1
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Böttcher J, Fuchs JE, Mayer M, Kahmann J, Zak KM, Wunberg T, Woehrle S, Kessler D. Ligandability assessment of the C-terminal Rel-homology domain of NFAT1. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2300649. [PMID: 38396281 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors are generally considered challenging, if not "undruggable", targets but they promise new therapeutic options due to their fundamental involvement in many diseases. In this study, we aim to assess the ligandability of the C-terminal Rel-homology domain of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), a TF implicated in T-cell regulation. Using a combination of experimental and computational approaches, we demonstrate that small molecule fragments can indeed bind to this protein domain. The newly identified binder is the first small molecule binder to NFAT1 validated with biophysical methods and an elucidated binding mode by X-ray crystallography. The reported eutomer/distomer pair provides a strong basis for potential exploration of higher potency binders on the path toward degrader or glue modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Simon Woehrle
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Kim D, Herdeis L, Rudolph D, Zhao Y, Böttcher J, Vides A, Ayala-Santos CI, Pourfarjam Y, Cuevas-Navarro A, Xue JY, Mantoulidis A, Bröker J, Wunberg T, Schaaf O, Popow J, Wolkerstorfer B, Kropatsch KG, Qu R, de Stanchina E, Sang B, Li C, McConnell DB, Kraut N, Lito P. Pan-KRAS inhibitor disables oncogenic signalling and tumour growth. Nature 2023; 619:160-166. [PMID: 37258666 PMCID: PMC10322706 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated proteins in cancer, and efforts to directly inhibit its function have been continuing for decades. The most successful of these has been the development of covalent allele-specific inhibitors that trap KRAS G12C in its inactive conformation and suppress tumour growth in patients1-7. Whether inactive-state selective inhibition can be used to therapeutically target non-G12C KRAS mutants remains under investigation. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a non-covalent inhibitor that binds preferentially and with high affinity to the inactive state of KRAS while sparing NRAS and HRAS. Although limited to only a few amino acids, the evolutionary divergence in the GTPase domain of RAS isoforms was sufficient to impart orthosteric and allosteric constraints for KRAS selectivity. The inhibitor blocked nucleotide exchange to prevent the activation of wild-type KRAS and a broad range of KRAS mutants, including G12A/C/D/F/V/S, G13C/D, V14I, L19F, Q22K, D33E, Q61H, K117N and A146V/T. Inhibition of downstream signalling and proliferation was restricted to cancer cells harbouring mutant KRAS, and drug treatment suppressed KRAS mutant tumour growth in mice, without having a detrimental effect on animal weight. Our study suggests that most KRAS oncoproteins cycle between an active state and an inactive state in cancer cells and are dependent on nucleotide exchange for activation. Pan-KRAS inhibitors, such as the one described here, have broad therapeutic implications and merit clinical investigation in patients with KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsung Kim
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Yulei Zhao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alberto Vides
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos I Ayala-Santos
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasin Pourfarjam
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Cuevas-Navarro
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Y Xue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Qu
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ben Sang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuanchuan Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Piro Lito
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Bröker J, Waterson AG, Smethurst C, Kessler D, Böttcher J, Mayer M, Gmaschitz G, Phan J, Little A, Abbott JR, Sun Q, Gmachl M, Rudolph D, Arnhof H, Rumpel K, Savarese F, Gerstberger T, Mischerikow N, Treu M, Herdeis L, Wunberg T, Gollner A, Weinstabl H, Mantoulidis A, Krämer O, McConnell DB, W. Fesik S. Fragment Optimization of Reversible Binding to the Switch II Pocket on KRAS Leads to a Potent, In Vivo Active KRAS G12C Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14614-14629. [PMID: 36300829 PMCID: PMC9661478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activating mutations
in KRAS are the most frequent oncogenic alterations
in cancer. The oncogenic hotspot position 12, located at the lip of
the switch II pocket, offers a covalent attachment point for KRASG12C inhibitors. To date, KRASG12C inhibitors have
been discovered by first covalently binding to the cysteine at position
12 and then optimizing pocket binding. We report on the discovery
of the in vivo active KRASG12C inhibitor BI-0474 using
a different approach, in which small molecules that bind reversibly
to the switch II pocket were identified and then optimized for non-covalent
binding using structure-based design. Finally, the Michael acceptor
containing warhead was attached. Our approach offers not only an alternative
approach to discovering KRASG12C inhibitors but also provides
a starting point for the discovery of inhibitors against other oncogenic
KRAS mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Bröker
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alex G. Waterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Chris Smethurst
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Gmaschitz
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Andrew Little
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Jason R. Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Michael Gmachl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Rudolph
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Arnhof
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Savarese
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Mischerikow
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Treu
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Herdeis
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Wunberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Weinstabl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mantoulidis
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Krämer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B. McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen W. Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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4
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Ramharter J, Kessler D, Ettmayer P, Hofmann MH, Gerstberger T, Gmachl M, Wunberg T, Kofink C, Sanderson M, Arnhof H, Bader G, Rumpel K, Zöphel A, Schnitzer R, Böttcher J, O'Connell JC, Mendes RL, Richard D, Pototschnig N, Weiner I, Hela W, Hauer K, Haering D, Lamarre L, Wolkerstorfer B, Salamon C, Werni P, Munico-Martinez S, Meyer R, Kennedy MD, Kraut N, McConnell DB. One Atom Makes All the Difference: Getting a Foot in the Door between SOS1 and KRAS. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6569-6580. [PMID: 33719426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KRAS, the most common oncogenic driver in human cancers, is controlled and signals primarily through protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The interaction between KRAS and SOS1, crucial for the activation of KRAS, is a typical, challenging PPI with a large contact surface area and high affinity. Here, we report that the addition of only one atom placed between Y884SOS1 and A73KRAS is sufficient to convert SOS1 activators into SOS1 inhibitors. We also disclose the discovery of BI-3406. Combination with the upstream EGFR inhibitor afatinib shows in vivo efficacy against KRASG13D mutant colorectal tumor cells, demonstrating the utility of BI-3406 to probe SOS1 biology. These findings challenge the dogma that large molecules are required to disrupt challenging PPIs. Instead, a "foot in the door" approach, whereby single atoms or small functional groups placed between key PPI interactions, can lead to potent inhibitors even for challenging PPIs such as SOS1-KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Ramharter
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco H Hofmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gmachl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Wunberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Kofink
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sanderson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Arnhof
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zöphel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan C O'Connell
- Forma Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal Street, Suite 100, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Rachel L Mendes
- Forma Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal Street, Suite 100, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - David Richard
- Forma Therapeutics, 500 Arsenal Street, Suite 100, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Nikolai Pototschnig
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Weiner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hela
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Hauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Haering
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lyne Lamarre
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wolkerstorfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Salamon
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Werni
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Munico-Martinez
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reiner Meyer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew D Kennedy
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Hofmann MH, Gmachl M, Ramharter J, Savarese F, Gerlach D, Marszalek JR, Sanderson MP, Kessler D, Trapani F, Arnhof H, Rumpel K, Botesteanu DA, Ettmayer P, Gerstberger T, Kofink C, Wunberg T, Zoephel A, Fu SC, Teh JL, Böttcher J, Pototschnig N, Schachinger F, Schipany K, Lieb S, Vellano CP, O'Connell JC, Mendes RL, Moll J, Petronczki M, Heffernan TP, Pearson M, McConnell DB, Kraut N. BI-3406, a Potent and Selective SOS1-KRAS Interaction Inhibitor, Is Effective in KRAS-Driven Cancers through Combined MEK Inhibition. Cancer Discov 2020; 11:142-157. [PMID: 32816843 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated driver of pancreatic, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancers. Direct KRAS blockade has proved challenging, and inhibition of a key downstream effector pathway, the RAF-MEK-ERK cascade, has shown limited success because of activation of feedback networks that keep the pathway in check. We hypothesized that inhibiting SOS1, a KRAS activator and important feedback node, represents an effective approach to treat KRAS-driven cancers. We report the discovery of a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable small-molecule SOS1 inhibitor, BI-3406, that binds to the catalytic domain of SOS1, thereby preventing the interaction with KRAS. BI-3406 reduces formation of GTP-loaded RAS and limits cellular proliferation of a broad range of KRAS-driven cancers. Importantly, BI-3406 attenuates feedback reactivation induced by MEK inhibitors and thereby enhances sensitivity of KRAS-dependent cancers to MEK inhibition. Combined SOS1 and MEK inhibition represents a novel and effective therapeutic concept to address KRAS-driven tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: To date, there are no effective targeted pan-KRAS therapies. In-depth characterization of BI-3406 activity and identification of MEK inhibitors as effective combination partners provide an attractive therapeutic concept for the majority of KRAS-mutant cancers, including those fueled by the most prevalent mutant KRAS oncoproteins, G12D, G12V, G12C, and G13D.See related commentary by Zhao et al., p. 17.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph R Marszalek
- TRACTION Platform, Division of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Szu-Chin Fu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica L Teh
- TRACTION Platform, Division of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Simone Lieb
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- TRACTION Platform, Division of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Jurgen Moll
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Timothy P Heffernan
- TRACTION Platform, Division of Therapeutics Discovery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Hofmann MH, Gmachl M, Ramharter J, Savarese F, Gerlach D, Marszalek JR, Sanderson MP, Trapani F, Kessler D, Rumpel K, Botesteanu DA, Ettmayer P, Arnhof H, Gerstberger T, Kofink C, Wunberg T, Fu SC, Teh J, Vellano CP, O’Connell JC, Mendes RL, Moll J, Heffernan TP, Pearson M, McConnell DB, Kraut N. Abstract PL06-01: Discovery of BI-3406: A potent and selective SOS1::KRAS inhibitor opens a new approach for treating KRAS-driven tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-19-pl06-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene with high prevalence in pancreatic, colorectal, and non-small cell lung tumors. KRAS signaling is tightly regulated and various factors, including negative feedback pathways have limited the clinical efficacy of inhibitors of downstream MAPK signaling in the KRAS mutant context. Here we report the discovery of BI-3406 and demonstrate it is a highly potent and selective, orally bioavailable SOS1::KRAS inhibitor which binds to the catalytic domain of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) SOS1 thereby preventing the interaction with KRAS-GDP. BI-3406 does not block the interaction of KRAS with SOS2 but elicits activity on a broad panel of KRAS oncogenic variants, including all major G12 and G13 oncoproteins. In KRAS-dependent cancers, BI-3406 potently reduces the formation of GTP-loaded KRAS, and inhibits MAPK pathway signaling. Down-modulation of this signaling cascade by BI-3406 in KRAS G12 or G13 mutant cells effectively limits cell proliferation. As a monotherapy, BI-3406 modulates signaling, as assessed by p-ERK and target genes, and displays marked anti-tumor efficacy in KRAS mutant xenografts. Due to BI-3406 blocking the negative feedback relief induced by MAPK inhibition, it has the potential to sensitize KRAS-dependent cancers to MEK inhibitor treatment. Combination with MEK inhibition leads to profound pathway blockade and tumor regressions in vivo. The combination of SOS1 and MEK inhibition is a potential therapy for the majority of KRAS-driven cancers including those fuelled by the most prevalent KRAS mutant oncoproteins. Furthermore, the pharmacological properties of BI-3406 and close analogues hold the promise of a significant treatment benefit in a broad patient population that is currently lacking precision medicine options. A Phase 1 clinical trial is in preparation for patients with advanced KRAS-mutated cancers to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and preliminary efficacy of BI 1701963, a SOS1::KRAS inhibitor closely related to BI-3406.
Citation Format: Marco H Hofmann, Michael Gmachl, Jürgen Ramharter, Fabio Savarese, Daniel Gerlach, Joseph R Marszalek, Michael P Sanderson, Francesca Trapani, Dirk Kessler, Klaus Rumpel, Dana-Adriana Botesteanu, Peter Ettmayer, Heribert Arnhof, Thomas Gerstberger, Christiane Kofink, Tobias Wunberg, Szu-Chin Fu, Jessica Teh, Christopher P. Vellano, Jonathan C. O’Connell, Rachel L Mendes, Juergen Moll, Timothy P. Heffernan, Mark Pearson, Darryl B McConnell, Norbert Kraut. Discovery of BI-3406: A potent and selective SOS1::KRAS inhibitor opens a new approach for treating KRAS-driven tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PL06-01. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-PL06-01
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Szu-Chin Fu
- 2The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jessica Teh
- 2The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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7
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Engelhardt H, Böse D, Petronczki M, Scharn D, Bader G, Baum A, Bergner A, Chong E, Döbel S, Egger G, Engelhardt C, Ettmayer P, Fuchs JE, Gerstberger T, Gonnella N, Grimm A, Grondal E, Haddad N, Hopfgartner B, Kousek R, Krawiec M, Kriz M, Lamarre L, Leung J, Mayer M, Patel ND, Simov BP, Reeves JT, Schnitzer R, Schrenk A, Sharps B, Solca F, Stadtmüller H, Tan Z, Wunberg T, Zoephel A, McConnell DB. Start Selective and Rigidify: The Discovery Path toward a Next Generation of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10272-10293. [PMID: 31689114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), when carrying an activating mutation like del19 or L858R, acts as an oncogenic driver in a subset of lung tumors. While tumor responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are accompanied by marked tumor shrinkage, the response is usually not durable. Most patients relapse within two years of therapy often due to acquisition of an additional mutation in EGFR kinase domain that confers resistance to TKIs. Crucially, oncogenic EGFR harboring both resistance mutations, T790M and C797S, can no longer be inhibited by currently approved EGFR TKIs. Here, we describe the discovery of BI-4020, which is a noncovalent, wild-type EGFR sparing, macrocyclic TKI. BI-4020 potently inhibits the above-described EGFR variants and induces tumor regressions in a cross-resistant EGFRdel19 T790M C797S xenograft model. Key was the identification of a highly selective but moderately potent benzimidazole followed by complete rigidification of the molecule through macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Engelhardt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Dietrich Böse
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Mark Petronczki
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Dirk Scharn
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Anke Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Andreas Bergner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Eugene Chong
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Sandra Döbel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Georg Egger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Christian Engelhardt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Nina Gonnella
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Andreas Grimm
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Elisabeth Grondal
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Nizar Haddad
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Barbara Hopfgartner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Roland Kousek
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Mariusz Krawiec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Monika Kriz
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Lyne Lamarre
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Joyce Leung
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Nitinchandra D Patel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Biljana Peric Simov
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Jonathan T Reeves
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Andreas Schrenk
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Bernadette Sharps
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Flavio Solca
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Heinz Stadtmüller
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Zhulin Tan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877 , United States
| | - Tobias Wunberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Andreas Zoephel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG , Dr-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11 , Vienna 1120 , Austria
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8
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Wernitznig A, Rudolph D, Samwer M, Schweifer N, Trapani F, Wunberg T, Arnhof H, Lee T, Sensintaffar JL, Olejniczak ET, Benes CH, Fesik SW, Kraut N. Abstract 3987: Predicting MCL1 inhibitor sensitivity in large cell line panels using a gene expression signature. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
MCL1, an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family of proteins, is a key regulator of cancer cell survival and a known resistance factor to anti-cancer drugs, making it a highly desirable target for therapeutic intervention. Recently several MCL1 inhibitors have entered Phase I clinical development. Data derived from large cancer cell line panels suggest, that cell lines of hematopoietic origin are more broadly sensitive to MCL1 inhibition, than cell lines derived from solid tumor types. In particular, for the therapy of solid tumor patients with an MCL1 inhibitor, a patient selection biomarker would be highly desirable.
Published in vitro data using various MCL1 inhibitors, siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 technology show that tumor cell lines with low BCL-XL gene expression are mostly sensitive to MCL1 inhibition, down-regulation or inactivation. Here we show that by adding the gene expression data of additional six genes (including the MCL1 binding partner BAK1) to BCL-XL, a supervised learning predictor was applied and could reach a performance of almost 80% correctly classified solid tumor cell lines. This new predictor has been applied to either tumor samples, adjacent normal tissues or normal tissue samples from TCGA and GTEx. Briefly, most normal tissue samples are categorized as being sensitive. Moreover, solid tumor samples in contrast to solid tumor cell lines are predicted to be broadly sensitive to MCL1 inhibition with a predicted anti-tumor effect rate of 60% to 95%. In summary, our work describes the translational challenges using cell line-derived predictors on ex vivo tumor samples.
Citation Format: Andreas Wernitznig, Dorothea Rudolph, Matthias Samwer, Norbert Schweifer, Francesca Trapani, Tobias Wunberg, Heribert Arnhof, Teakyu Lee, John L. Sensintaffar, Edward T. Olejniczak, Cyril H. Benes, Stephen W. Fesik, Norbert Kraut. Predicting MCL1 inhibitor sensitivity in large cell line panels using a gene expression signature [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3987.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Kraut
- 1Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Gollner A, Rudolph D, Arnhof H, Bauer M, Blake SM, Boehmelt G, Cockroft XL, Dahmann G, Ettmayer P, Gerstberger T, Karolyi-Oezguer J, Kessler D, Kofink C, Ramharter J, Rinnenthal J, Savchenko A, Schnitzer R, Weinstabl H, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Wunberg T, McConnell DB. Discovery of Novel Spiro[3H-indole-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one Compounds as Chemically Stable and Orally Active Inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 Interaction. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10147-10162. [PMID: 27775892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold modification based on Wang's pioneering MDM2-p53 inhibitors led to novel, chemically stable spiro-oxindole compounds bearing a spiro[3H-indole-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one scaffold that are not prone to epimerization as observed for the initial spiro[3H-indole-3,3'-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one scaffold. Further structure-based optimization inspired by natural product architectures led to a complex fused ring system ideally suited to bind to the MDM2 protein and to interrupt its protein-protein interaction (PPI) with TP53. The compounds are highly selective and show in vivo efficacy in a SJSA-1 xenograft model even when given as a single dose as demonstrated for 4-[(3S,3'S,3'aS,5'R,6'aS)-6-chloro-3'-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1'-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3',3'a,4',5',6',6'a-octahydro-1'H-spiro[indole-3,2'-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole]-5'-yl]benzoic acid (BI-0252).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Rudolph
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Arnhof
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Bauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia M Blake
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Boehmelt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiao-Ling Cockroft
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Dahmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jale Karolyi-Oezguer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Kofink
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Ramharter
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Rinnenthal
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Savchenko
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Weinstabl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Wunberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Lobell M, Hendrix M, Hinzen B, Keldenich J, Meier H, Schmeck C, Schohe-Loop R, Wunberg T, Hillisch A. In silico ADMET traffic lights as a tool for the prioritization of HTS hits. ChemMedChem 2007; 1:1229-36. [PMID: 16991174 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The need for in silico characterization of HTS hit structures as part of a data-driven hit-selection process is demonstrated. A solution is described in the form of an in silico ADMET traffic light and PhysChem scoring system. This has been extensively validated with in-house data at Bayer, published data, and a collection of launched small-molecule oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lobell
- Bayer HealthCare AG, PH-GDD-EURC-CR, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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11
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Wunberg T, Hendrix M, Hillisch A, Lobell M, Meier H, Schmeck C, Wild H, Hinzen B. Improving the hit-to-lead process: data-driven assessment of drug-like and lead-like screening hits. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:175-80. [PMID: 16533716 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug-like and lead-like hits derived from HTS campaigns provide good starting points for lead optimization. However, too strong emphasis on potency as hit-selection parameter might hamper the success of such projects. A detailed absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicology (ADME-Tox) profiling is needed to help identify hits with a minimum number of (known) liabilities. This is particularly true for drug-like hits. Herein, we describe how to break down large numbers of screening hits and we provide a comprehensive overview of the strengths and weaknesses for each structural class. The overall profile (e.g. ligand efficiency, selectivity and ADME-Tox) is the distinctive feature that will define the priority for follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wunberg
- Bayer HealthCare, Pharma Research & Development, Medicinal Chemistry, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Due to their high density of functional groups and their availability in a variety of diastereomeric forms, monosaccharides are considered attractive scaffolds for combinatorial chemistry that allow the attachment and defined spatial alignment of up to five different pharmacophoric groups. For their application in combinatorial syntheses on solid phase, a set of selectively removable hydroxy protecting groups in combination with a cleavable anchor is required. Herein, we report on the construction and use of a versatile multivalent glucose building block for parallel synthesis on the solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Kallus C, Opatz T, Wunberg T, Schmidt W, Henke S, Kunz H. Combinatorial solid-phase synthesis using D-galactose as a chiral five-dimension-deversity scaffold. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wunberg T, Kallus C, Opatz T, Henke S, Schmidt W, Kunz H. Carbohydrates as Multifunctional Chiral Scaffolds in Combinatorial Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998; 37:2503-2505. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19981002)37:18<2503::aid-anie2503>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1998] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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