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Khatib M, Zhao ET, Wei S, Abramson A, Bishop ES, Chen CH, Thomas AL, Xu C, Park J, Lee Y, Hamnett R, Yu W, Root SE, Yuan L, Chakhtoura D, Kim KK, Zhong D, Nishio Y, Zhao C, Wu C, Jiang Y, Zhang A, Li J, Wang W, Salimi-Jazi F, Rafeeqi TA, Hemed NM, Tok JBH, Chen X, Kaltschmidt JA, Dunn JC, Bao Z. Spiral NeuroString: High-Density Soft Bioelectronic Fibers for Multimodal Sensing and Stimulation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.02.560482. [PMID: 37873341 PMCID: PMC10592902 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic fibers hold promise for both research and clinical applications due to their compactness, ease of implantation, and ability to incorporate various functionalities such as sensing and stimulation. However, existing devices suffer from bulkiness, rigidity, limited functionality, and low density of active components. These limitations stem from the difficulty to incorporate many components on one-dimensional (1D) fiber devices due to the incompatibility of conventional microfabrication methods (e.g., photolithography) with curved, thin and long fiber structures. Herein, we introduce a fabrication approach, ‶spiral transformation″, to convert two-dimensional (2D) films containing microfabricated devices into 1D soft fibers. This approach allows for the creation of high density multimodal soft bioelectronic fibers, termed Spiral NeuroString (S-NeuroString), while enabling precise control over the longitudinal, angular, and radial positioning and distribution of the functional components. We show the utility of S-NeuroString for motility mapping, serotonin sensing, and tissue stimulation within the dynamic and soft gastrointestinal (GI) system, as well as for single-unit recordings in the brain. The described bioelectronic fibers hold great promises for next-generation multifunctional implantable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Tianjiao Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shiyuan Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alex Abramson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Estelle Spear Bishop
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chih-Hsin Chen
- Department of Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Thomas
- Department of Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yeongjun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan Hamnett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Weilai Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel E. Root
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dorine Chakhtoura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuya Nishio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Can Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Talha A. Rafeeqi
- Department of Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nofar Mintz Hemed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jeffrey B.-H. Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoke Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia A. Kaltschmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - James C.Y. Dunn
- Department of Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Salimi-Jazi F, Thomas AL, Rafeeqi TA, Wood LSY, Portelli K, Dunn JCY. Stem cell activation during distraction enterogenesis in the murine colon. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:172. [PMID: 37031428 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a devastating disease. We have proposed spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis for intestinal lengthening. Colonic lengthening is a potential treatment option for SBS to enhance fluid absorption capacity. We hypothesized that intraluminal spring-mediated colonic lengthening is associated with stem cell proliferation. METHODS C57BL/6 mice underwent placement of a gelatin-encapsulated compressed or uncompressed nitinol spring in a cecal segment. Animals were given clear liquid diet until postoperative day (POD) 7, followed by regular diet until POD 14. Cecal lengths were measured at euthanasia, and tissue was formalin fixed for histological processing. For Lgr5-GFP mice, immunohistochemistry against GFP was performed to localize Lgr5+ cells within crypts. RESULTS Significant cecal lengthening with compressed springs and shortening with uncompressed springs were observed on POD 7 and 14. Mucosa of the compressed spring group was significantly thicker on POD 14. The density of Lgr5+ cells within the crypts in the compressed spring groups was higher than that in the uncompressed spring groups on both POD 7 and 14. CONCLUSION Expandable springs can be used to lengthen the colon in the mouse model. Colonic lengthening was associated with gradual mucosal thickening and correlated with an increased density of stem cells within the crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Salimi-Jazi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 453 Quarry Road, MC 5733, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 453 Quarry Road, MC 5733, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Talha A Rafeeqi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 453 Quarry Road, MC 5733, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Lauren S Y Wood
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 453 Quarry Road, MC 5733, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Katherine Portelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 453 Quarry Road, MC 5733, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 453 Quarry Road, MC 5733, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Rafeeqi TA, Diyaolu M, Thomas AL, Salimi-Jazi F, Wood LSY, Dunn JCY. Generation of Porcine Ileum Through Spring-Mediated Mechanical Distraction. J Surg Res 2022; 280:371-378. [PMID: 36037614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short bowel syndrome is a devastating gastrointestinal disorder in which decreased bowel length results in inadequate absorption causing nutritional deficiencies. Current treatment options are accompanied by significant morbidity. We have proposed spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis as a method to lengthen bowel with success seen in porcine jejunum. We hypothesize that spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis can be demonstrated in porcine ileum with preservation of ileal structure and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Laparotomy was performed on juvenile female mini-Yucatan pigs and a gelatin-encapsulated compressed nitinol spring was inserted into the ileal lumen and affixed proximally and distally. A control segment distal to the spring segment was marked with sutures. Postoperatively, pigs were placed on a liquid diet and euthanized on postoperative day 7. Spring and control segments were measured and processed for immunohistochemistry to evaluate for the presence of vitamin B12-intrinsic factor cotransporter, chromogranin A-producing cells, and 5-HT producing cells. RESULTS All seven pigs survived to postoperative day 7 with no adverse effects. On average, pigs gained 84.3 ± 66.4 g/d. Spring segments lengthened 1.5 ± 0.7 cm with a relative lengthening by 128% ± 56%, which was statistically significant when compared to control (P < 0.01). The average density of chromogranin-A cells in control compared to spring segments was not significantly changed (2.9 ± 1.1 cells/mm versus 3.2 ± 1.2 cells/mm, P = 0.17). Both vitamin B12-intrinsic factor cotransporter and 5-HT producing cells were present in both control and lengthened ileum. CONCLUSIONS Intraluminal nitinol springs significantly lengthened porcine ileum. The increase in density of enteroendocrine cells may indicate enhanced endocrine function of the lengthened ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha A Rafeeqi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Modupeola Diyaolu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anne-Laure Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Lauren S Y Wood
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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