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Angelopoulos V, Zhang XJ, Artemyev AV, Mourenas D, Tsai E, Wilkins C, Runov A, Liu J, Turner DL, Li W, Khurana K, Wirz RE, Sergeev VA, Meng X, Wu J, Hartinger MD, Raita T, Shen Y, An X, Shi X, Bashir MF, Shen X, Gan L, Qin M, Capannolo L, Ma Q, Russell CL, Masongsong EV, Caron R, He I, Iglesias L, Jha S, King J, Kumar S, Le K, Mao J, McDermott A, Nguyen K, Norris A, Palla A, Roosnovo A, Tam J, Xie E, Yap RC, Ye S, Young C, Adair LA, Shaffer C, Chung M, Cruce P, Lawson M, Leneman D, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Hesford B, Krieger R, Lian K, McKinney E, Miller JP, Pedersen C, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rubly M, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Thomlinson D, Turner W, Wing G, Wong C, Zarifian A. Energetic Electron Precipitation Driven by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves from ELFIN's Low Altitude Perspective. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:37. [PMID: 37448777 PMCID: PMC10335998 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
We review comprehensive observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave-driven energetic electron precipitation using data collected by the energetic electron detector on the Electron Losses and Fields InvestigatioN (ELFIN) mission, two polar-orbiting low-altitude spinning CubeSats, measuring 50-5000 keV electrons with good pitch-angle and energy resolution. EMIC wave-driven precipitation exhibits a distinct signature in energy-spectrograms of the precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio: peaks at >0.5 MeV which are abrupt (bursty) (lasting ∼17 s, or Δ L ∼ 0.56 ) with significant substructure (occasionally down to sub-second timescale). We attribute the bursty nature of the precipitation to the spatial extent and structuredness of the wave field at the equator. Multiple ELFIN passes over the same MLT sector allow us to study the spatial and temporal evolution of the EMIC wave - electron interaction region. Case studies employing conjugate ground-based or equatorial observations of the EMIC waves reveal that the energy of moderate and strong precipitation at ELFIN approximately agrees with theoretical expectations for cyclotron resonant interactions in a cold plasma. Using multiple years of ELFIN data uniformly distributed in local time, we assemble a statistical database of ∼50 events of strong EMIC wave-driven precipitation. Most reside at L ∼ 5 - 7 at dusk, while a smaller subset exists at L ∼ 8 - 12 at post-midnight. The energies of the peak-precipitation ratio and of the half-peak precipitation ratio (our proxy for the minimum resonance energy) exhibit an L -shell dependence in good agreement with theoretical estimates based on prior statistical observations of EMIC wave power spectra. The precipitation ratio's spectral shape for the most intense events has an exponential falloff away from the peak (i.e., on either side of ∼ 1.45 MeV). It too agrees well with quasi-linear diffusion theory based on prior statistics of wave spectra. It should be noted though that this diffusive treatment likely includes effects from nonlinear resonant interactions (especially at high energies) and nonresonant effects from sharp wave packet edges (at low energies). Sub-MeV electron precipitation observed concurrently with strong EMIC wave-driven >1 MeV precipitation has a spectral shape that is consistent with efficient pitch-angle scattering down to ∼ 200-300 keV by much less intense higher frequency EMIC waves at dusk (where such waves are most frequent). At ∼100 keV, whistler-mode chorus may be implicated in concurrent precipitation. These results confirm the critical role of EMIC waves in driving relativistic electron losses. Nonlinear effects may abound and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Angelopoulos
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X.-J. Zhang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - A. V. Artemyev
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | - E. Tsai
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Wilkins
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Runov
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - J. Liu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - D. L. Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland USA
| | - W. Li
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Departments, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - K. Khurana
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. E. Wirz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - V. A. Sergeev
- University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - X. Meng
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. Wu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. D. Hartinger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | - T. Raita
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Y. Shen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X. An
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X. Shi
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. F. Bashir
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - X. Shen
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Gan
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Qin
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Capannolo
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Q. Ma
- Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - C. L. Russell
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - E. V. Masongsong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. Caron
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - I. He
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - L. Iglesias
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA
| | - S. Jha
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
| | - J. King
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - S. Kumar
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - K. Le
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - J. Mao
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Raybeam, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041 USA
| | - A. McDermott
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - K. Nguyen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
| | - A. Norris
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Palla
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Reliable Robotics Corporation, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA
| | - A. Roosnovo
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - J. Tam
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - E. Xie
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Deloitte Consulting, New York, NY 10112 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. C. Yap
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - S. Ye
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C. Young
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
| | - L. A. Adair
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: KSAT, Inc., Denver, CO 80231 USA
| | - C. Shaffer
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - M. Chung
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - P. Cruce
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Apple, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA
| | - M. Lawson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - D. Leneman
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. Allen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Zipline International, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - M. Anderson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Lucid Motors, Newark, CA 94560 USA
| | - M. Arreola-Zamora
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - J. Artinger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: College of Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
| | - J. Asher
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - D. Branchevsky
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M. Cliffe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - K. Colton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Planet Labs, PBC, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
| | - C. Costello
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Heliogen, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA
| | - D. Depe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Argo AI, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA
| | - B. W. Domae
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - S. Eldin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98052 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - L. Fitzgibbon
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Terran Orbital, Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - A. Flemming
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - D. M. Frederick
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - A. Gilbert
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - B. Hesford
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. Krieger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
| | - K. Lian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - E. McKinney
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 USA
| | - J. P. Miller
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Juniper Networks Sunnyvale, California, 94089 USA
| | - C. Pedersen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Z. Qu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Niantic Inc., San Francisco, CA 94111 USA
| | - R. Rozario
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
| | - M. Rubly
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Teledyne Scientific and Imaging, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA
| | - R. Seaton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A. Subramanian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - S. R. Sundin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Naval Surface Warfare Center Corona Division, Norco, CA 92860 USA
| | - A. Tan
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Epirus Inc., Torrance, CA 90501 USA
| | - D. Thomlinson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - W. Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - G. Wing
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Amazon, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - C. Wong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - A. Zarifian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
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Mourenas D, Artemyev AV, Zhang X, Angelopoulos V. Extreme Energy Spectra of Relativistic Electron Flux in the Outer Radiation Belt. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA031038. [PMID: 36591600 PMCID: PMC9788025 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja031038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron diffusion by whistler-mode chorus waves is one of the key processes controlling the dynamics of relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth's radiation belts. It is responsible for the acceleration of sub-relativistic electrons injected from the plasma sheet to relativistic energies as well as for their precipitation and loss into the atmosphere. Based on analytical estimates of chorus wave-driven quasi-linear electron energy and pitch-angle diffusion rates, we provide analytical steady-state solutions to the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation for the relativistic electron distribution and flux. The impact on these steady-state solutions of additional electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, and of ultralow frequency waves are examined. Such steady-state solutions correspond to hard energy spectra at 1-4 MeV, dangerous for satellite electronics, and represent attractors for the system dynamics in the presence of sufficiently strong driving by continuous injections of 10-300 keV electrons. Therefore, these analytical steady-state solutions provide a simple means for estimating the most extreme electron energy spectra potentially encountered in the outer radiation belt, despite the great variability of injections and plasma conditions. These analytical steady-state solutions are compared with numerical simulations based on the full Fokker-Planck equation and with relativistic electron flux spectra measured by satellites during one extreme event and three strong events of high time-integrated geomagnetic activity, demonstrating a good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mourenas
- CEADAMDIFArpajonFrance
- Laboratoire Matière en Conditions ExtrêmesCEAParis‐Saclay UniversityBruyères‐le‐ChâtelFrance
| | - A. V. Artemyev
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - X.‐J. Zhang
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonTXUSA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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Mourenas D, Zhang X, Nunn D, Artemyev AV, Angelopoulos V, Tsai E, Wilkins C. Short Chorus Wave Packets: Generation Within Chorus Elements, Statistics, and Consequences on Energetic Electron Precipitation. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030310. [PMID: 35865126 PMCID: PMC9286355 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Short and intense lower-band chorus wave packets are ubiquitous in the Earth's outer radiation belt. In this article, we perform various Vlasov hybrid simulations, with one or two triggering waves, to study the generation of short chorus packets/subpackets inside long rising tone elements. We show that the length of the generated short wave packets is consistent with a criterion of resonance non-overlap for two independent superposed waves, and that these chorus packets have similar characteristics as in Van Allen Probes observations. We find that short wave packets are mainly formed near the middle/end of long rising tones for moderate linear growth rates, and everywhere for stronger linear growth rates. Finally, we analyze an event characterized by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft measurements of chorus rising tones near the equator and simultaneous measurements by low altitude ELFIN CubeSats of precipitating and trapped electron fluxes in the same sector. The measured precipitating electron fluxes are well recovered by test particle simulations performed using measured plasma and wave properties. We show that short chorus wave packets of moderate amplitudes (160-250 pT) essentially lead to a more diffusive-like transport of 50-200 keV electrons toward the loss cone than long packets. In contrast, long chorus packets are found to produce important nonlinear effects via anomalous trapping, which significantly reduces electron precipitation below 150 keV, especially for higher wave amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mourenas
- CEADAMDIFArpajonFrance
- Laboratoire Matière en Conditions ExtrêmesParis‐Saclay UniversityCEAParisFrance
| | - X.‐J. Zhang
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - D. Nunn
- School of Electronics and Computer ScienceSouthampton UniversitySouthamptonUK
| | - A. V. Artemyev
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - E. Tsai
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - C. Wilkins
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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4
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Artemyev AV, Neishtadt AI, Vasiliev AA, Angelopoulos V, Vinogradov AA, Zelenyi LM. Superfast ion scattering by solar wind discontinuities. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033201. [PMID: 33075989 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Large-amplitude fluctuations of the solar wind magnetic field can scatter energetic ions. One of the main contributions to these fluctuations is provided by solar wind discontinuities, i.e., rapid rotations of the magnetic field. This study shows that the internal configuration of such discontinuities plays a crucial role in energetic ion scattering in pitch angles. Kinetic-scale discontinuities accomplish very fast ion pitch-angle scattering. The main mechanism of such pitch-angle scattering is the adiabatic invariant destruction due to separatrix crossings in the phase space. We demonstrate that efficiency of this scattering does not depend on the magnetic field component across the discontinuity surface, i.e., both rotational and almost tangential discontinuities scatter energetic ions with the same efficiency. We also examine how the strong scattering effect depends on the deviations of the discontinuity magnetic field from the force-free one.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Artemyev
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Neishtadt
- Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | | | - V Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - L M Zelenyi
- Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141700, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow oblast, Russia
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Pfaff R, Larsen M, Abe T, Habu H, Clemmons J, Freudenreich H, Rowland D, Bullett T, Yamamoto M, Watanabe S, Kakinami Y, Yokoyama T, Mabie J, Klenzing J, Bishop R, Walterscheid R, Yamamoto M, Yamazaki Y, Murphy N, Angelopoulos V. Daytime Dynamo Electrodynamics With Spiral Currents Driven by Strong Winds Revealed by Vapor Trails and Sounding Rocket Probes. Geophys Res Lett 2020; 47:e2020GL088803. [PMID: 32999519 PMCID: PMC7507750 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl088803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the forces and atmosphere-ionosphere coupling that create atmospheric dynamo currents using two rockets launched nearly simultaneously on 4 July 2013 from Wallops Island (USA), during daytime Sq conditions with ΔH of -30 nT. One rocket released a vapor trail observed from an airplane which showed peak velocities of >160 m/s near 108 km and turbulence coincident with strong unstable shear. Electric and magnetic fields and plasma density were measured on a second rocket. The current density peaked near 110 km exhibiting a spiral pattern with altitude that mirrored that of the winds, suggesting the dynamo is driven by tidal forcing. Such stratified currents are obscured in integrated ground measurements. Large electric fields produced a current opposite to that driven by the wind, believed created to minimize the current divergence. Using the observations, we solve the dynamo equation versus altitude, providing a new perspective on the complex nature of the atmospheric dynamo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pfaff
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Larsen
- Department of Physics and AstronomyClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
| | - T. Abe
- Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - H. Habu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyTokyoJapan
| | - J. Clemmons
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | | | - D. Rowland
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - T. Bullett
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
| | - M.‐Y. Yamamoto
- School of Systems EngineeringKochi University of TechnologyKamiJapan
| | - S. Watanabe
- Department of Information MediaHokkaido Information UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Y. Kakinami
- Department of Information MediaHokkaido Information UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - T. Yokoyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | - J. Mabie
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. Klenzing
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. Bishop
- Aerospace CorporationEl SegundoCAUSA
| | | | - M. Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
| | | | - N. Murphy
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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6
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Angelopoulos V, Tsai E, Bingley L, Shaffer C, Turner DL, Runov A, Li W, Liu J, Artemyev AV, Zhang XJ, Strangeway RJ, Wirz RE, Shprits YY, Sergeev VA, Caron RP, Chung M, Cruce P, Greer W, Grimes E, Hector K, Lawson MJ, Leneman D, Masongsong EV, Russell CL, Wilkins C, Hinkley D, Blake JB, Adair N, Allen M, Anderson M, Arreola-Zamora M, Artinger J, Asher J, Branchevsky D, Capitelli MR, Castro R, Chao G, Chung N, Cliffe M, Colton K, Costello C, Depe D, Domae BW, Eldin S, Fitzgibbon L, Flemming A, Fox I, Frederick DM, Gilbert A, Gildemeister A, Gonzalez A, Hesford B, Jha S, Kang N, King J, Krieger R, Lian K, Mao J, McKinney E, Miller JP, Norris A, Nuesca M, Palla A, Park ESY, Pedersen CE, Qu Z, Rozario R, Rye E, Seaton R, Subramanian A, Sundin SR, Tan A, Turner W, Villegas AJ, Wasden M, Wing G, Wong C, Xie E, Yamamoto S, Yap R, Zarifian A, Zhang GY. The ELFIN Mission. Space Sci Rev 2020; 216:103. [PMID: 32831412 PMCID: PMC7413588 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio-Temporal Ambiguity-Resolving option (ELFIN-STAR, or heretoforth simply: ELFIN) mission comprises two identical 3-Unit (3U) CubeSats on a polar (∼93∘ inclination), nearly circular, low-Earth (∼450 km altitude) orbit. Launched on September 15, 2018, ELFIN is expected to have a >2.5 year lifetime. Its primary science objective is to resolve the mechanism of storm-time relativistic electron precipitation, for which electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a prime candidate. From its ionospheric vantage point, ELFIN uses its unique pitch-angle-resolving capability to determine whether measured relativistic electron pitch-angle and energy spectra within the loss cone bear the characteristic signatures of scattering by EMIC waves or whether such scattering may be due to other processes. Pairing identical ELFIN satellites with slowly-variable along-track separation allows disambiguation of spatial and temporal evolution of the precipitation over minutes-to-tens-of-minutes timescales, faster than the orbit period of a single low-altitude satellite (Torbit ∼ 90 min). Each satellite carries an energetic particle detector for electrons (EPDE) that measures 50 keV to 5 MeV electrons with Δ E/E < 40% and a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) on a ∼72 cm boom that measures magnetic field waves (e.g., EMIC waves) in the range from DC to 5 Hz Nyquist (nominally) with <0.3 nT/sqrt(Hz) noise at 1 Hz. The spinning satellites (Tspin ∼ 3 s) are equipped with magnetorquers (air coils) that permit spin-up or -down and reorientation maneuvers. Using those, the spin axis is placed normal to the orbit plane (nominally), allowing full pitch-angle resolution twice per spin. An energetic particle detector for ions (EPDI) measures 250 keV - 5 MeV ions, addressing secondary science. Funded initially by CalSpace and the University Nanosat Program, ELFIN was selected for flight with joint support from NSF and NASA between 2014 and 2018 and launched by the ELaNa XVIII program on a Delta II rocket (with IceSatII as the primary). Mission operations are currently funded by NASA. Working under experienced UCLA mentors, with advice from The Aerospace Corporation and NASA personnel, more than 250 undergraduates have matured the ELFIN implementation strategy; developed the instruments, satellite, and ground systems and operate the two satellites. ELFIN's already high potential for cutting-edge science return is compounded by concurrent equatorial Heliophysics missions (THEMIS, Arase, Van Allen Probes, MMS) and ground stations. ELFIN's integrated data analysis approach, rapid dissemination strategies via the SPace Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), and data coordination with the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO) optimize science yield, enabling the widest community benefits. Several storm-time events have already been captured and are presented herein to demonstrate ELFIN's data analysis methods and potential. These form the basis of on-going studies to resolve the primary mission science objective. Broad energy precipitation events, precipitation bands, and microbursts, clearly seen both at dawn and dusk, extend from tens of keV to >1 MeV. This broad energy range of precipitation indicates that multiple waves are providing scattering concurrently. Many observed events show significant backscattered fluxes, which in the past were hard to resolve by equatorial spacecraft or non-pitch-angle-resolving ionospheric missions. These observations suggest that the ionosphere plays a significant role in modifying magnetospheric electron fluxes and wave-particle interactions. Routine data captures starting in February 2020 and lasting for at least another year, approximately the remainder of the mission lifetime, are expected to provide a very rich dataset to address questions even beyond the primary mission science objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Angelopoulos
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E Tsai
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - L Bingley
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Shaffer
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - D L Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - A Runov
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - W Li
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Department of Astronomy and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - J Liu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A V Artemyev
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - X-J Zhang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R J Strangeway
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R E Wirz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Y Y Shprits
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473 Germany
| | - V A Sergeev
- Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
| | - R P Caron
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Chung
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - P Cruce
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - W Greer
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E Grimes
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - K Hector
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - M J Lawson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - D Leneman
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E V Masongsong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C L Russell
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Wilkins
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - D Hinkley
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - J B Blake
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - N Adair
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Allen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - M Anderson
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Aptiv, Agoura Hills, CA 91301 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Arreola-Zamora
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - J Artinger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - J Asher
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - D Branchevsky
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M R Capitelli
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R Castro
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
| | - G Chao
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: The Boeing Company, Long Beach, CA 90808 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - N Chung
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SF Motors, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - M Cliffe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - K Colton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Planet Labs, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Costello
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - D Depe
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - B W Domae
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S Eldin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - L Fitzgibbon
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - A Flemming
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - I Fox
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - D M Frederick
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Gilbert
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Gildemeister
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - A Gonzalez
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - B Hesford
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S Jha
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - N Kang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Millenium Space Systems, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - J King
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R Krieger
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Mercedes-Benz Research and Development North America, Long Beach, CA 90810 USA
| | - K Lian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - J Mao
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Verona, WI 53593 USA
| | - E McKinney
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768 USA
| | - J P Miller
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Norris
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M Nuesca
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - A Palla
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E S Y Park
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Economics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - C E Pedersen
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Z Qu
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R Rozario
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: SpaceX, Hawthorne, CA 90250 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - E Rye
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - R Seaton
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A Subramanian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA
| | - S R Sundin
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA 92618 USA
| | - A Tan
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Experior Laboratories, Oxnard, CA 93033 USA
| | - W Turner
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A J Villegas
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - M Wasden
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - G Wing
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Computer Science Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - C Wong
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - E Xie
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - S Yamamoto
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R Yap
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Mathematics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - A Zarifian
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - G Y Zhang
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Present Address: Qualcomm, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
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7
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Nishimura Y, Lyons LR, Gabrielse C, Weygand JM, Donovan EF, Angelopoulos V. Relative contributions of large-scale and wedgelet currents in the substorm current wedge. Earth Planets Space 2020; 72:106. [PMID: 32728343 PMCID: PMC7373217 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-020-01234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined how much large-scale and localized upward and downward currents contribute to the substorm current wedge (SCW), and how they evolve over time, using the THEMIS all-sky imagers (ASIs) and ground magnetometers. One type of events is dominated by a single large-scale wedge, with upward currents over the surge and broad downward currents poleward-eastward of the surge. The other type of events is a composite of large-scale wedge and wedgelets associated with streamers, with each wedgelet having comparable intensity to the large-scale wedge currents. Among 17 auroral substorms with wide ASI coverage, the composite current type is more frequent than the single large-scale wedge type. The dawn-dusk size of each wedgelet is ~ 600 km in the ionosphere (~ 3.2 R E in the magnetotail, comparable to the flow channel size). We suggest that substorms have more than one type of SCW, and the composite current type is more frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Nishimura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | | | - J. M. Weygand
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - E. F. Donovan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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8
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Haaland S, Runov A, Artemyev A, Angelopoulos V. Characteristics of the Flank Magnetopause: THEMIS Observations. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2019; 124:3421-3435. [PMID: 31423410 PMCID: PMC6686701 DOI: 10.1029/2019ja026459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial magnetopause is the boundary that shields the Earth's magnetosphere on one side from the shocked solar wind and its embedded interplanetary magnetic field on the other side. In this paper, we show observations from two of the Time History of Events and Macroscales Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites, comparing dayside magnetopause crossings with flank crossings near the terminator. Macroscopic properties such as current sheet thickness, motion, and current density are examined for a large number of magnetopause crossings. The results show that the flank magnetopause is typically thicker than the dayside magnetopause and has a lower current density. Consistent with earlier results from Cluster observations, we also find a persistent dawn-dusk asymmetry with a thicker and more dynamic magnetopause at dawn than at dusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Haaland
- Birkeland Centre for Space ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Max‐Planck Institute for Solar Systems ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - A. Runov
- Department of Space PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - A. Artemyev
- Department of Space PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Space Research InstituteRussian Academy of ScienceMoscowRussia
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Space PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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9
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Archer MO, Hietala H, Hartinger MD, Plaschke F, Angelopoulos V. Direct observations of a surface eigenmode of the dayside magnetopause. Nat Commun 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 30755606 PMCID: PMC6372605 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The abrupt boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma, the magnetopause, has long been known to support surface waves. It was proposed that impulses acting on the boundary might lead to a trapping of these waves on the dayside by the ionosphere, resulting in a standing wave or eigenmode of the magnetopause surface. No direct observational evidence of this has been found to date and searches for indirect evidence have proved inconclusive, leading to speculation that this mechanism might not occur. By using fortuitous multipoint spacecraft observations during a rare isolated fast plasma jet impinging on the boundary, here we show that the resulting magnetopause motion and magnetospheric ultra-low frequency waves at well-defined frequencies are in agreement with and can only be explained by the magnetopause surface eigenmode. We therefore show through direct observations that this mechanism, which should impact upon the magnetospheric system globally, does in fact occur. Surface waves on the boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma might get trapped by the ionosphere forming an eigenmode. Here, Archer et al. show direct observations of this proposed mechanism at Earth’s magnetosphere by analyzing the response to an isolated fast plasma jet detected by the THEMIS satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Archer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. .,Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - H Hietala
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive East CA, 90095-1567, USA.,Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - M D Hartinger
- Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut St Suite 205, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Perry St, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - F Plaschke
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042, Graz, Austria
| | - V Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive East CA, 90095-1567, USA
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10
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Angelopoulos V, Cruce P, Drozdov A, Grimes EW, Hatzigeorgiu N, King DA, Larson D, Lewis JW, McTiernan JM, Roberts DA, Russell CL, Hori T, Kasahara Y, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Miyashita Y, Miyoshi Y, Shinohara I, Teramoto M, Faden JB, Halford AJ, McCarthy M, Millan RM, Sample JG, Smith DM, Woodger LA, Masson A, Narock AA, Asamura K, Chang TF, Chiang CY, Kazama Y, Keika K, Matsuda S, Segawa T, Seki K, Shoji M, Tam SWY, Umemura N, Wang BJ, Wang SY, Redmon R, Rodriguez JV, Singer HJ, Vandegriff J, Abe S, Nose M, Shinbori A, Tanaka YM, UeNo S, Andersson L, Dunn P, Fowler C, Halekas JS, Hara T, Harada Y, Lee CO, Lillis R, Mitchell DL, Argall MR, Bromund K, Burch JL, Cohen IJ, Galloy M, Giles B, Jaynes AN, Le Contel O, Oka M, Phan TD, Walsh BM, Westlake J, Wilder FD, Bale SD, Livi R, Pulupa M, Whittlesey P, DeWolfe A, Harter B, Lucas E, Auster U, Bonnell JW, Cully CM, Donovan E, Ergun RE, Frey HU, Jackel B, Keiling A, Korth H, McFadden JP, Nishimura Y, Plaschke F, Robert P, Turner DL, Weygand JM, Candey RM, Johnson RC, Kovalick T, Liu MH, McGuire RE, Breneman A, Kersten K, Schroeder P. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS). Space Sci Rev 2019; 215:9. [PMID: 30880847 PMCID: PMC6380193 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO), a complement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a grass-roots software development platform (www.spedas.org), is now officially supported by NASA Heliophysics as part of its data environment infrastructure. It serves more than a dozen space missions and ground observatories and can integrate the full complement of past and upcoming space physics missions with minimal resources, following clear, simple, and well-proven guidelines. Free, modular and configurable to the needs of individual missions, it works in both command-line (ideal for experienced users) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode (reducing the learning curve for first-time users). Both options have "crib-sheets," user-command sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an under-the-hood replacement). We review the SPEDAS development history, goals, and current implementation. We explain its "modes of use" with examples geared for users and outline its technical implementation and requirements with software developers in mind. We also describe SPEDAS personnel and software management, interfaces with other organizations, resources and support structure available to the community, and future development plans. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - P. Cruce
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - A. Drozdov
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - E. W. Grimes
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - N. Hatzigeorgiu
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. A. King
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - J. W. Lewis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - J. M. McTiernan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - C. L. Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - T. Hori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A. Kumamoto
- Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - A. Matsuoka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - M. Teramoto
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A. J. Halford
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA USA
| | - M. McCarthy
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - R. M. Millan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - J. G. Sample
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT USA
| | - D. M. Smith
- Santa Cruz Institute of Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - L. A. Woodger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - A. Masson
- European Space Agency, ESAC, SCI-OPD, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. A. Narock
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - K. Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - T. F. Chang
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - C.-Y. Chiang
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y. Kazama
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K. Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Matsuda
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T. Segawa
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K. Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Shoji
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. W. Y. Tam
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - N. Umemura
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - B.-J. Wang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - S.-Y. Wang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - R. Redmon
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. V. Rodriguez
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - H. J. Singer
- Space Weather Prediction Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. Vandegriff
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - S. Abe
- International Center for Space Weather Science and Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M. Nose
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. Shinbori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y.-M. Tanaka
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. UeNo
- Hida Observatory, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - L. Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - P. Dunn
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - C. Fowler
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. S. Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - T. Hara
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Y. Harada
- Department of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C. O. Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - R. Lillis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. L. Mitchell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. R. Argall
- Physics Department and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - K. Bromund
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - J. L. Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - I. J. Cohen
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - M. Galloy
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO USA
| | - B. Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - A. N. Jaynes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Oka
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - T. D. Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - B. M. Walsh
- Center for Space Physics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - J. Westlake
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - F. D. Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - S. D. Bale
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - R. Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Pulupa
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - P. Whittlesey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - A. DeWolfe
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - B. Harter
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - E. Lucas
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - U. Auster
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. W. Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - C. M. Cully
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - E. Donovan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - B. Jackel
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - A. Keiling
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - H. Korth
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Center for Space Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - F. Plaschke
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P. Robert
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - J. M. Weygand
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - R. M. Candey
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - R. C. Johnson
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - T. Kovalick
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - M. H. Liu
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | | | - A. Breneman
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - K. Kersten
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - P. Schroeder
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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11
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Shi X, Baker JBH, Ruohoniemi JM, Hartinger MD, Murphy KR, Rodriguez JV, Nishimura Y, McWilliams KA, Angelopoulos V. Long-lasting poloidal ULF waves observed by multiple satellites and high-latitude SuperDARN radars. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2018; 123:8422-8438. [PMID: 30498648 PMCID: PMC6258085 DOI: 10.1029/2018ja026003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poloidal ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves between 5-10 mHz were observed by multiple satellites and three high-latitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars during the recovery phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm on Jan 24-27, 2016. The long-lasting ULF waves were observed in the magnetic field and energetic particle flux perturbations during three successive passes by two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) through the dayside magnetosphere, during which plasmasphere expansion and refilling were observed by two Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes. The radial magnetic field oscillation was in phase (~ 180° out of phase) with the northward (southward) moving proton flux oscillation at 95 keV, consistent with high-energy drift-bounce resonance signatures of protons with second harmonic poloidal standing Alfvén waves. The longitudinal extent of the waves approached 10 hours in local time on the dayside and gradually decreased with time. High-time resolution (~ 6 s) data from three high-latitude SuperDARN radars show that the wave intensification region was localized in latitude with a radial extent of ~ 135-225 km in the subauroral ionosphere. No signature of these waves were observed by ground-based magnetometers colocated with the GOES satellites suggesting that the poloidal waves were high-m mode and thus screened by the ionosphere. During this interval one of the THEMIS probes observed a bump-on-tail ion distribution at 1-3 keV which we suggest is the source of the long-lasting second harmonic poloidal ULF waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - J B H Baker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - J M Ruohoniemi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M D Hartinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - K R Murphy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - J V Rodriguez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Y Nishimura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K A McWilliams
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - V Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Kasahara S, Miyoshi Y, Yokota S, Mitani T, Kasahara Y, Matsuda S, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Kazama Y, Frey HU, Angelopoulos V, Kurita S, Keika K, Seki K, Shinohara I. Pulsating aurora from electron scattering by chorus waves. Nature 2018; 554:337-340. [PMID: 29446380 DOI: 10.1038/nature25505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Auroral substorms, dynamic phenomena that occur in the upper atmosphere at night, are caused by global reconfiguration of the magnetosphere, which releases stored solar wind energy. These storms are characterized by auroral brightening from dusk to midnight, followed by violent motions of distinct auroral arcs that suddenly break up, and the subsequent emergence of diffuse, pulsating auroral patches at dawn. Pulsating aurorae, which are quasiperiodic, blinking patches of light tens to hundreds of kilometres across, appear at altitudes of about 100 kilometres in the high-latitude regions of both hemispheres, and multiple patches often cover the entire sky. This auroral pulsation, with periods of several to tens of seconds, is generated by the intermittent precipitation of energetic electrons (several to tens of kiloelectronvolts) arriving from the magnetosphere and colliding with the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere. A possible cause of this precipitation is the interaction between magnetospheric electrons and electromagnetic waves called whistler-mode chorus waves. However, no direct observational evidence of this interaction has been obtained so far. Here we report that energetic electrons are scattered by chorus waves, resulting in their precipitation. Our observations were made in March 2017 with a magnetospheric spacecraft equipped with a high-angular-resolution electron sensor and electromagnetic field instruments. The measured quasiperiodic precipitating electron flux was sufficiently intense to generate a pulsating aurora, which was indeed simultaneously observed by a ground auroral imager.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasahara
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 24105 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - S Yokota
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Mitani
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Kasahara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - S Matsuda
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 24105 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - A Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - A Matsuoka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Kazama
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11F Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - H U Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7450, USA
| | - V Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA
| | - S Kurita
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 24105 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - K Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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Panov EV, Baumjohann W, Wolf RA, Nakamura R, Angelopoulos V, Weygand JM, Kubyshkina MV. Magnetotail energy dissipation during an auroral substorm. Nat Phys 2016; 12:1158-1163. [PMID: 27917231 PMCID: PMC5131847 DOI: 10.1038/nphys3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Violent releases of space plasma energy from the Earth's magnetotail during substorms produce strong electric currents and bright aurora. But what modulates these currents and aurora and controls dissipation of the energy released in the ionosphere? Using data from the THEMIS fleet of satellites and ground-based imagers and magnetometers, we show that plasma energy dissipation is controlled by field-aligned currents (FACs) produced and modulated during magnetotail topology change and oscillatory braking of fast plasma jets at 10-14 Earth radii in the nightside magnetosphere. FACs appear in regions where plasma sheet pressure and flux tube volume gradients are non-collinear. Faster tailward expansion of magnetotail dipolarization and subsequent slower inner plasma sheet restretching during substorm expansion and recovery phases cause faster poleward then slower equatorward movement of the substorm aurora. Anharmonic radial plasma oscillations build up displaced current filaments and are responsible for discrete longitudinal auroral arcs that move equatorward at a velocity of about 1km/s. This observed auroral activity appears sufficient to dissipate the released energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Panov
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - R A Wolf
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R Nakamura
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - V Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - J M Weygand
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M V Kubyshkina
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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14
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Wilson LB, Sibeck DG, Turner DL, Osmane A, Caprioli D, Angelopoulos V. Relativistic Electrons Produced by Foreshock Disturbances Observed Upstream of Earth's Bow Shock. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:215101. [PMID: 27911552 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.215101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Charged particles can be reflected and accelerated by strong (i.e., high Mach number) astrophysical collisionless shock waves, streaming away to form a foreshock region in communication with the shock. Foreshocks are primarily populated by suprathermal ions that can generate foreshock disturbances-large-scale (i.e., tens to thousands of thermal ion Larmor radii), transient (∼5-10 per day) structures. They have recently been found to accelerate ions to energies of several keV. Although electrons in Saturn's high Mach number (M>40) bow shock can be accelerated to relativistic energies (nearly 1000 keV), it has hitherto been thought impossible to accelerate electrons beyond a few tens of keV at Earth's low Mach number (1≤M<20) bow shock. Here we report observations of electrons energized by foreshock disturbances to energies up to at least ∼300 keV. Although such energetic electrons have been previously observed, their presence has been attributed to escaping magnetospheric particles or solar events. These relativistic electrons are not associated with any solar or magnetospheric activity. Further, due to their relatively small Larmor radii (compared to magnetic gradient scale lengths) and large thermal speeds (compared to shock speeds), no known shock acceleration mechanism can energize thermal electrons up to relativistic energies. The discovery of relativistic electrons associated with foreshock structures commonly generated in astrophysical shocks could provide a new paradigm for electron injections and acceleration in collisionless plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Wilson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D G Sibeck
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D L Turner
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California 90245, USA
| | - A Osmane
- Department of Radio Science, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - D Caprioli
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA and University of Chicago, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - V Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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15
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Mende SB, Frey HU, Angelopoulos V. Source of the dayside cusp aurora. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2016; 121:7728-7738. [PMID: 27867797 PMCID: PMC5101848 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monochromatic all-sky imagers at South Pole and other Antarctic stations of the Automatic Geophysical Observatory chain recorded the aurora in the region where the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites crossed the dayside magnetopause. In several cases the magnetic field lines threading the satellites when mapped to the atmosphere were inside the imagers' field of view. From the THEMIS magnetic field and the plasma density measurements, we were able to locate the position of the magnetopause crossings and map it to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko-96 field model. Field line mapping is reasonably accurate on the dayside subsolar region where the field is strong, almost dipolar even though compressed. From these coordinated observations, we were able to prove that the dayside cusp aurora of high 630 nm brightness is on open field lines, and it is therefore direct precipitation from the magnetosheath. The cusp aurora contained significant highly structured N2+ 427.8 nm emission. The THEMIS measurements of the magnetosheath particle energy and density taken just outside the magnetopause compared to the intensity of the structured N2+ 427.8 nm emissions showed that the precipitating magnetosheath particles had to be accelerated. The most likely electron acceleration mechanism is by dispersive Alfvén waves propagating along the field line. Wave-accelerated suprathermal electrons were seen by FAST and DMSP. The 427.8 nm wavelength channel also shows the presence of a lower latitude hard-electron precipitation zone originating inside the magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Mende
- Space Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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16
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Plaschke F, Hietala H, Angelopoulos V, Nakamura R. Geoeffective jets impacting the magnetopause are very common. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2016; 121:3240-3253. [PMID: 27478719 PMCID: PMC4950216 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The subsolar magnetosheath is penetrated by transient enhancements in dynamic pressure. These enhancements, also called high-speed jets, can propagate to the magnetopause, causing large-amplitude yet localized boundary indentations on impact. Possible downstream consequences of these impacts are, e.g., local magnetopause reconnection, impulsive penetration of magnetosheath plasma into the magnetosphere, inner magnetospheric and boundary surface waves, drop outs and other variations in radiation belt electron populations, ionospheric flow enhancements, and magnetic field variations observed on the ground. Consequently, jets can be geoeffective. The extend of their geoeffectiveness is influenced by the amount of mass, momentum, and energy they transport, i.e., by how large they are. Their overall importance in the framework of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is determined by how often jets of geoeffective size hit the dayside magnetopause. In this paper, we calculate such jet impact rates for the first time. From a large data set of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) multispacecraft jet observations, we find distributions of scale sizes perpendicular and parallel to the direction of jet propagation. They are well modeled by an exponential function with characteristic scales of 1.34RE (perpendicular) and 0.71RE (parallel direction), respectively. Using the distribution of perpendicular scale sizes, we derive an impact rate of jets with cross-sectional diameters larger than 2RE on a reference area of about 100RE2 of the subsolar magnetopause. That rate is about 3 per hour in general, and about 9 per hour under low interplanetary magnetic field cone angle conditions (<30°), which are favorable for jet occurrence in the subsolar magnetosheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Plaschke
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
| | - H. Hietala
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - R. Nakamura
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
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17
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Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Zhou XZ, Turner DL, Kiehas SA, Li SS, Shinohara I. Electromagnetic Energy Conversion at Reconnection Fronts. Science 2013; 341:1478-82. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1236992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Ge YS, Zhou XZ, Liang J, Raeder J, Gilson ML, Donovan E, Angelopoulos V, Runov A. Dipolarization fronts and associated auroral activities: 1. Conjugate observations and perspectives from global MHD simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Ohtani S, Anderson BJ, Sibeck DG, Newell PT, Zanetti LJ, Potemra TA, Takahashi K, Lopez RE, Angelopoulos V, Nakamura R, Klumpar DM, Russell CT. A multisatellite study of a pseudo-substorm onset in the near-Earth magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Nishimura Y, Lyons LR, Kikuchi T, Angelopoulos V, Donovan E, Mende S, Chi PJ, Nagatsuma T. Formation of substorm Pi2: A coherent response to auroral streamers and currents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Li W, Bortnik J, Thorne RM, Angelopoulos V. Global distribution of wave amplitudes and wave normal angles of chorus waves using THEMIS wave observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Øieroset M, Phan TD, Eastwood JP, Fujimoto M, Daughton W, Shay MA, Angelopoulos V, Mozer FS, McFadden JP, Larson DE, Glassmeier KH. Direct evidence for a three-dimensional magnetic flux rope flanked by two active magnetic reconnection X lines at Earth's magnetopause. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:165007. [PMID: 22107399 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.165007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct detection by three THEMIS spacecraft of a magnetic flux rope flanked by two active X lines producing colliding plasma jets near the center of the flux rope. The observed density depletion and open magnetic field topology inside the flux rope reveal important three-dimensional effects. There was also evidence for nonthermal electron energization within the flux rope core where the fluxes of 1-4 keV superthermal electrons were higher than those in the converging reconnection jets. The observed ion and electron energizations differ from current theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Øieroset
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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23
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Matsumura C, Miyoshi Y, Seki K, Saito S, Angelopoulos V, Koller J. Outer radiation belt boundary location relative to the magnetopause: Implications for magnetopause shadowing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Matsumura
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - K. Seki
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - S. Saito
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | | | - J. Koller
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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24
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Mende SB, Frey HU, Angelopoulos V, Nishimura Y. Substorm triggering by poleward boundary intensification and related equatorward propagation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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25
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Kurita S, Miyoshi Y, Tsuchiya F, Nishimura Y, Hori T, Miyashita Y, Takada T, Morioka A, Angelopoulos V, McFadden JP, Auster HU, Albert JM, Jordanova V, Misawa H. Transport and loss of the inner plasma sheet electrons: THEMIS observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kurita
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - F. Tsuchiya
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - T. Hori
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - T. Takada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science; Kochi National College of Technology; Nankoku Japan
| | - A. Morioka
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - H. U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - J. M. Albert
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - V. Jordanova
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - H. Misawa
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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26
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Kubyshkina M, Sergeev V, Tsyganenko N, Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Donovan E, Singer H, Auster U, Baumjohann W. Time-dependent magnetospheric configuration and breakup mapping during a substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kubyshkina
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Sergeev
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - N. Tsyganenko
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - A. Runov
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - E. Donovan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - H. Singer
- NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik der Technischen Universitaet Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - W. Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Graz Austria
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27
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Shevchenko IG, Sergeev V, Kubyshkina M, Angelopoulos V, Glassmeier KH, Singer HJ. Estimation of magnetosphere-ionosphere mapping accuracy using isotropy boundary and THEMIS observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. G. Shevchenko
- Physics Faculty, St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Sergeev
- Physics Faculty, St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - M. Kubyshkina
- Physics Faculty, St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - K. H. Glassmeier
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik der Technischen Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - H. J. Singer
- NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center; Boulder Colorado USA
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28
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Nishimura Y, Bortnik J, Li W, Thorne RM, Lyons LR, Angelopoulos V, Mende SB, Bonnell JW, Le Contel O, Cully C, Ergun R, Auster U. Identifying the driver of pulsating aurora. Science 2010; 330:81-4. [PMID: 20929809 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pulsating aurora, a spectacular emission that appears as blinking of the upper atmosphere in the polar regions, is known to be excited by modulated, downward-streaming electrons. Despite its distinctive feature, identifying the driver of the electron precipitation has been a long-standing problem. Using coordinated satellite and ground-based all-sky imager observations from the THEMIS mission, we provide direct evidence that a naturally occurring electromagnetic wave, lower-band chorus, can drive pulsating aurora. Because the waves at a given equatorial location in space correlate with a single pulsating auroral patch in the upper atmosphere, our findings can also be used to constrain magnetic field models with much higher accuracy than has previously been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Li W, Thorne RM, Nishimura Y, Bortnik J, Angelopoulos V, McFadden JP, Larson DE, Bonnell JW, Le Contel O, Roux A, Auster U. THEMIS analysis of observed equatorial electron distributions responsible for the chorus excitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - J. Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. E. Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. W. Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, CNRS; Vélizy France
| | - A. Roux
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, CNRS; Vélizy France
| | - U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik; Technischen Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
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30
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Andersson L, Ergun RE, Tao J, Roux A, Lecontel O, Angelopoulos V, Bonnell J, McFadden JP, Larson DE, Eriksson S, Johansson T, Cully CM, Newman DL, Goldman MV, Glassmeier KH, Baumjohann W. New features of electron phase space holes observed by the THEMIS mission. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:225004. [PMID: 19658872 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.225004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Observations of electron phase-space holes (EHs) in Earth's plasma sheet by the THEMIS satellites include the first detection of a magnetic perturbation (deltaB_{ parallel}) parallel to the ambient magnetic field (B0). EHs with a detectable deltaB_{ parallel} have several distinguishing features including large electric field amplitudes, a magnetic perturbation perpendicular to B0, high speeds ( approximately 0.3c) along B0, and sizes along B0 of tens of Debye lengths. These EHs have a significant center potential (Phi approximately k_{B}T_{e}/e), suggesting strongly nonlinear behavior nearby such as double layers or magnetic reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Bortnik J, Li W, Thorne RM, Angelopoulos V, Cully C, Bonnell J, Le Contel O, Roux A. An Observation Linking the Origin of Plasmaspheric Hiss to Discrete Chorus Emissions. Science 2009; 324:775-8. [PMID: 19423824 DOI: 10.1126/science.1171273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics/Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C. Cully
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 537, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Bonnell
- Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Centre d'Etude des Environnements Terrestre et Planétaires, Velizy, France
| | - A. Roux
- Centre d'Etude des Environnements Terrestre et Planétaires, Velizy, France
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Kubyshkina M, Sergeev V, Tsyganenko N, Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Singer H, Glassmeier KH, Auster HU, Baumjohann W. Toward adapted time-dependent magnetospheric models: A simple approach based on tuning the standard model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kubyshkina
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Sergeev
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - N. Tsyganenko
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - A. Runov
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - H. Singer
- Space Weather Prediction Center; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. H. Glassmeier
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik; Technischen Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - H. U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik; Technischen Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - W. Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Graz Austria
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Ergun RE, Andersson L, Tao J, Angelopoulos V, Bonnell J, McFadden JP, Larson DE, Eriksson S, Johansson T, Cully CM, Newman DN, Goldman MV, Roux A, LeContel O, Glassmeier KH, Baumjohann W. Observations of double layers in earth's plasma sheet. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:155002. [PMID: 19518640 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first direct observations of parallel electric fields (E_{ parallel}) carried by double layers (DLs) in the plasma sheet of Earth's magnetosphere. The DL observations, made by the THEMIS spacecraft, have E_{ parallel} signals that are analogous to those reported in the auroral region. DLs are observed during bursty bulk flow events, in the current sheet, and in plasma sheet boundary layer, all during periods of strong magnetic fluctuations. These observations imply that DLs are a universal process and that strongly nonlinear and kinetic behavior is intrinsic to Earth's plasma sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ergun
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Angelopoulos V, Temerin M, Roth I, Mozer FS, Weimer D, Hairston MR. Testing global storm-time electric field models using particle spectra on multiple spacecraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja900174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Angelopoulos
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. Temerin
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - I. Roth
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - F. S. Mozer
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. Weimer
- Mission Research Corporation; Nashua New Hamphire USA
| | - M. R. Hairston
- W. B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences; University of Texas; Dallas Texas USA
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Kauristie K, Sergeev VA, Kubyshkina M, Pulkkinen TI, Angelopoulos V, Phan T, Lin RP, Slavin JA. Ionospheric current signatures of transient plasma sheet flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Mozer FS, Lin RP, Mukai T, Tsuruda K, Lepping R, Baumjohann W. Comment on “Geotail survey of ion flow in the plasma sheet: Observations between 10 and 50 RE” by W. R. Paterson et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aikio AT, Sergeev VA, Shukhtina MA, Vagina LI, Angelopoulos V, Reeves GD. Characteristics of pseudobreakups and substorms observed in the ionosphere, at the geosynchronous orbit, and in the midtail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Coroniti FV, Kennel CF, Kivelson MG, Walker RJ, Russell CT, McPherron RL, Sanchez E, Meng CI, Baumjohann W, Reeves GD, Belian RD, Sato N, Friis-Christensen E, Sutcliffe PR, Yumoto K, Harris T. Correction to “Multipoint analysis of a bursty bulk flow event on April 11, 1985” by V. Angelopoulos et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Mitchell DG, McEntire RW, Williams DJ, Lui ATY, Krimigis SM, Decker RB, Christon SP, Kokubun S, Yamamoto T, Saito Y, Mukai T, Mozer FS, Tsuruda K, Reeves GD, Hughes WJ, Friis-Christensen E, Troshichev O. Tailward progression of magnetotail acceleration centers: Relationship to substorm current wedge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Sergeev VA, Mozer FS, Tsuruda K, Kokubun S, Yamamoto T, Lepping R, Reeves G, Friis-Christensen E. Spontaneous substorm onset during a prolonged period of steady, southward interplanetary magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, Angelopoulos V, Baumjohann W, McPherron RL. Neutral line model of substorms: Past results and present view. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sergeev VA, Angelopoulos V, Gosling JT, Cattell CA, Russell CT. Detection of localized, plasma-depleted flux tubes or bubbles in the midtail plasma sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Coroniti FV, Kennel CF, Kivelson MG, Walker RJ, Russell CT, McPherron RL, Sanchez E, Meng CI, Baumjohann W, Reeves GD, Belian RD, Sato N, Friis-Christensen E, Sutcliffe PR, Yumoto K, Harris T. Multipoint analysis of a bursty bulk flow event on April 11, 1985. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sarris ET, Angelopoulos V, McEntire RW, Williams DJ, Krimigis SM, Lui ATY, Roelof EC, Kokubun S. Detailed Observations of a Burst of Energetic Particles in the Deep Magnetotail by Geotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.5636/jgg.48.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sergeev VA, Angelopoulos V, Mitchell DG, Russell CT. In situ observations of magnetotail reconnection prior to the onset of a small substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Russell CT, Ginskey M, Angelopoulos V. Effect of sudden impulses on currents in the auroral ionosphere under northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Kennel CF, Coroniti FV, Pellat R, Kivelson MG, Walker RJ, Russell CT, Baumjohann W, Feldman WC, Gosling JT. Statistical characteristics of bursty bulk flow events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kivelson MG, Kennel CF, McPherron RL, Russell CT, Southwood DJ, Walker RJ, Khurana KK, Coleman PJ, Hammond CM, Angelopoulos V, Lazarus AJ, Lepping RP, Hughes TJ. The Galileo Earth encounter: Magnetometer and allied measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Angelopoulos V, Baumjohann W, Kennel CF, Coroniti FV, Kivelson MG, Pellat R, Walker RJ, Lühr H, Paschmann G. Bursty bulk flows in the inner central plasma sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 847] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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