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Meyer S, Hummel R, Neulen A, Hirnet T, Thal SC. Influence of traumatic brain injury on ipsilateral and contralateral cortical perfusion in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 795:137047. [PMID: 36603737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most important causes of death in young adults. After brain injury cortical perfusion is impaired by cortical spreading depression, cerebral microvasospasm or microvascular thrombosis and contributes to secondary expansion of lesion into surrounding healthy brain tissue. The present study was designed to determine the regional cortical perfusion pattern after experimental TBI induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in male C57/BL6N mice. We performed a longitudinal time series analysis by Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). Measurements were carried out before, immediately and 24 h after trauma. Immediately after CCI cortical perfusion in the lesion core dropped to 10 % of before injury (baseline; %BL) and to 21-24 %BL in the cortical area surrounding the core. Interestingly, cortical perfusion was also significantly reduced in the contralateral non-injured hemisphere (41-58 %BL) matching the corresponding brain region of the injured hemisphere. 24 h after CCI perfusion of the contralateral hemisphere returned to baseline level in the area corresponding to the lesion core, whereas the lateral area of the parietal cortex was hyperperfused (125 %BL). The lesion core region itself remained severely hypoperfused (18 to 26 %BL) during the observation period. TBI causes a maldistribution of both ipsi- and contralateral cerebral perfusion immediately after trauma, which persist for at least 24 h. Higher perfusion levels in the lesion core 24 h after trauma were associated with increased tissue damage, which supports the role of reperfusion injury for secondary brain damage after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Meyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Axel Neulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstraße 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Hummel R, Ulbrich S, Appel D, Li S, Hirnet T, Zander S, Bobkiewicz W, Gölz C, Schäfer MK. Administration of all-trans retinoic acid after experimental traumatic brain injury is brain protective. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5208-5223. [PMID: 32964418 PMCID: PMC7588818 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a vitamin A metabolite, important in the developing and mature brain. Pre-injury ATRA administration ameliorates ischaemic brain insults in rodents. This study examined the effects of post-traumatic ATRA treatment in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male adult mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact model of TBI or sham procedure and killed at 7 or 30 days post-injury (dpi). ATRA (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) was given immediately after the injury and 1, 2 and 3 dpi. Neurological function and sensorimotor coordination were evaluated. Brains were processed for (immuno-) histological, mRNA and protein analyses (qPCR and western blot). KEY RESULTS ATRA treatment reduced brain lesion size, reactive astrogliosis and axonal injury at 7 dpi, and hippocampal granule cell layer (GCL) integrity was protected at 7 and 30 dpi, independent of cell proliferation in neurogenic niches and blood-brain barrier damage. Neurological and motor deficits over time and the brain tissue loss at 30 dpi were not affected by ATRA treatment. ATRA decreased gene expression of markers for damage-associated molecular pattern (HMGB1), apoptosis (caspase-3 and Bax), activated microglia (TSPO), and reactive astrogliosis (GFAP, SerpinA3N) at 7 dpi and a subset of markers at 30 dpi (TSPO, GFAP). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In experimental TBI, post-traumatic ATRA administration exerted brain protective effects, including long-term protection of GCL integrity, but did not affect neurological and motor deficits. Further investigations are required to optimize treatment regimens to enhance ATRA's brain protective effects and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hummel
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Sebastian Ulbrich
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Dominik Appel
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Shuailong Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Sonja Zander
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Wieslawa Bobkiewicz
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Christina Gölz
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Michael K.E. Schäfer
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN)Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
- Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
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Griemert EV, Hedrich J, Hirnet T, Thal SC. Deficiency of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 Limits Brain Edema Formation after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2272-2278. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Hedrich
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Campos-Pires R, Hirnet T, Valeo F, Ong BE, Radyushkin K, Aldhoun J, Saville J, Edge CJ, Franks NP, Thal SC, Dickinson R. Xenon improves long-term cognitive function, reduces neuronal loss and chronic neuroinflammation, and improves survival after traumatic brain injury in mice. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:60-73. [PMID: 31122738 PMCID: PMC6676773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenon is a noble gas with neuroprotective properties that can improve short and long-term outcomes in young adult mice after controlled cortical impact. This follow-up study investigates the effects of xenon on very long-term outcomes and survival. Methods C57BL/6N young adult male mice (n=72) received single controlled cortical impact or sham surgery and were treated with either xenon (75% Xe:25% O2) or control gas (75% N2:25% O2). Outcomes measured were: (i) 24 h lesion volume and neurological outcome score; (ii) contextual fear conditioning at 2 weeks and 20 months; (iii) corpus callosum white matter quantification; (iv) immunohistological assessment of neuroinflammation and neuronal loss; and (v) long-term survival. Results Xenon treatment significantly reduced secondary injury (P<0.05), improved short-term vestibulomotor function (P<0.01), and prevented development of very late-onset traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related memory deficits. Xenon treatment reduced white matter loss in the contralateral corpus callosum and neuronal loss in the contralateral hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus areas at 20 months. Xenon's long-term neuroprotective effects were associated with a significant (P<0.05) reduction in neuroinflammation in multiple brain areas involved in associative memory, including reduction in reactive astrogliosis and microglial cell proliferation. Survival was improved significantly (P<0.05) in xenon-treated animals compared with untreated animals up to 12 months after injury. Conclusions Xenon treatment after TBI results in very long-term improvements in clinically relevant outcomes and survival. Our findings support the idea that xenon treatment shortly after TBI may have long-term benefits in the treatment of brain trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Campos-Pires
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, UK; Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK; Charing Cross Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Directorate, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Flavia Valeo
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, UK
| | - Bee Eng Ong
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, UK
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Mouse Behavioural Outcome Unit, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jitka Aldhoun
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, UK
| | - Joanna Saville
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, UK
| | - Christopher J Edge
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | | | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Centre of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Robert Dickinson
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, UK; Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK.
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Gölz C, Kirchhoff FP, Westerhorstmann J, Schmidt M, Hirnet T, Rune GM, Bender RA, Schäfer MKE. Sex hormones modulate pathogenic processes in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2019; 150:173-187. [PMID: 30790293 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies have revealed sex-specific differences in histopathological and neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The impact of perioperative administration of sex steroid inhibitors on TBI is still elusive. Here, we subjected male and female C57Bl/6N mice to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI and applied pharmacological inhibitors of steroid hormone synthesis, that is, letrozole (LET, inhibiting estradiol synthesis by aromatase) and finasteride (FIN, inhibiting dihydrotestosterone synthesis by 5α-reductase), respectively, starting 72 h prior CCI, and continuing for a further 48 h after CCI. Initial gene expression analyses showed that androgen (Ar) and estrogen receptors (Esr1) were sex-specifically altered 72 h after CCI. When examining brain lesion size, we found larger lesions in male than in female mice, but did not observe effects of FIN or LET treatment. However, LET treatment exacerbated neurological deficits 24 and 72 h after CCI. On the molecular level, FIN administration reduced calpain-dependent spectrin breakdown products, a proxy of excitotoxicity and disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, specifically in males, whereas LET increased the reactive astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acid protein specifically in females. Examination of neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal growth factor, NT-3) and their receptors (p75NTR , TrkA, TrkB, TrkC) revealed CCI-induced down-regulation of TrkB and TrkC protein expression, which was reduced by LET in both sexes. Interestingly, FIN decreased neuronal growth factor mRNA expression and protein levels of its receptor TrkA only in males. Taken together, our data suggest a sex-specific impact on pathogenic processes in the injured brain after TBI. Sex hormones may thus modulate pathogenic processes in experimental TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gölz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Paul Kirchhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland A Bender
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Mainz, Germany
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Campos-Pires R, Armstrong S, Sebastiani A, Luh C, Gruss M, Radyushkin K, Hirnet T, Werner C, Engelhard K, Franks N, Thal S, Dickinson R. Xenon treatment improves short-term and long-term outcomes in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Krämer T, Grob T, Menzel L, Hirnet T, Griemert E, Radyushkin K, Thal SC, Methner A, Schaefer MKE. Dimethyl fumarate treatment after traumatic brain injury prevents depletion of antioxidative brain glutathione and confers neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2017; 143:523-533. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krämer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Theresa Grob
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Eva Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Mouse Behavior Unit; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schaefer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN); Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
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Sebastiani A, Hirnet T, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Thal SC. Comparison of speed-vacuum method and heat-drying method to measure brain water content of small brain samples. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 276:73-78. [PMID: 27894783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reliable measurement of brain water content (wet-to-dry ratio) is an important prerequisite for conducting research on mechanisms of brain edema formation. The conventionally used oven-drying method suffers from several limitations, especially in small samples. A technically demanding and time-consuming alternative is freeze-drying. NEW METHOD Centrifugal vacuum concentrators (e.g. SpeedVac/speed-vacuum drying) are a combination of vacuum-drying and centrifugation, used to reduce the boiling temperature. These concentrators have the key advantages of improving the freeze-drying speed and maintaining the integrity of dried samples, thus, allowing e.g. DNA analyses. In the present study, we compared the heat-oven with speed-vacuum technique with regard to efficacy to remove moisture from water and brain samples and their effectiveness to distinguish treatment paradigms after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by controlled cortical impact (CCI). RESULTS Both techniques effectively removed water, the oven technique taking 24h and vacuum-drying taking 48h. Vacuum-drying showed lower variations in small samples (30-45mg) and was suitable for genomic analysis as exemplified by sex genotyping. The effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaBic8.4%) on brain edema formation after CCI was investigated in small samples (2×1mm). Only vacuum-drying showed low variation and significant improvement under NaBic8.4% treatment. COMPARISON WITH AN EXISTING METHOD The receiver operating curves (ROC) analysis demonstrated that vacuum-drying (area under the curve (AUC):0.867-0.967) was superior to the conventional heat-drying method (AUC:0.367-0.567). CONCLUSIONS The vacuum method is superior in terms of quantifying water content in small samples. In addition, vacuum-dried samples can also be used for subsequent analyses, e.g., PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hirnet
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Jahn-Eimermacher
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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