A novel vaccine strategy against Brucellosis using Brucella abortus multi-epitope OMPs vaccine based on Lactococcus lactis live bacterial vectors

Brucella infections typically occur in mucosal membranes, emphasizing the need for mucosal vaccinations. This study evaluated the effectiveness of orally administering Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) for producing the Brucella abortus multi-epitope OMPs peptide. A multi-epitope plasmid was generated through a reverse vaccinology method, and mice were administered the genetically modified L. lactis orally as a vaccine. The plasmid underwent digestion, synthesizing a 39 kDa-sized protein known as OMPs by the target group. The sera of mice that were administered the pNZ8124-OMPs-L. lactis vaccine exhibited a notable presence of IgG1 antibodies specific to outer membrane proteins (OMPs), heightened levels of interferon (IFN-λ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and enhanced transcription rates of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). The spleen sections from the pNZ8124-OMPs-L. lactis and IRIBA group had less morphological damage associated with inflammation, infiltration of lymphocytes, and lesions to the spleen. The findings present a novel approach to utilizing the food-grade, non-pathogenic L. lactis as a protein cell factory to synthesize innovative immunological candidate OMPs. This approach offers a distinctive way to evaluate experimental medicinal items' practicality, safety, affordability, and long-term sustainability.

CRISPR du-HITI an attractive approach to targeting Long Noncoding RNA HCP5 as inhibitory factor for proliferation of ovarian cancer cell

This research provides a glimmer of hope that the knockout of HCP5 leads to a therapy response to considerably prolong the life of patients with OC. RT-PCR evaluated the expression of lncRNA HCP5 in the ovarian cancer OVCAR-3 cell line. CRISPR knockout cell lines validated by western blot. Small genomic deletions at the targeted locus were induced. CCK-8 colony formation assays were used to analyze the effect of HCP5 knockout on the proliferation capacity of OVCAR-3 cells. Transwell migration and invasion assayed. Furthermore, the Sphere-formation assay isolated the most aggressive population of cancer stem cells. Bioinformatic analysis showed a significant correlation between lncRNA HCP5 up-regulation and OVCAR-3 cell proliferation. The ChIP technique assesses specific sites of interaction between transcription factors and DNA. Real-time PCR assays explored the relationship between HCP5, Hsa-miR-9-5p, CXCR4, CDH1, caspase-3, p53, bcl2 and survivin. PCR carried out amplification of the 448-bp band for sgRNA1 and sgRNA2 after the use of particular primers for HCP5. the number of breast cancer cells that moved to the bottom chamber reduced considerably after transfection with PX461-sgRNA1/2 vectors compared to the Blank control groups (P < 0.05). MTT assay designated growth curves that showed the rate of OVCAR-3 growth was significantly repressed (***P < 0.001) when compared with control OVCAR-3 cells after HCP5 knockdown. Also, the survival results of W.T cells in 24, 48 and 72 h showed 92%, 87% and 85%, respectively. This is while the cells of the CRISPR/Cas9 group in which LncRNA HCP5 was knocked out had 42% (*P < 0.05), 23%(**P < 0.01) and 14% (**P < 0.01) survival, respectively. The expression levels of caspase-3, Hsa-miR-9-5p, P53 genes in the HCP5 deletion of CRISPR/Cas9 group significantly increased than the W.T. control group; the deletion group showed a considerable reduction in HCP5 expression compared to the blank control group (3.6-fold, p < 0.01). Whereas BCL2, SURVIVIN, CXCR4, CDH1 genes expression markedly increased than in HCP5 knockout cells (5.8-fold, p < 0.05). These results indicate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HCP5 disruption on OVCAR-3 cell lines promotes anti-tumor biomarkers, suppressing ovarian cancer progression. Consistent with these results, HCP5 is one of the most critical lnc for the efficient proliferation and migration of OVCAR-3 cell lines.

PIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI vaccination activated a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 immune system defense towards Helicobacter pylori infection in the BALB/c mice model

The occurrence of gastritis, gastric ulcers, distal gastric cancer, and gastric mucosal lymphoma in humans is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Vaccination is an effective preventive measure due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Fusion vaccination is a potentially practical approach. A fusion vaccine was created in this study by combining the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) with the antigenic H. pylori urease I subunit (CTB-UreI). The CTB-UreI DNA vaccine was chemically cloned into pIRES2-EGFP, and the success of the cloning was validated using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. An investigation was conducted on the induction of CTB-UreI in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The immunogenicity and immune-protective efficacy of the vaccination were assessed in BALB/c mice. The Western blot assay successfully identified the activation of CTB-UreI. In comparison, BALB/c mice receiving pIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI vaccination exhibited higher IgG, IgA, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 levels in their blood samples. In addition, there was a decrease in stomach injuries and bacterial loads. Furthermore, BALB/c mice inoculated with pIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI showed a high level of immunity (100%) against the H. pylori challenge. The pIRES2-EGFP/CTB-UreI elicited a combination of Th1/Th2/Th17 immune responses, possibly contributing to an effective defence mechanism. Our data suggests that using this fusion vaccine to prevent H. pylori infection is a promising option.

Oral administration of DNA alginate nanovaccine induced immune-protection against Helicobacter pylori in Balb/C mice

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori), is an established causative factor for the development of gastric cancer and the induction of persistent stomach infections that may lead to peptic ulcers. In recent decades, several endeavours have been undertaken to develop a vaccine for H. pylori, although none have advanced to the clinical phase. The development of a successful H. pylori vaccine is hindered by particular challenges, such as the absence of secure mucosal vaccines to enhance local immune responses, the absence of identified antigens that are effective in vaccinations, and the absence of recognized indicators of protection.

METHODS

The DNA vaccine was chemically cloned, and the cloning was verified using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. The efficacy of the vaccination was investigated. The immunogenicity and immune-protective efficacy of the vaccination were assessed in BALB/c mice. This study demonstrated that administering a preventive Alginate/pCI-neo-UreH Nanovaccine directly into the stomach effectively triggered a robust immune response to protect against H. pylori infection in mice.

RESULTS

The level of immune protection achieved with this nano vaccine was similar to that observed when using the widely accepted formalin-killed H. pylori Hel 305 as a positive control. The Alginate/pCI-neo-UreH Nanovaccine composition elicited significant mucosal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses and strong intestinal and systemic Th1 responses. Moreover, the activation of IL-17R signaling is necessary for the defensive Th1 immune responses in the intestines triggered by Alginate/pCI-neo-UreH.

CONCLUSION

Alginate/pCI-neo-UreH is a potential Nanovaccine for use in an oral vaccine versus H. pylori infection, according to our findings.

Potential Gastric Cancer Immunotherapy: Stimulating the Immune System with Helicobacter pylori pIRES2-DsRed-Express-ureF DNA Vaccines

Most gastric cancers (GC) are thought to be caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections. However, there is mounting evidence that GC patients with positive H. pylori status have improved prognoses. The H. pylori-induced cellular immune reaction may inhibit cancer. In this study, BALB/c mice were immunized using recombinant plasmids that encode the ureF gene of H. pylori. Purified functional splenic CD3+ T lymphocytes are used to study the anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. The immunological state of GC patients with ongoing H. pylori infection is mimicked by the H. pylori DNA vaccines, which cause a change in the reaction from Th1 to Th2. Human GC cells grow more slowly when stimulated CD3+ T lymphocytes are used as adoptive infusions because they reduce GC xenograft development in vivo. The more excellent ratios of infiltrating CD8+/CD4+ T cells, the decreased invasion of regulatory FOXP3+ Treg lymphocytes, and the increased apoptosis brought on by Caspase9/Caspase-3 overexpression and Survivin downregulation may all contribute to the consequences. Our findings suggest that in people with advanced GC, H. pylori pIRES2-DsRed-Express-ureF DNA vaccines may have immunotherapeutic utility.

Chitosan/Pectin Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Echinacea pallida: a Focus on Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

In recent years, the alarming spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a grave global threat to public health, resulting in millions of fatalities worldwide. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms have emerged due to the broad spread of resistance and the sharing of resistance genes between various varieties of bacteria. A promising strategy for treating difficult-to-treat bacterial infections is the development of nanomaterial-based therapeutics that could circumvent existing pathways linked to acquire drug resistance. The objectives of this study were to prepare chitosan/pectin-encapsulated Echinacea pallida (E. pallida) extract and evaluate its efficacy against MDR isolates. E. pallida extract was encapsulated into chitosan (CS)/pectin (PN) nanoparticles (NPs) using the gelation technique in the present study. The synthesized NPs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the nanoparticles against S. aureus has been assessed and explored. In addition, the toxicity of synthetic NPs against HEK 93 cells was evaluated. The interactions between functional groups were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The CS/PN NPs were spherical with uniform surfaces, and their dimension ranged from 80 to 110 nm. The PDI of the E. pallida extract was 0.521, and its entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 84.35%. The synthesized CS/PN NPs exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against bacteria relevant to public health. In addition, the results demonstrated that the extract-containing NPs had no toxic impact on HEK-93 cells. The findings presented here should aid the development of novel plant extracts with enhanced stability and antibacterial activity, thereby reducing the need for antibiotics.

Novel Niosome-Encapsulated 2,5-Diketopiperazine (BHPPD): Synthesis, Formulation, and Anti-breast Cancer Activity

In the course of this investigation, a brand-new noisome-encapsulated 2,5-diketopiperazine (BHPPD) was developed, synthesized, and assessed. Utilizing CCK-8, invasion screens, MTT test, flow cytometry, and cell cycle analysis, we evaluated the anti-breast cancer properties of niosome-encapsulated BHPPD. Apoptosis-related gene expression and cytotoxicity was measured using quantitative real-time PCR and MTT assays. This meta-analysis showed a significant drug-binding affinity for intestinal protease. The spherical mean diameters of the free BHPPD, the F1 niosomal-BHPPD, and the F2 niosomal-BHPPD were all determined to be108.91 ± 4.2, 129.13 ± 7.2 nm, and 149.43 ± 3.2 nm, respectively. Also, it was found that the entrapment efficiency (EE%) of the F1 formulations of BHPPD that was niosome-encapsulated was 81.01 0.09% and that it was 70.22 0.13%, respectively. Early, late, necrotic, and viable MCF-7 cells were present in the cells with F1 formulation in proportions of 38.24%, 34.34%, 4.02%, and 23.40%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the treatment group's expression of the genes P57, Prkca, MDM4, Map2k6, and FADD was considerably greater (P < 0.001). Furthermore, compared to control cells, cells in the treatment group expressed less BCL2 and survival genes (P < 0.001). Moreover, formulations of BHPPD encapsulated in niosomes showed a biocompatible nanoscale delivery method and exhibited little cytotoxicity against the HEK-293 standard cell line. According to the findings, formulations of BHPPD with niosome-encapsulation might be viable for boosting anticancer activity.

Simultaneous and rapid detection of avian respiratory diseases of small poultry using multiplex reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction assay

Major viral infections, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian influenza virus, and infectious bursal disease virus, inflict significant injury to small poultry and tremendous economic damage to the poultry sector. This research aims to develop a multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (m-RT-PCR) approach to simultaneously determine these important viral pathogens. The conserved segment of various viral genetic sequences was used to design and synthesize specific primers. Moreover, as positive controls, recombinant vectors were synthesized in this investigation. The d-optimal approach was used to improve PCR conditions in this investigation. Positive controls and clinical samples were used to assess the m-PCR assay's specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. According to the sensitivity test findings, the m-PCR technique could generate the 8 target genes from viral genomes using 1 × 102. In addition, 8 viral pathogens were detected from the infected samples. The findings also suggest that live animal oral swabs were not significantly different from tissue sampling of a dead animal (P < 0.05), and this kit had a high sensitivity for analyzing both types of samples. The suggested m-PCR test may detect and evaluate viral infection in birds with excellent specificity, sensitivity, and throughput.

Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw poultry meat: frequency and molecular characteristics

Even though Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a serious pathogen, its origin is unknown. Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Quebec, Goose, and Ostrich) are consumed as a regular protein source by a large number of people across the world; therefore, sanitary ways of delivering poultry for food are important for global health. As a result, we looked at the distribution of the pathogenicity cagA, vacA, babA2, oipA, and iceA in H. pylori isolates in poultry meat, as well as their antimicrobial resistance. Wilkins Chalgren anaerobic bacterial medium was used to cultivate 320 raw poultry specimens. Disk diffusion and Multiplex-PCR were used to investigate antimicrobial resistance and genotyping patterns, separately. H. pylori was found in 20 of 320 (6.25%) raw poultry samples. The highest incidence of H. pylori was found in chicken raw meat (15%), whereas the fewest was found in Goose and Quebec (0.00%). Resistance to ampicillin (85%), tetracycline (85%), and amoxicillin (75%) were greatest in H. pylori isolates. The percentage of H. pylori isolates with a MAR value of more than 0.2 was 17/20 (85%). The most prevalent genotypes discovered were VacA s1a (75%), m1a (75%), s2 (70%) and m2 (65%), and cagA (60%). The most typically discovered genotype patterns were s1am1a (45%), s2m1a (45%), and s2m2 (30%). BabA2, OipA + , and OipA- genotypes were found in 40%, 30%, and 30% of the population. In summary, the poultry flesh was polluted by H. pylori, with the babA2, vacA, and cagA genotypes being more prevalent. The simultaneous occurrence of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, and babA2 genotypes in antibiotic-resistant H. pylori bacteria implies a serious public health concern about raw poultry eating. In the future, researchers should look into H. pylori's resistance to multiple antibacterial drugs in Iran.

Designing Alginate/Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Echinacea angustifolia: A Novel Candidate For Combating Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Nanoparticles (NPs) may help treat multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR). This study prepared and evaluated chitosan/alginate-encapsulated Echinacea angustifolia extract against MDR strains. Evaluating synthesized NPs with SEM, DLS, and FTIR. Congo red agar and colorimetric plate techniques examined isolate biofilm formation. NP antibacterial power was assessed using well diffusion. Real-time PCR assessed biofilm-forming genes. MTT assessed the synthesized NPs' toxicity. According to DLS measurements, spherical E. angustifolia NPs had a diameter of 335.3 ± 1.43 nm. The PDI was 0.681, and the entrapment effectiveness (EE%) of the E. angustifolia extract reached 83.45 %. Synthesized NPs were most antimicrobial. S. aureus resistant to several treatments was 80 percent of 100 clinical samples. Biofilm production was linked to MDR in all strains. The ALG/CS-encapsulated extract had a 4 to 32-fold lower MIC than the free extract, which had no bactericidal action. They also significantly decreased the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation. E. angustifolia-encapsulated ALG/CS decreased IcaD, IcaA, and IcaC gene expression in all MDR strains (***p<0.001). Free extract, free NPs, and E. angustifolia-NPs had 57.5%, 85.5%, and 90.0% cell viability at 256 μg/ml. These discoveries could assist generate stable plant extracts by releasing natural-derived substances under controlled conditions.

Novel adjuvant nano-vaccine induced immune response against Acinetobacter baumannii

Developing adjuvant vaccines to combat rising multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) infections is a promising and cost-effective approach. The aim of this analysis was to construct a pDNA-CPG C274-adjuvant nano-vaccine and investigate its immunogenicity and protection in BALB/c mice. The CPG ODN C274 adjuvant was chemically synthesized and cloned into pcDNA3.1( +), and the cloning was verified using PCR and BamHI/EcoRV restriction enzyme digestion. Then, utilizing a complex coacervation approach, pDNA-CPG C274 was encapsulated by chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs). TEM and DLS are used to explore the properties of the pDNA/CSNP complex. TLR-9 pathway activation was investigated in human HEK-293 and RAW 264.7 mouse cells. The vaccine's immunogenicity and immune-protective effectiveness were investigated in BALB/c mice. The pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs were small (mean size 79.21 ± 0.23 nm), positively charged (+ 38.87 mV), and appeared to be spherical. A continuous slow release pattern was achieved. TLR-9 activation was greatest in the mouse model with CpG ODN (C274) at concentrations of 5 and 10 μg/ml with 56% and 55%, respectively (**P < 0.01). However, in HEK-293 human cells, by increasing the concentration of CpG ODN (C274) from 1 to 50 μg/ml, the activation rate of TLR-9 also increased, so that the highest activation rate (81%) was obtained at the concentration of 50 μg/ml (***P < 0.001). pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs immunized BALB/c mice produced increased amounts of total-IgG, as well as IFN-γ and IL-1B in serum samples, compared to non-encapsulated pDNA-CPG C274. Furthermore, liver and lung injuries, as well as bacterial loads in the liver, lung, and blood, were reduced, and BALB/c mice immunized with pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs showed potent protection (50-75%) against acute fatal Intraperitoneal A. baumannii challenge. pDNA-CPG C274/CSNPs evoked total-IgG antibodies, Th1 cellular immunity, and the TLR-9 pathway, as well as protection against an acute fatal A. baumannii challenge. Our findings suggest that this nano-vaccine is a promising approach for avoiding A. baumannii infection when used as a powerful adjuvant.

Investigation of antibacterial and anticancer effects of novel niosomal formulated Persian Gulf Sea cucumber extracts

Pharmaceutical companies worldwide are scrambling to develop new ways to combat cancer and microbiological pathogens. The goal of this research was to investigate the antibacterial, anticancer, and apoptosis effects of novel niosomal formulated Persian Gulf Sea cucumber extracts (SCEs). Sea cucumber methanolic extracts were prepared and encapsulated in niosome nanoparticles using thin-film hydration. The compound was made up of Span 60 and Tween 60 blended with cholesterol in a 3:3:4 M ratios. Characterization of niosome-encapsulated SCE evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The disk diffusion method and microtiter plates were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity. The effect of niosome-encapsulated SCE on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction was studied using MTT and Annexin V, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related genes, including Bax, Fas, Bax, Bak, and Bcl2, was studied using quantitative real-time PCR. Niosome-encapsulated SCE with a size of 80.46 ± 1.31 and an encapsulation efficiency of 79.18 ± 0.23 was formulated. At a concentration of 100 μg/ml, the greatest antimicrobial effect of the niosome-encapsulated SCE was correlated to Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone of 13.16 mm. The findings of the study revealed that all strains were unable to produce biofilms at a concentration of 100 μg/ml niosome-encapsulated SCE (p < 0.001). The survival rate of cancer cells after 72 h of exposure to niosome-encapsulated SCE was 40 ± 3.0%. Encapsulated SCE in niosomes inhibited cell progression in MCF-7 cells by increasing G0/G1 and decreasing S phase relative to G2/M phase; as a result, it activated the apoptosis signaling pathway and led to the induction of apoptosis in 69.12 ± 1.2% of tumor cells by increasing the expression of proapoptotic genes (p < 0.001). The results indicate that sea cucumber species from the Persian Gulf are a promising source of natural chemicals with antibacterial and anticancer properties, paving the path for novel marine natural products to be discovered. This is the first demonstration that niosome-encapsulated SCE contains antibacterial and anticancer chemicals that, according to their specific characteristics, boost antitumor activity.

Fabrication and Characterization of pcDNA3.1(+) Location within Chitosan/Nanoparticles Complexes for Enhanced Gene Delivery

BACKGROUND

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are becoming a popular alternative for delivering nucleic acids to tissues for gene transfer (gene therapy). The size and morphology of these biodegradable nano-carriers are adjustable, and their positive charge allows them to interact strongly with negatively charged nucleic acids.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to fabricate and characterize pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid (pDNA) and CSNP complexes and determine the plasmid location in these vehicles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The characteristics of the pDNA/CSNP complex after production were investigated by SEM, XRD, DLS, TGA, and FTIR. The capacity of CSNP to form complexes with pDNA was investigated by labeling free plasmids with the fluorescent intercalating dye OliGreen. The stability of pDNA/CSNP in the presence of chitosanase was evaluated. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for pDNA localization was performed, and absorption rate in BALB/c mice was assessed by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The optimum pDNA/CSNP ratio for plasmid complex formation was established to be 1:2 (w.w) by measuring spectroscopy. At these optimum complex formation ratios, spectroscopy, and gel digest experiments, SERS indicated that a part of the pDNA was present on the complex outer surface. The findings of plasmid absorption in mouse thigh tissue by real-time PCR revealed that the rate of gene uptake was significantly greater at a dose of 1:2 (w.w) of pDNA/CSNP than in other groups (P< 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study reveal exactly pDNA fits into polymer nanostructured delivery systems, allowing the formulation to be adjusted for selective distribution. This understanding will aid future research into the system's functioning in vitro and in vivo.