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Borrás E, Tortajada-Genaro LA, Ródenas M, Vera T, Coscollá C, Yusá V, Muñoz A. Gas-phase and particulate products from the atmospheric degradation of the organothiophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos-methyl. Chemosphere 2015; 138:888-894. [PMID: 25548033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorothioate structure is highly present in several organophosphorus pesticides. However, there is insufficient information about its degradation process after the release to the atmosphere and the secondary pollutants formed. Herein, the atmospheric reaction of chlorpyrifos-methyl (o,o-dimethyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate), is described for semi-urban or rural locations. The photo-oxidation under low NOx conditions (5-55 ppbV) was reproduced in a large outdoor simulation chamber, observing a rapid degradation (lifetime<3.5 h). The formation of gaseous products and particulate matter (aerosol yield 2-8%) was monitored. The chemical composition of minor products (gaseous and particulate) was studied, identifying 15 multi-oxygenated derivatives. The most abundant products were ring-retaining molecules such as o,o-dimethyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate, dimethyl 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphate, o-methyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) hydrogen phosphorothioate, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, and 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2,4-diol. An atmospheric degradation mechanism has been proposed based on an oxidation started with OH-nucleophilic attack to P=S bond. The results have been extrapolated to other organothiophosphorus molecules, such as malathion, parathion, diazinon and methidathion, among many others, to estimate their photo-oxidative degradation and the expected products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Borrás
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Tortajada-Genaro
- Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico-Departamento Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Milagros Ródenas
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Vera
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollá
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusá
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (Fundación CEAM), Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Vera T, Borrás E, Chen J, Coscollá C, Daële V, Mellouki A, Ródenas M, Sidebottom H, Sun X, Yusá V, Zhang X, Muñoz A. Atmospheric degradation of lindane and 1,3-dichloroacetone in the gas phase. Studies at the EUPHORE simulation chamber. Chemosphere 2015; 138:112-119. [PMID: 26051979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase degradation of lindane (γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane) towards OH radical was investigated under atmospheric conditions at the large outdoor European simulation chamber (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The rate coefficient for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with lindane was measured using a conventional relative rate technique leading to a value of kOH(lindane)=(6.4±1.6)×10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 300±5 K and atmospheric pressure. The results suggest that the tropospheric lifetime of lindane with respect to OH radicals is approximately 20 days. The product distribution studies on the OH-initiated oxidation of lindane provided evidence that the major initial carbon-containing oxidation product is pentachlorocyclohexanone. 1,3-Dichloroacetone was employed as a model compound for pentachlorocyclohexanone, and an investigation of its photolysis and reaction with OH radicals under atmospheric conditions was carried out. The data indicate that the atmospheric degradation of pentachlorocyclohexanone would be relatively rapid, and would not form persistent organic compounds. Theoretical study was also employed to calculate possible degradation pathways. Mechanism for reaction of lindane with OH radicals is proposed, and C-Cl bond cleavage is discussed. OH abstraction is considered to be a reasonable way for Cl to escape during degradation. The atmospheric implications of the use of lindane as an insecticide are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vera
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Borrás
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Clara Coscollá
- Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Véronique Daële
- CNRS-ICARE/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China; CNRS-ICARE/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Milagros Ródenas
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Howard Sidebottom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Vicent Yusá
- Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Xue Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Boix C, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, León N, Yusá V, Hernández F. Qualitative screening of 116 veterinary drugs in feed by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry: Potential application to quantitative analysis. Food Chem 2014; 160:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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León N, Roca M, Igualada C, Martins CPB, Pastor A, Yusá V. Wide-range screening of banned veterinary drugs in urine by ultra high liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:55-65. [PMID: 22939377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) methodology is proposed for the multi-class multi-residue screening of banned and unauthorized veterinary drugs in bovine urine, using an Orbitrap Exactive™ analyzer working at a resolving power of 50,000 FWHM in full scan, both in positive and negative mode. The method currently covers 87 analytes belonging to different families such as steroid hormones, β-agonists, resorcylic acid lactones (RAL), stilbens, tranquillizers, nitroimidazoles, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, amphenicoles, thyreostatics and other substances such as dapsone. A database including the elemental composition, the polarity of acquisition, retention time and expected adducts was built for the targeted analysis, and a high mass accuracy (<5 ppm) was set as one of the identification criteria. After comparing different sample preparation procedures, QuEChERS was selected as the most appropriate methodology. An efficient separation of analytes was achieved using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with a column packed with sub-2 μm particles. The performance of the method has been evaluated in accordance with the EU guidelines for the validation of screening methods for the analysis of veterinary drugs residues. The screening target concentrations were established between 0.2 μg/l and 20 μg/l, demonstrating the usefulness of UHPLC-HRMS as an ideal tool for compliance monitoring in regulatory laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria León
- Center for Public Health Research (CSISP), Avda de Cataluña 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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