXO1 and NF-κB signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells

Macrophages become activated by a variety of stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and participate in the process of immune responses. Activated macrophages produce various inflammatory mediators. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of a serotonin derivative, N-feruloylserotonin, isolated from safflower seeds in RAW 264.7 macrophages. N-Feruloylserotonin treatment significantly attenuated these effects on LPS-induced reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, N-feruloylserotonin significantly decreased the abnormal expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase, such as phosphor (p)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p-extracellular-signal regulated kinase activation. Further research revealed that N-feruloylserotonin could stimulate sirtuin1 (SIRT1), then promote the forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), and suppress nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathways. The present study suggests that N-feruloylserotonin may be a new anti-inflammatory component and a promising candidate for anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents through the regulation of SIRT1-stimulated FOXO1 and NF-kB signaling pathways.

Development of advanced photon calibrator for Kamioka gravitational wave detector (KAGRA)

The Kamioka Gravitational wave detector (KAGRA) cryogenic gravitational-wave observatory has commenced joint observations with the worldwide gravitational wave detector network. Precise calibration of the detector response is essential for accurately estimating parameters of gravitational wave sources. A photon calibrator is a crucial calibration tool used in laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory, Virgo, and KAGRA, and it was utilized in joint observation 3 with GEO600 in Germany in April 2020. In this paper, KAGRA implemented three key enhancements: a high-power laser, a power stabilization system, and remote beam position control. KAGRA employs a 20 W laser divided into two beams that are injected onto the mirror surface. By utilizing a high-power laser, the response of the detector at kHz frequencies can be calibrated. To independently control the power of each laser beam, an optical follower servo was installed for power stabilization. The optical path of the photon calibrator's beam positions was controlled using pico-motors, allowing for the characterization of the detector's rotation response. Additionally, a telephoto camera and quadrant photodetectors were installed to monitor beam positions, and beam position control was implemented to optimize the mirror response. In this paper, we discuss the statistical errors associated with the measurement of relative power noise. We also address systematic errors related to the power calibration model of the photon calibrator and the simulation of elastic deformation effects using finite element analysis. Ultimately, we have successfully reduced the total systematic error from the photon calibrator to 2.0%.

A systematic review on anti-diabetic action of 7-O-galloyl-D-sedoheptulose, a polyphenol from Corni Fructus, in type 2 diabetic mice with hepatic and pancreatic damage

Traditional medicines are recently being focused on to treat diabetes and its complications because of their lack of toxic and/or side effects. This report describes the effects of 7-O-galloyl-D-sedoheptulose (GS), a polyphenolic compound isolated from Corni Fructus, on type 2 diabetic db/db mice with hepatic and pancreatic damage. We examined several biochemical factors and oxidative stress- and inflammation-related markers. In the serum, levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were down-regulated, while adiponectin was augmented by GS treatment. In addition, GS suppressed the reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in the serum, liver, and pancreas, but increased the pancreatic insulin and pancreatic C-peptide contents. These results were derived from attenuating the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit proteins, Nox-4 and p22^phox. Augmented nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 were reduced with a decrease in oxidative stress during GS treatment. NF-κB-related pro-inflammatory factors were also alleviated in hepatic tissue. Moreover, GS modulated the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphor-JNK, activator protein-1, transforming growth factor-β₁, and fibronectin. Based on these results, we demonstrated that the anti-diabetic action of GS may be due to its anti-oxidative stress property and anti-inflammatory action.

Therapeutic Potential of Two Derivative Prescriptions of Rokumijiogan, Hachimijiogan and Bakumijiogan against Renal Damage in Nephrectomized Rats

Background: Hachimijiogan (HJG) and Bakumijiogan (BJG), two derivative prescriptions of Rokumijiogan (RJG), were selected to investigate their renoprotective potential in the 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rat model. Methods: Rats were treated with HJG and BJG orally at 150 mg/kg body weight/day once daily for 10 weeks after resection of 5/6 of the renal volume, and their renoprotective effects were compared with 5/6Nx vehicle-treated and sham-operated control rats. Results: Improvements in renal lesions, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial injury, and arteriosclerotic lesions estimated by histologic scoring indices in the HJG-treated group were compared with those in the BJG-treated group. HJG- and BJG-treated groups ameliorated the renal function parameters. Elevated levels of renal oxidative stress-related biomarkers were reduced, while decreased antioxidant defence systems (superoxide dismutase and the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio) were increased in the HJG-treated group rather than the BJG-treated group. In contrast, BJG administration significantly reduced expression of the inflammatory response through oxidative stress. The HJG-treated group showed a decrease in inflammatory mediators through the JNK pathway. To gain a deeper understanding of their therapeutic action, the effects of the main components detected in HJG and BJG were evaluated using the LLC-PK₁ renal tubular epithelial cell line, which is the renal tissue most vulnerable to oxidative stress. Corni Fructus and Moutan Cortex-originated compositions afforded important protection against oxidative stress induced by peroxynitrite. Conclusions: From our described and discussed analyses, it can be concluded that RJG-containing prescriptions, HJG and BJG are an excellent medicine for chronic kidney disease. In the future, appropriately designed clinical studies in people with chronic kidney disease are necessary to evaluate the renoprotective activities of HJG and BJG.

Constraints on Cosmic Strings Using Data from the Third Advanced LIGO-Virgo Observing Run

We search for gravitational-wave signals produced by cosmic strings in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo full O3 dataset. Search results are presented for gravitational waves produced by cosmic string loop features such as cusps, kinks, and, for the first time, kink-kink collisions. A template-based search for short-duration transient signals does not yield a detection. We also use the stochastic gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits derived from the O3 data to constrain the cosmic string tension Gμ as a function of the number of kinks, or the number of cusps, for two cosmic string loop distribution models. Additionally, we develop and test a third model that interpolates between these two models. Our results improve upon the previous LIGO-Virgo constraints on Gμ by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude depending on the model that is tested. In particular, for the one-loop distribution model, we set the most competitive constraints to date: Gμ≲4×10^{-15}. In the case of cosmic strings formed at the end of inflation in the context of grand unified theories, these results challenge simple inflationary models.

Constraints on Cosmic Strings Using Data from the Third Advanced LIGO-Virgo Observing Run

We search for gravitational-wave signals produced by cosmic strings in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo full O3 dataset. Search results are presented for gravitational waves produced by cosmic string loop features such as cusps, kinks, and, for the first time, kink-kink collisions. A template-based search for short-duration transient signals does not yield a detection. We also use the stochastic gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits derived from the O3 data to constrain the cosmic string tension Gμ as a function of the number of kinks, or the number of cusps, for two cosmic string loop distribution models. Additionally, we develop and test a third model that interpolates between these two models. Our results improve upon the previous LIGO-Virgo constraints on Gμ by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude depending on the model that is tested. In particular, for the one-loop distribution model, we set the most competitive constraints to date: Gμ≲4×10^{-15}. In the case of cosmic strings formed at the end of inflation in the context of grand unified theories, these results challenge simple inflationary models.

PPARα Agonist, MHY3200, Alleviates Renal Inflammation during Aging via Regulating ROS/Akt/FoxO1 Signaling

PPARα is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and its activation is known to play an important role in cell defense through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. MHY3200 (2-[4-(5-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenoxy]-2,2-difluoroacetic acid), a novel benzothiazole-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, is a synthesized PPARα activator. This study examined the beneficial effects of MHY3200 on age-associated alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Akt/forkhead box (FoxO) 1 signaling in rat kidneys. Young (7-month-old) and old (22-month-old) rats were treated with MHY3200 (1 mg/kg body weight/day or 3 mg/kg body weight/day) for two weeks. MHY3200 treatment led to a notable decrease in triglyceride and insulin levels in serum from old rats. The elevated kidney ROS level, serum insulin level, and Akt phosphorylation in old rats were reduced following MHY3200 treatment; moreover, FoxO1 phosphorylation increased. MHY3200 treatment led to the increased level of FoxO1 and its target gene, MnSOD. MHY3200 suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 expression by activating PPARα and inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the kidneys of old rats. Our results suggest that MHY3200 ameliorates age-associated renal inflammation by regulating NF-κB and FoxO1 via ROS/Akt signaling.

Therapeutic potential of Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu for patient with lifestyle-induced metabolic syndrome

We report a case of a 65-year-old patient with hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hyperuricemia, who showed an improvement in lifestyle-induced metabolic syndrome on the administration of 7.5 g of Kangen-karyu extract per day for 6 months. The levels of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides were decreased. The systolic/diastolic blood pressure was decreased following administration. Other parameters such as estimated glomerular filtration rate, creatinine, uric acid, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and creatine phosphokinase were improved by the administration of Kangen-karyu extract. At that time, the physical and subjective symptoms had partially disappeared. We present evidence supporting the use of Kangen-karyu extract against metabolic syndrome.

Therapeutic effect of Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is the kidney disease that occurs as a result of diabetes. A number of new therapies have been developed based on the pathogenic factors of diabetic nephropathy such as intensive glycemic control, precise hypertension control, lifestyle modifications including exercise and an energy-restricted diet, and numerous novel agents. The utilization of traditional Chinese medicine for patients with diabetic nephropathy has also received increasing attention due to its wide availability, weak side-effects, and proven therapeutic mechanisms and benefits. In this paper, we report the case of patients with diabetic nephropathy, stage 2 or 3. Kangen-karyu extract (7.5 g/day) was administered three times per day for 6 months. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was increased at the 6-month follow-up. The serum creatinine level decreased following administration. At that time, somatic and subjective symptoms had partially disappeared. Here, we present evidence that Kangen-karyu exerts a renoprotective effect against the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Safflower seed extract synergizes the therapeutic effect of cisplatin and reduces cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in human colorectal carcinoma RKO cells and RKO-transplanted mice

Safflower seed is effective against oxidative stress, mediating the activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway in the renal tissues of cisplatin-treated mice. The anticancer activity of safflower in various cancer cell lines has also been reported. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential synergistic anticancer effects of the co-treatment of safflower seed extracts and cisplatin in RKO cells and in BALB/c mice bearing RKO cell-derived human colorectal tumors. In the cellular system, RKO cells were treated with safflower seed extract in the presence or absence of cisplatin for 48 h and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by using microscopy. In the in vivo system, mice were injected with RKO cells and subsequently orally administered 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight safflower seed extract plus cisplatin-treated or untreated mice for 3 days to examine the inhibitory effect on the tumor. Treatment with safflower seed extract or cisplain to RKO cells resulted in a greater cell death than in with untreated cells. In the RKO cells co-treated with both safflower seed extract and cisplatin, greater cell damage was observed. In addition, mice co-administered safflower seed extract and cisplatin had lower concentrations of serum creatinine, which were indicative of less damage to the kidney, and had a lower solid tumor mass and higher expression of the caspase-3 protein. The results showed that safflower seed extract was highly toxic to RKO cells and inhibited tumor growth in cisplatin-treated mice through renoprotective effects.

A systematic review on anti-Alzheimer's disease activity of prescription Kangen-karyu

Traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines have become prime sources of drug discovery and there is a pressing need to investigate the effectiveness of these traditional medicines for modern drug discovery. Recently, among various traditional formulations, studies on Kangen-karyu (Guan-Yuan-Ke-Li), a mixture of six medicinal herbs (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Carthami Flos, Aucklandiae Radix, and Cyperi Rhizoma), have been growing to assess its neuroprotective role. This prompted us to undertake a thorough review of various targets of Kangen-karyu regarding its effectiveness against Alzheimer's disease, particularly focusing on cholinesterases, beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. This review provides new insights into Kangen-karyu medication as a prospective anti-Alzheimer's medication and indicates the need for in-depth in vivo investigation in the future.

Efficacy of Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu for patient with metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The risk factors include hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and central obesity. Various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations over the past decade. The utilization of traditional Chinese medicine to treat metabolic syndrome has received increasing attention due to its wide availability. In this paper, we report the case of a 68-year-old patient with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, borderline diabetes, and obesity, who showed an improvement in metabolic syndrome on the administration of 7.5 g of Kangen-karyu extract per day. After 6 months, the levels of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c were decreased. The abdominal circumference and body weight were decreased following administration. At that time, the somatic and subjective symptoms had partially disappeared. Herein, we present and discuss the evidence supporting the use of Kangen-karyu extract against metabolic syndrome.

Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA

We present our current best estimate of the plausible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next several years, with the intention of providing information to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals for the third (O3), fourth (O4) and fifth observing (O5) runs, including the planned upgrades of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. We study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source for gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary systems of compact objects, that is binary neutron star, neutron star-black hole, and binary black hole systems. The ability to localize the sources is given as a sky-area probability, luminosity distance, and comoving volume. The median sky localization area (90% credible region) is expected to be a few hundreds of square degrees for all types of binary systems during O3 with the Advanced LIGO and Virgo (HLV) network. The median sky localization area will improve to a few tens of square degrees during O4 with the Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA (HLVK) network. During O3, the median localization volume (90% credible region) is expected to be on the order of 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 Mpc 3 for binary neutron star, neutron star-black hole, and binary black hole systems, respectively. The localization volume in O4 is expected to be about a factor two smaller than in O3. We predict a detection count of 1 - 1 + 12 ( 10 - 10 + 52 ) for binary neutron star mergers, of 0 - 0 + 19 ( 1 - 1 + 91 ) for neutron star-black hole mergers, and 17 - 11 + 22 ( 79 - 44 + 89 ) for binary black hole mergers in a one-calendar-year observing run of the HLV network during O3 (HLVK network during O4). We evaluate sensitivity and localization expectations for unmodeled signal searches, including the search for intermediate mass black hole binary mergers.

Protective Effects of Serotonin and its Derivatives, N-Feruloylserotonin and N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin, Against Cisplatin-Induced Renal Damage in Mice

This study examined whether serotonin and two of its derivatives, [Formula: see text]-feruloylserotonin and [Formula: see text]-([Formula: see text]-coumaroyl) serotonin, have a renoprotective effect in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Cisplatin (20[Formula: see text]mg/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to male BALB/c mice that had received oral serotonin, [Formula: see text]-feruloylserotonin or [Formula: see text]-([Formula: see text]-coumaroyl) serotonin (7.5[Formula: see text]mg/kg body weight per day) during the preceding 2 days. At 3 days after the cisplatin injection, serum and renal biochemical factors, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis-related protein expression were evaluated, and histological examinations were performed. Cisplatin caused reduction in body weight and an increase in kidney weight; however, [Formula: see text]-([Formula: see text]-coumaroyl) serotonin and [Formula: see text]-feruloylserotonin attenuated these effects. Moreover, the serotonin derivatives significantly decreased serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. They also significantly reduced the level of reactive oxygen species and upregulated the expression of glutathione peroxidase in the kidney. Furthermore, the serotonin derivatives improved the abnormal expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases activation-dependent inflammation- and apoptosis-related protein and caused less renal damage. These results provide important evidence that [Formula: see text]-([Formula: see text]-coumaroyl) serotonin and [Formula: see text]-feruloylserotonin exert a pleiotropic effect on several parameters related to oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. The derivatives also have a renoprotective effect in cisplatin-treated mice; however, this effect is higher with [Formula: see text]-([Formula: see text]-coumaroyl) serotonin.

Preventive effect of oligonol on nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production through regulation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells against sodium nitroprusside

Oligonol attenuated SNP-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responsesviaregulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed attenuates memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice via regulation of cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress

Safflower seed extract containing serotonin and its derivatives improves scopolamine-induced memory impairment, it could be a promising herbal medicine for the treatment of dementia.

Increase in the hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides by heat-processing

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), mainly cultivated in Korea and Northeast China, is processed before use based on its long history of ethnopharmacological evidence. Ginsenosides have been regarded as the main active components responsible for the pharmacological activities of ginseng. Although the Maillard reaction is known as a major source of compounds related to enhanced antioxidant activity by heat treatment in various crude drugs or foods, the chemical and free radical-scavenging activity changes of ginsenosides brought about by the Maillard reaction have not yet been elucidated. This paper gives a review of our recent findings, with emphasis on the hydroxyl radical (•OH)-scavenging activity changes of ginsengs and ginsenosides by heat-processing using an electron spin resonance spectrometer. 20(S)- Rg3 showed the strongest activity, and the next was in the decreasing order of Rb1, Rg1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd. The •OH-scavenging activities of ginsenosides were related to the ferrous metal ion-chelating activities of their aglycone, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol. In addition, the ferrous metal ion-chelating activities of ginsenosides were thought to be influenced by their types of hydrophilic sugar moieties. Moreover, Rb1 was changed into 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 by heat-processing, and the sugar moieties at carbon-20 were separated. The generated amount of 20(S)-Rg3 was higher than when Rb1 was heat-processed without amino acids, and a significant increase in Maillard reaction products was noted. Based upon chemical and •OH-scavenging activity tests using Maillard reaction model experiments, the scientific evidence underlying the increase in free radical-scavenging activity of ginseng induced by heat-processing was elucidated.

Rosmarinic Acid Derivatives' Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Is the Pharmacological Basis of Kangen-Karyu in Alzheimer's Disease

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is considered to be the central therapeutic approach against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, boiled water extracts of the Kangen-karyu (KK) herbal mixture and its constituents were screened for GSK-3β inhibitory activity. KK is used in traditional Kampo and Chinese medicines for improving cognitive function. The GSK-3β inhibition potential was evaluated by using the Kinase-Glo luminescent kinase assay platform. Furthermore, enzyme kinetics and in silico modeling were performed by using AutoDockTools to demonstrate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition. KK extract significantly inhibited GSK-3β in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50: 17.05 ± 1.14 μg/mL) when compared with the reference drug luteolin (IC50: 2.18 ± 0.13 μM). Among the six components of KK, extracts of Cyperi Rhizoma and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix significantly inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values of 20.68 ± 2.50 and 7.77 ± 1.38 μg/mL, respectively. Among the constituents of the roots of S. miltiorrhiza water extract, rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid C inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values ranging from 6.97 to 135.5 μM. Salvianolic acid B was found to be an ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β and showed the lowest IC50 value (6.97 ± 0.96 µM). In silico modeling suggested a mechanism of action by which the hydrophobic, π⁻cation, and hydrophilic interactions of salvianolic acid B at ATP and substrate sites are critical for the observed GSK-3β inhibition. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of action of KK against AD may be the inhibition of GSK-3β and one of the active components of KK is the root of S. miltiorrhiza and its constituents: rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, and salvianolic acids A, B, and C. Our results demonstrate the pharmacological basis for the use of KK against AD.

Comparison of the Effects of Nonfermented and Fermented Panax ginseng Root Against Hypertriglycemia in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is used as a therapeutic agent for various diseases. P. ginseng saponins, known as ginsenosides, are the main bioactive compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities. In this work, we have developed a new method of P. ginseng root processing termed solid-state fermentation and examined its effects compared with nonfermented P. ginseng. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce hyperlipidemia and then received 100 mg·kg bw^-1·day^-1 of fermented or nonfermented P. ginseng orally for 3 weeks. We assessed the activities of lipogenic pathways and lipid levels in the liver and plasma. The administration of either nonfermented or fermented P. ginseng improved hepatic lipid transfer protein profiles. Nonfermented P. ginseng exhibited significant effects on the regulation of lipid synthesis and oxidation. However, apolipoprotein A4 (apoA4) expression was increased by the administration of fermented P. ginseng. When ginsenosides were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the amounts of the ginsenosides, Rg₂, Rc, Rh₁(S), Rh₁(R), and Rd, were increased by fermentation, with Rd becoming a major constituent of fermented P. ginseng. These findings imply that nonfermented P. ginseng improves hypertriglycemia in HFD-fed mice through regulation of the hepatic lipogenic pathway. In contrast, the effects of fermented P. ginseng were mediated through increased apoA4, leading to decreased triglycerides. The HPLC profiles of ginsenosides suggest that the compositional changes in P. ginseng caused by fermentation processing could be useful in the development of novel triglyceride-lowering therapies.

Protective Effect of Safflower Seed on Cisplatin-Induced Renal Damage in Mice via Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis-Mediated Pathways

Cisplatin, a platinum chelate with potent antitumor activity against cancers of the testis, ovary, urinary bladder, prostate, and head and neck, has adverse effects on the kidney, bone marrow, and digestive organs, and its use is particularly limited by nephropathy as a side effect. In the present study, safflower seed extract was administered to a mouse model of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure to investigate its activity. Cisplatin (20[Formula: see text]mg/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection to mice that had received oral safflower seed extract (100 or 200[Formula: see text]mg/kg body weight per day) for the preceding 2 days. Three days after the cisplatin injection, serum and renal biochemical factors; oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-related protein expression; and histological findings were evaluated. Cisplatin-treated control mice showed body-weight, food intake and water intake loss, and increased kidney weight, whereas the administration of safflower seed extract attenuated these effects ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Moreover, safflower seed extract significantly decreased the renal functional parameters urea nitrogen and creatinine in the serum ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively). Safflower seed extract also significantly reduced the enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species in the kidney observed following cisplatin treatment, with significance. The expression of proteins related to the anti-oxidant defense system in the kidney was down-regulated following cisplatin treatment, but safflower seed extract significantly up-regulated the expression of the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase. Furthermore, safflower seed extract reduced the overexpression of phosphor (p)-p38, nuclear factor-kappa B p65, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, ATR, p-p53, Bax, and caspase 3 proteins, and mice treated with safflower seed extract exhibited less renal histological damage. These results provide important evidence that safflower seed extract exerts a pleiotropic effect on several oxidative stress- and apoptosis-related parameters and has a renoprotective effect in cisplatin-treated mice.

Impact of an infectious disease specialist on antifungal use: an interrupted time-series analysis in a tertiary hospital in Tokyo

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are considered essential for optimizing antimicrobial use in order to improve patient outcomes, reduce the number of adverse sequelae, prevent resistance, and ensure cost-effective therapy.

AIM

To assess the efficacy and the limitations of antifungal antimicrobial stewardship programmes.

METHODS

A bundle to manage infectious diseases was implemented in our hospital in October 2010. Data regarding antimicrobial use density (AUD) from April 2006 to May 2016 were collected. Trends in AUD were assessed using an interrupted time-series model for three separate periods: the pre-bundle, the bundle implementation, and the long-term follow-up periods. The primary and secondary outcomes were AUD (defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 patient-days) of intravenous antifungals and expenditure on antifungals per fiscal year, respectively.

FINDINGS

The AUD for all intravenous antifungals decreased from 26.1 in 2006 to 9.9 in 2015. Whereas the change in the trend during the pre-bundle period was not significant (slope: 0.062; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.180 to 0.305), a significant decrease was observed in the bundle implementation period (slope: -0.535; 95% CI: -0.907 to -0.164). The trend slowed during the long-term follow-up period (slope: -0.040; 95% CI: -0.218 to 0.138). Total expenditure on antifungals decreased by 73%, from ¥52,354,411 in fiscal year 2006 to ¥14,073,099 in fiscal year 2015.

CONCLUSION

The bundle significantly reduced the use of antifungals and decreased costs over time, but this effect was limited in that it had stabilized within three years.

Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA

We present possible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next decade, with the intention of providing information to the astronomy community to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals, and study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source. We report our findings for gravitational-wave transients, with particular focus on gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary neutron star systems, which are the most promising targets for multi-messenger astronomy. The ability to localize the sources of the detected signals depends on the geographical distribution of the detectors and their relative sensitivity, and [Formula: see text] credible regions can be as large as thousands of square degrees when only two sensitive detectors are operational. Determining the sky position of a significant fraction of detected signals to areas of 5-[Formula: see text] requires at least three detectors of sensitivity within a factor of [Formula: see text] of each other and with a broad frequency bandwidth. When all detectors, including KAGRA and the third LIGO detector in India, reach design sensitivity, a significant fraction of gravitational-wave signals will be localized to a few square degrees by gravitational-wave observations alone.

Oligonol promotes glucose uptake by modulating the insulin signaling pathway in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells via inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Insulin resistance and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) overexpression are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is characterized by defects in insulin signaling and glucose intolerance. In a previous study, we demonstrated oligonol inhibits PTP1B and α-glucosidase related to T2DM. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effects of oligonol in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Glucose uptake was assessed using a fluorescent glucose tracer, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxyglucose, and the signaling pathway was investigated by western blotting. Oligonol significantly increased insulin-provoked glucose uptake and decreased PTP1B expression, followed by modulation of ERK phosphorylation. In addition, oligonol activated insulin receptor substrate 1 by reducing phosphorylation at serine 307 and increasing that at tyrosine 895, and enhanced the phosphorylations of Akt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Interestingly, it also reduced the expression of two key enzymes of gluconeogenesis (glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), attenuated oxidative stress by scavenging/inhibiting peroxynitrite, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and augmented the expression of nuclear factor kappa B. These findings suggest oligonol improved the insulin sensitivity of insulin-resistant HepG2 cells by attenuating the insulin signaling blockade and modulating glucose uptake and production. Furthermore, oligonol attenuated ROS-related inflammation and prevented oxidative damage in our in vitro model of type 2 diabetes. These result indicate oligonol has promising potential as a treatment for T2DM.

Heat-Processed Scutellariae Radix Protects Hepatic Inflammation through the Amelioration of Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mice

The present study evaluated the effects of heat-processed Scutellariae Radix (Scutellaria baicalensis) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice. Scutellariae Radix heat-processed at 160[Formula: see text]C or 180[Formula: see text]C was orally administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for three days before the intraperitoneal injection of LPS, and the effects were compared with those of vehicle-treated LPS administered to control mice. The administration of Scutellariae Radix decreased the elevated serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrite/nitrate, peroxynitrite, and hepatic functional parameters, and reduced the increased ROS in the liver. The augmented expressions of hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation-related proteins, phospho-p38, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-[Formula: see text] B p65, activator protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, MCP-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text], and IL-6, were downregulated by the heat-processed Scutellariae Radix. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the increased hepatocellular damage in the liver of LPS-treated mice improved with the administration of heat-processed Scutellariae Radix. Overall, the ameliorative effects of Scutellariae Radix were superior to those when heat-processed at 180[Formula: see text]C. Our results indicate that heat-processed Scutellariae Radix acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by ameliorating oxidative stress in the liver of mice with LPS-induced liver injury.

Potential anti-cholinesterase and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitory activities of cornuside and gallotannins from Cornus officinalis fruits

Cholinesterase (ChE) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors are promising agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the inhibitory activity of seven compounds isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis, cornuside, polymeric proanthocyanidins, 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tellimagrandin I, tellimagrandin II, and isoterchebin, against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and BACE1. All of the compounds displayed concentration-dependent in vitro inhibitory activity toward the ChEs and BACE1. Among them, tellimagrandin II exhibited the best inhibitory activity toward ChEs, whereas the best BACE1 inhibitor was 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. Isoterchebin and polymeric proanthocyanidins were also significant ChE inhibitors. The kinetic and docking studies demonstrated that all compounds interacted with both the catalytic active sites and the peripheral anionic sites of the ChEs and BACE1. Tellimagrandin II, isoterchebin, and the polymeric proanthocyanidins exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated protein tyrosine nitration. In conclusion, we identified significant ChE and BACE1 inhibitors from Corni Fructus that could have value as new multi-targeted compounds for anti-AD agents.

Scientific evidence for therapeutic effects of Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu from pre-clinical animal experiments

Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu, comprised of six crude drugs, has received much attention due to its numerous biological activities. The present study reports therapeutic evidence for Kangen-karyu from pre-clinical animal experiments related to human diseases. Kangen-karyu showed beneficial effects on type 1 diabetes and related complications through the suppression of protein expression related to advanced glycation endproducts and oxidative stress. Kangen-karyu reduced oxidative stress via the regulation of dyslipidemia, and also exerted a renoprotective effect mainly through its antioxidant properties during the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. In addition, Kangen-karyu showed neuroprotective effects by attenuating the spatial memory impairment and neuronal death induced by diabetes. Kangen-karyu counteracted oxidative stress and ameliorated tissue damage possibly associated with aging. These findings provide scientific evidence to explain the efficacy of Kangen-karyu based on its underlying therapeutic effects.

Magnesium Lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Ameliorates Aging-Induced Renal Inflammation and Senescence via NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Generation

The present study was conducted to examine whether magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) extracted from Salviae miltiorrhizae radix was renoprotective in pathways related to age-related oxidative stress in aged rats. Magnesium lithospermate B was orally administered at a dose of 2- or 8-mg/kg body weight for 16 consecutive days, and the effects were compared with those of vehicle in old and young rats. Magnesium lithospermate B administration to old rats ameliorated renal oxidative stress through reduction of reactive oxygen species. The old rats exhibited a dysregulation of the expression of proteins related to oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidneys, and MLB administration significantly reduced the protein expression of major subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox4 and p22^phox ), phospho-p38, nuclear factor-kappa B p65, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In addition, MLB-treated old rats showed lower levels of senescence-related proteins such as p16, ADP-ribosylation factor 6, p53, and p21 through effects on the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Magnesium lithospermate B administration also significantly attenuated the age-related increase in serum urea nitrogen, reflecting renal dysfunction, up-regulated podocyte structural proteins, and reduced renal structural injury. Our results provide important evidence that MLB reduces the renal damage of oxidative stress in old rats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACE1 molecular docking and anti-Alzheimer's disease activities of ginsenosides

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ginsenosides are natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins obtained from the Panax species. Panax ginseng has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for around a thousand years, especially in East Asian countries. Ginseng, the root and rhizome of the most popular species P. ginseng, used as tonic, prophylactic agent and restorative. In TCM, ginseng is highly valued herb and has been applied to a variety of pathological conditions and illnesses such as hypodynamia, anorexia, shortness of breath, palpitation, insomnia, impotence, hemorrhage and diabetes.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The basic aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's disease activities of selected ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rg3) according to peroxynitrite (ONOO(‒)) scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of ONOO(-)-mediated nitrotyrosine formation as a measure of changes in oxidative stress. In addition, molecular docking simulation studies were performed to predict binding energies of the ginsenosides with β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1, β-secretase) and identify the interacting residues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro cholinesterase enzyme assays by using acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and BACE1 were performed. In vitro authentic peroxynitrite scavenging activity and inhibitory activity against ONOO(-)-mediated nitrotyrosine formation were also performed. Molecular docking simulation studies were performed with Autodock Vina software and Discovery studio 4.1.

RESULTS

In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that ginsenosides have significant inhibitory potential against AChE, BChE, and BACE1, as well as ONOO(-) and nitrotyrosine formation. Most importantly, significant AChE inhibitory activities were observed for Re; BChE for Rg3; and BACE1 for Rc, with IC50 values of 29.86±3.20, 16.80±0.36, and 59.81±2.74μg/mL, respectively. Among the tested ginsenosides, Rb1 exhibited a higher scavenging activity against ONOO(-) with an IC50 value of 27.86±1.34μg/mL, while Rc and Rg3 exhibited impressive inhibitory activity against the formation of nitrotyrosine. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed potential BACE1 inhibitory activity of ginsenosides, especially Rb1 and Rb2, which exhibited good binding affinities towards BACE1, with docking scores of -10kcal/mol.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study suggest the potential of ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rg3) for use in the development of therapeutic or preventive agents for Alzheimer's disease, especially through inhibition of AChE, BChE and BACE1 activities, as well as scavenging of ONOO(-) and inhibition of nitrotyrosine formation.

Allium hookeri root protects oxidative stress-induced inflammatory responses and β-cell damage in pancreas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background

Water extract from the root of Allium hookeri (AH) shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging effects. In this study, the ameliorating effects of AH on oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response and β-cell damage in the pancreas of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats were investigated.

Methods

AH (100 mg/kg body weight/day) was orally administered every day for 2 weeks to STZ-induced diabetic rats. After the final administration of AH, biochemical parameters including glucose, insulin, reactive oxygen species levels, and protein expressions related to antioxidant defense system in the pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Results

The diabetic rats showed loss of body weight and increased pancreatic weight, while the oral administration of AH attenuated body and pancreatic weight changes. Moreover, the administration of AH caused a slightly decrease in the serum glucose level and a significant increase in the serum and pancreatic insulin levels in the diabetic rats. AH also significantly reduced the enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress biomarker, in the serum and pancreas. The diabetic rats exhibited a down-regulation of the protein expression related to antioxidant defense system in the pancreas, but AH administration significantly up-regulated the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, AH treatment was reduced the overexpression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB)p65 and NF-кBp65-induced inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. In addition, AH treatment was less pancreatic β-cell damaged compared with those of the diabetic rats.

Conclusion

These results provide important evidence that AH has a HO-1 activity on the oxidative stress conditions showing pancreato-protective effects against the development of inflammation in the diabetic rats. This study provides scientific evidence that AH protects the inflammatory responses by modulated NF-кBp65 signaling pathway through activation of HO-1 in the pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Oligonol promotes anti-aging pathways via modulation of SIRT1-AMPK-Autophagy Pathway

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Oligonol, mainly found in lychee fruit, is an antioxidant polyphenolic compound which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The detailed mechanisms by which oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule have not been determined.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In this study, we evaluated the ability of oligonol to modulate sirtuin (SIRT) expression in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Oligonol was added to A549 cells and reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial superoxide formation, and p21 protein levels were measured. Signaling pathways activated upon oligonol treatment were also determined by western blotting. Furthermore, the anti-aging effect of oligonol was evaluated ex vivo in mouse splenocytes and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans.

RESULTS

Oligonol specifically induced the expression of SIRT1, whose activity is linked to gene expression, metabolic control, and healthy aging. In response to influenza virus infection of A549 cells, oligonol treatment significantly up-regulated SIRT1 expression and down-regulated viral hemagglutinin expression. Oligonol treatment also resulted in the activation of autophagy pathways and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, oligonol-treated spleen lymphocytes from old mice showed increased cell proliferation, and mRNA levels of SIRT1 in the lungs of old mice were significantly lower than those in the lungs of young mice. Additionally, in vivo lethality assay revealed that oligonol extended the lifespan of C. elegans infected with lethal Vibrio cholerae.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrated that oligonol may act as an anti-aging molecule by modulating SIRT1/autophagy/AMPK pathways.

Oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, protects the pancreas from apoptosis and proliferation via oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

We have identified the pancreato-protective effects of Lychee Fruit-Derived Polyphenol Mixture, Oligonol, on diabetes.

Upregulation of Collagen Expression via PPARβ/δ Activation in Aged Skin by Magnesium Lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza

This study investigated the agonistic activity of magnesium lithospermate B (1), isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARβ/δ) and the expressions of collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL3A1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in models of skin aging. The action of compound 1 as a PPARβ/δ agonist was determined by reporter gene assay, immunostaining, and Western blotting. To determine the antiaging effects of compound 1 on skin, aged Sprague-Dawley rat skin and ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human skin fibroblasts were used. The results show that 1 presented a marked enhancement of both nuclear protein levels and activity of PPARβ/δ in fibroblasts. In addition, 1 prevented downregulation of PPARβ/δ activity in aged rat skin and UVB-induced fibroblasts. Furthermore, 1 increased the expressions of COL1A1, COL3A1, and TGF-β1 in vivo and in a cell culture system. Therefore, the present study shows that compound 1 prevents collagen degradation in aged rat skin and UVB-exposed fibroblasts through PPARβ/δ activation. The therapeutic and cosmetic applications of compound 1 need further investigation.

Oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, attenuates gluco-lipotoxicity-mediated renal disorder in type 2 diabetic db/db mice

Oligonol is a phenolic product derived from lychee fruit extract containing catechin-type monomers and oligomers of proanthocyanidins, produced by a manufacturing process which converts polyphenol polymers into oligomers. These proanthocyanidins have been reported to exhibit beneficial bioactivities in many studies, and so oligonol, a rich source of polyphenol, is expected to show favorable effects on various chronic diseases. This article summarizes recent work whether oligonol has an ameliorative effect on diabetic indices and renal disorders associated with gluco-lipotoxicity-mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in db/db mice with diabetes. Oligonol was able to improve diabetic indices, prevent the development of diabetic renal disease, and preserve renal cells and the renal morphological structure via the attenuation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-induced oxidative stress, inhibition of advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) generation, and prevention of apoptosis-induced cell death in db/db mice, being independent of changes in the body weight or serum glucose levels. The present study provides important evidence that oligonol exhibits a pleiotropic effect, representing renoprotective effects against the development of diabetic complications in type 2 diabetic db/db mice.

Astaxanthin and Corni Fructus protect against diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and advanced glycation end product in livers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

This study was conducted to compare the protective effects of astaxanthin (ASX) with Corni Fructus (CF) against diabetes-induced pathologies such as oxidative stress-induced inflammation and advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation in the liver of type 1 diabetic rats. ASX (50 mg/kg body weight/day) or CF (200 mg/kg body weight/day) was orally administered every day for 18 days to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and their effects were compared with nondiabetic and diabetic control rats. The administration of CF, but not ASX, decreased both the elevated serum and hepatic glucose concentration in diabetic rats. In diabetic rats, increased levels of AGE, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation were significantly decreased by treatment with both ASX and CF in the liver of diabetic rats. STZ treatment markedly augmented the protein expressions of AGE, and both ASX and CF efficiently attenuated these increases in hepatic protein expressions. In addition, oxidative stress and proinflammatory protein expressions were upregulated in the diabetic rats. On the contrary, these upregulations of protein expressions were decreased by the administration of ASX or CF. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of ASX on diabetes-induced hepatic dysfunction could be derived from the blocking of AGE formation and further anti-inflammation and that CF exhibited beneficial effects through the attenuation of hyperglycemia, and thus the inhibition of AGE formation and the inflammatory responses. Therefore, ASX as well as CF may help prevent ongoing diabetes-induced hepatic injury.

Protective role of oligonol from oxidative stress-induced inflammation in C6 glial cell

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Natural products or active components with a protective effect against oxidative stress have attracted significant attention for prevention and treatment of degenerative disease. Oligonol is a low molecular weight polyphenol containing catechin-type monomers and oligomers derived from Litchi chinensis Sonn. We investigated the protective effect and its related mechanism of oligonol against oxidative stress.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Oxidative stress in C6 glial cells was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the protective effects of oligonol on cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis, and mRNA expression related to oxidative stress were determined.

RESULTS

Treatment with oligonol inhibited NO and ROS formation under cellular oxidative stress in C6 glial cells. In addition, it recovered cell viability in a dose dependent-manner. Treatment with oligonol also resulted in down-regulated mRNA expression related to oxidative stress, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), compared with the control group treated with H2O2. In particular, expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2, and iNOS was effectively reduced to the normal level by treatment with 10 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL of oligonol.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that oligonol has protective activity against oxidative stress-induced inflammation. Oligonol might be a promising agent for treatment of degenerative diseases through inhibition of ROS formation and NF-κB pathway gene expression.

Search for nucleon decay via n→ν[over ¯]π0 and p→ν[over ¯]π+ in Super-Kamiokande

We present the results of searches for nucleon decay via n→ν[over ¯]π0 and p→ν[over ¯]π+ using data from a combined 172.8  kt·yr exposure of Super-Kamiokande-I,-II, and-III. We set lower limits on the partial lifetime for each of these modes: τn→ν[over ¯]π0>1.1×10(33) years and τp→ν[over ¯]π+>3.9×10(32) years at a 90% confidence level.

Search for trilepton nucleon decay via p→e+νν and p→μ+νν in the Super-Kamiokande experiment

The trilepton nucleon decay modes p→e+νν and p→μ+νν violate |Δ(B-L)| by two units. Using data from a 273.4 kt yr exposure of Super-Kamiokande a search for these decays yields a fit consistent with no signal. Accordingly, lower limits on the partial lifetimes of τp→e+νν>1.7×10(32) years and τp→μ+νν>2.2×10(32) years at a 90% confidence level are obtained. These limits can constrain Grand Unified Theories which allow for such processes.

Salicylideneamino-2-thiophenol modulates nuclear factor-κB through redox regulation during the aging process

AIM

Many intracellular components have been implicated in the regulation of redox homeostasis, but homeostasis can be unbalanced by reactive species (RS), which also probably contribute to underlying inflammatory processes. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a well-known redox-sensitive transcription factor that controls the genes responsible for regulating inflammation.

METHODS

In the present study, the authors investigated the effect of short-term salicylideneamino-2-thiophenol (SAL-2) administration on the modulation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB through redox regulation in aged rats. In addition, we compared the effects of SAL-2 and caloric restriction (CR) on inflammation and redox balance. The subjects were 24-month-old (old) Fischer 344 rats administered SAL-2 (10 mg/kg/day) by dietary supplementation or placed on a 30% restricted diet for 10 days, and 6-month-old (young) rats fed ad libitum for 10 days.

RESULTS

We found that NF-κB activation and the expressions of its related genes (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase) were suppressed by SAL-2 supplementation in old CR rats to the levels observed in young rats. In addition, our molecular studies showed that the inhibitory effect of SAL-2 on the activation of NF-κB was mediated by the ability of SAL-2 to block the nuclear translocations of cytosolic thioredoxin and redox factor-1.

CONCLUSION

These findings strongly indicate that SAL-2 stabilizes age-related redox imbalance and modulates the signal transduction pathway involved in the age-associated molecular inflammatory process.

Anti-wrinkle effect of magnesium lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE: inhibition of MMPs via NF-kB signaling

Skin is in direct contact with the environment and therefore undergoes aging as a consequence of environmentally induce damage. Wrinkle formation is a striking feature of intrinsic and photo-induced skin aging, which are both associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The present study was undertaken to identify the mechanisms responsible for the anti-wrinkle effects of MLB, and thus, we investigated whether magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE associated with wrinkle formation caused by intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging using Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5 and 20 months and ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human skin fibroblasts cells, respectively. The results obtained showed that the oral administration of MLB significantly upregulated the level of type I procollagen and downregulated the activities and expressions of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in rat skin. In fibroblasts, MLB suppressed the transactivation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and activator protein 1(AP-1), which are the two transcription factors responsible for MMP expression, by suppressing oxidative stress and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our results show that the antioxidant effect of MLB is due to the direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its inhibitory effects on NF-kB-dependent inflammation genes, such as, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. MLB was found to reverse both age- and UVB-related reductions in skin procollagen levels by suppressing the expressions and activities of NF-kB and AP-1-dependent MMPs by modulating ROS generation and the MAPK signaling pathway. We suggest that MLB potentially has anti-wrinkle and anti-skin aging effects.

Polyphenol isolated from Corni Fructus, 7-O-galloyl-D-sedoheptulose, modulates advanced glycation endproduct-related pathway in type 2 diabetic db/db mice

7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose (GS) is the bioactive polyphenol isolated from the low-molecular-weight fraction of Corni Fructus (Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.). The present study was conducted to examine whether GS has an ameliorative effect on the liver of type 2 diabetic db/db mice. GS (20 or 100 mg/kg body weight/day, per os) was administered every day for 6 weeks to db/db mice, and its effect was compared with vehicle-treated db/db and m/m mice. The administration of GS decreased the elevated serum glucose, leptin, insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin, and hepatic functional parameters, and reduced the increased fluorescent advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species in the liver. The db/db mice exhibited the up-regulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and AGE-related proteins; however, GS treatment significantly reduced those expressions. Moreover, the augmented expressions of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related proteins, phospho-extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2, phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, TNF-α, and IL-6, were down-regulated by GS administration. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the increased hepatocellular damage in the liver of db/db mice improved with GS administration. The present results support the evidence for GS ameliorating hepatic damage through the RAGE-mediated inflammation pathway.

Oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, attenuates diabetes-induced renal damage through the advanced glycation end product-related pathway in db/db mice

This study was conducted to examine whether oligonol, a low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, has an ameliorative effect on diabetes-induced alterations, such as advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation or apoptosis in the kidneys of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes. Oligonol [10 or 20 mg/(kg body weight · d), orally] was administered every day for 8 wk to prediabetic db/db mice, and its effect was compared with vehicle-treated db/db and normal control mice (m/m). The administration of oligonol decreased the elevated renal glucose concentrations and reactive oxygen species in db/db mice (P < 0.05). The increased serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, which reflect renal dysfunction in db/db mice, were substantially lowered by oligonol. Oligonol reduced renal protein expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (p22 phagocytic oxidase and NAD(P)H oxidase-4), AGEs (except for pentosidine), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase B-targeting proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). Oligonol improved the expressions of antiapoptotic [B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) and survivin] and proapoptotic [Bcl-2-associated X protein, cytochrome c, and caspase-3] proteins in the kidneys of db/db mice (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results provide important evidence that oligonol exhibits a pleiotropic effect on AGE formation and apoptosis-related variables, representing renoprotective effects against the development of diabetic complications in db/db mice with type 2 diabetes.