1
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Optimizing the Benefit/Risk of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors through Liver Targeting. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10879-10896. [PMID: 32809824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical data suggest that acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors have the potential to rebalance disordered lipid metabolism, leading to improvements in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consistent with these observations, first-in-human clinical trials with our ACC inhibitor PF-05175157 led to robust reduction of de novo lipogenesis (DNL), albeit with concomitant reductions in platelet count, which were attributed to the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis within bone marrow. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of carboxylic acid-based ACC inhibitors with organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrate properties, which facilitated selective distribution of the compounds at the therapeutic site of action (liver) relative to the periphery. These efforts led to the discovery of clinical candidate PF-05221304 (12), which selectively inhibits liver DNL in animals, while demonstrating considerable safety margins against platelet reduction in a nonhuman primate model.
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2
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Computational methods for prediction of drug properties - application to Cytochrome P450 metabolism prediction. ARKIVOC 2019. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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A tribute to Prof. Stephen Hanessian. ARKIVOC 2019. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p001.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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4
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Abstract
CRISPR-Cas RNA-guided endonucleases hold great promise for disrupting or correcting genomic sequences through site-specific DNA cleavage and repair. However, the lack of methods for cell- and tissue-selective delivery currently limits both research and clinical uses of these enzymes. We report the design and in vitro evaluation of S. pyogenes Cas9 proteins harboring asialoglycoprotein receptor ligands (ASGPrL). In particular, we demonstrate that the resulting ribonucleoproteins (Cas9-ASGPrL RNP) can be engineered to be preferentially internalized into cells expressing the corresponding receptor on their surface. Uptake of such fluorescently labeled proteins in liver-derived cell lines HEPG2 (ASGPr+) and SKHEP (control; diminished ASGPr) was studied by live cell imaging and demonstrates increased accumulation of Cas9-ASGPrL RNP in HEPG2 cells as a result of effective ASGPr-mediated endocytosis. When uptake occurred in the presence of a peptide with endosomolytic properties, we observed receptor-facilitated and cell-type specific gene editing that did not rely on electroporation or the use of transfection reagents. Overall, these in vitro results validate the receptor-mediated delivery of genome-editing enzymes as an approach for cell-selective gene editing and provide a framework for future potential applications to hepatoselective gene editing in vivo.
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5
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Correction to "Catalyst Selection Facilitates the Use of Heterocyclic Sulfinates as General Nucleophilic Coupling Partners in Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions". Org Lett 2018; 20:3148-3149. [PMID: 29741085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Receptor‐Mediated Delivery of CRISPR‐Cas9 Endonuclease for Cell Type Specific Gene Editing. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.649.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Catalyst Selection Facilitates the Use of Heterocyclic Sulfinates as General Nucleophilic Coupling Partners in Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions. Org Lett 2017; 19:6033-6035. [PMID: 29043813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A range of 5- and 6-membered heterocycle-derived sulfinates are shown to be effective nucleophilic coupling partners with aryl chlorides and bromides using Pd(0) catalysis. The use of optimal reaction conditions, specifically incorporating a P(t-Bu)2Me-derived Pd catalyst, allowed reactions to be performed at moderate temperatures and enabled the inclusion of a variety of sensitive functional groups. Challenging heterocyclic sulfinates, including pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazole, and imidazole, were all shown to perform well.
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8
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C2-Selective Branched Alkylation of Benzimidazoles by Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed C-H Activation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9243-9252. [PMID: 28828857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a Rh(I)/bisphosphine/K3PO4 catalytic system allowing for the first time the selective branched C-H alkylation of benzimidazoles with Michael acceptors. Branched alkylation with N,N-dimethyl acrylamide was successfully applied to the alkylation of a broad range of benzimidazoles incorporating a variety of N-substituents and with both electron-rich and -poor functionality displayed at different sites of the arene. Moreover, the introduction of a quaternary carbon was achieved by alkylation with ethyl methacrylate. The method was also shown to be applicable to the C2-selective branched alkylation of azabenzimidazoles.
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9
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Pyridine sulfinates as general nucleophilic coupling partners in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4437-4442. [PMID: 28936330 PMCID: PMC5590096 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00675f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridine rings are ubiquitous in drug molecules; however, the pre-eminent reaction used to form carbon-carbon bonds in the pharmaceutical industry, the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, often fails when applied to these structures. This phenomenon is most pronounced in 2-substituted pyridines, and results from the difficulty in preparing, the poor stability of, and low efficiency in reactions of pyridine-2-boronates. We demonstrate that by replacing these boronates with pyridine-2-sulfinates, a cross-coupling process of unrivalled scope and utility is realized. The corresponding 3- and 4-substituted pyridine variants are also efficient coupling partners. In addition, we apply these sulfinates in a library format to the preparation of medicinally relevant derivatives of the drugs varenicline (Chantix) and mepyramine (Anthisan).
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10
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Base-Controlled Completely Selective Linear or Branched Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed C−H ortho
-Alkylation of Azines without Preactivation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Base-Controlled Completely Selective Linear or Branched Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed C-H ortho-Alkylation of Azines without Preactivation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5899-5903. [PMID: 28429455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A [RhI ]/bisphosphine/base catalytic system for the ortho-selective C-H alkylation of azines by acrylates and acrylamides is reported. This catalytic system features an unprecedented complete linear or branched selectivity that is solely dependent on the catalytic base that is used. Complete branched selectivity is even achieved for ethyl methacrylate, which enables the introduction of a quaternary carbon center. Excellent functional group compatibility is demonstrated for both linear and branched alkylations. The operational simplicity and broad scope of this transformation allow for rapid access to functionalized azines of direct pharmaceutical and agrochemical relevance.
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12
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Efficient Liver Targeting by Polyvalent Display of a Compact Ligand for the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3528-3536. [PMID: 28230359 PMCID: PMC6991140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A compact and stable bicyclic bridged ketal was developed as a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). This compound showed excellent ligand efficiency, and the molecular details of binding were revealed by the first X-ray crystal structures of ligand-bound ASGPR. This analogue was used to make potent di- and trivalent binders of ASGPR. Extensive characterization of the function of these compounds showed rapid ASGPR-dependent cellular uptake in vitro and high levels of liver/plasma selectivity in vivo. Assessment of the biodistribution in rodents of a prototypical Alexa647-labeled trivalent conjugate showed selective hepatocyte targeting with no detectable distribution in nonparenchymal cells. This molecule also exhibited increased ASGPR-directed hepatocellular uptake and prolonged retention compared to a similar GalNAc derived trimer conjugate. Selective release in the liver of a passively permeable small-molecule cargo was achieved by retro-Diels-Alder cleavage of an oxanorbornadiene linkage, presumably upon encountering intracellular thiol. Therefore, the multicomponent construct described here represents a highly efficient delivery vehicle to hepatocytes.
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13
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14
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Fluorodecarboxylation for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Aryl Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9758-62. [PMID: 27384710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of mono-, di-, and trifluoromethyl aryl ethers by fluorodecarboxylation of the corresponding carboxylic acids is reported. AgF2 induces decarboxylation of aryloxydifluoroacetic acids, and AgF, either generated in situ or added separately, serves as a source of fluorine to generate the fluorodecarboxylation products. The addition of 2,6-difluoropyridine increased the reactivity of AgF2 , thereby increasing the range of functional groups and electronic properties of the aryl groups that are tolerated. The reaction conditions used for the formation of trifluoromethyl aryl ethers also served to form difluoromethyl and monofluoromethyl aryl ethers.
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15
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Abstract
The first described reaction between N-tosylhydrazone and SO2 is reported to provide alkyl sulfonamides in the presence of various amines. In this procedurally simple method, hydrazones of both unsaturated aldehydes and ketones proceed in moderate to excellent yields. Primary and secondary aliphatic amines are accommodated in this reaction, which provides a novel route to sulfonamides.
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16
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Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of (Hetero)Aryl Alkyl Sulfones from (Hetero)Aryl Boronic Acids, Unactivated Alkyl Halides, and Potassium Metabisulfite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of (Hetero)Aryl Alkyl Sulfones from (Hetero)Aryl Boronic Acids, Unactivated Alkyl Halides, and Potassium Metabisulfite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13571-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Short Hydrophobic Peptides with Cyclic Constraints Are Potent Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) Agonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4080-5. [PMID: 25839426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic constraints are incorporated into an 11-residue analogue of the N-terminus of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to investigate effects of structure on agonist activity. Cyclization through linking side chains of residues 2 and 5 or 5 and 9 produced agonists at nM concentrations in a cAMP assay. 2D NMR and CD spectra revealed an N-terminal β-turn and a C-terminal helix that differentially influenced affinity and agonist potency. These structures can inform development of small molecule agonists of the GLP-1 receptor to treat type 2 diabetes.
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19
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Application of fundamental organometallic chemistry to the development of a gold-catalyzed synthesis of sulfinate derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4404-7. [PMID: 24652820 PMCID: PMC5089845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of a gold(I)-catalyzed sulfination of aryl boronic acids is described. This transformation proceeds through an unprecedented mechanism which exploits the reactivity of gold(I)-heteroatom bonds to form sulfinate anions. Further in situ elaboration of the sulfinate intermediates leads to the corresponding sulfones and sulfonamides, two pharmacophores routinely encountered in drug discovery.
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20
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Application of Fundamental Organometallic Chemistry to the Development of a Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfinate Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Organozinc reagents react with the SO2 surrogate DABSO, and the resulting zinc sulfinate salts are alkylated in situ to afford sulfones. This transformation has a broad scope and is compatible with a wide range of structural motifs of medicinal chemistry relevance including nitrile, secondary carbamates, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
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22
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Palladium-Catalyzed Sulfination of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides: Direct Access to Sulfones and Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2013; 15:6226-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403072r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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From partial to full agonism: Identification of a novel 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole as a full agonist of the human GPR119 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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25
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On the importance of synthetic organic chemistry in drug discovery: reflections on the discovery of antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin is described. In this article, emphasis is placed on the critical role that organic synthesis played in influencing our medicinal chemistry strategy.
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26
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Design and Synthesis of Diazatricyclodecane Agonists of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 119. J Med Chem 2012; 56:301-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301626p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Antidiabetic Agent Ertugliflozin (PF-04971729) in Healthy Male Subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:445-56. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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28
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Pharmacodynamic model of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition: implications for quantitative translational pharmacology. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:576-84. [PMID: 21870203 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are an emerging class of agents for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to improved glycemic control through increased urinary glucose excretion (UGE). In this study, a biologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of SGLT2 inhibitor-mediated UGE was developed. The derived model was used to characterize the acute PK/PD relationship of the SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, in rats. The quantitative translational pharmacology of dapagliflozin was examined through both prospective simulation and direct modeling of mean literature data obtained for dapagliflozin in healthy subjects. Prospective simulations provided time courses of UGE that were of consistent shape to clinical observations, but were modestly biased toward under prediction. Direct modeling provided an improved characterization of the data and precise parameter estimates which were reasonably consistent with those predicted from preclinical data. Overall, these results indicate that the acute clinical pharmacology of SGLT2 inhibitors in healthy subjects can be reasonably well predicted from preclinical data through rational accounting of species differences in pharmacokinetics, physiology, and SGLT2 pharmacology. Because these data can be generated at the earliest stages of drug discovery, the proposed model is useful in the design and development of novel SGLT2 inhibitors. In addition, this model is expected to serve as a useful foundation for future efforts to understand and predict the effects of SGLT2 inhibition under chronic administration and in other patient populations.
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31
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Preclinical Species and Human Disposition of PF-04971729, a Selective Inhibitor of the Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 and Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1609-19. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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32
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33
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Discovery of a Clinical Candidate from the Structurally Unique Dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Class of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2952-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200049r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor 119: a conformation-based hypothesis for understanding agonist response. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1948-52. [PMID: 21361292 DOI: 10.1021/jm200003p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of the bridged piperidine (oxaazabicyclo) compounds 8, 9, and 11 are described. A conformational analysis of these structures is compared with the representative GPR119 ligand 1. These results and the differences in agonist pharmacology are used to formulate a conformation-based hypothesis to understand activation of the GPR119 receptor. We also show for these structures that the agonist pharmacology in rat masks the important differences in human pharmacology.
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35
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Design and evaluation of a 2-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)acetamide derivative as an agonist of the GPR119 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1306-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Intrinsic Electrophilicity of a 4-Substituted-5-cyano-6-(2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)pyrimidine Derivative: Structural Characterization of Glutathione Conjugates in Vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:269-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100429x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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38
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2-[4-Chloro-3-(4-ethoxy-benz-yl)phen-yl]-1,3-dithiane. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1386. [PMID: 21579467 PMCID: PMC2979625 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810017393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H21ClOS2, the dithiane ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 87.88 (4)°. In the crystal, inversion dimmers linked by pairs of C—H⋯O interactions occur.
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39
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40
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C-Aryl glycoside inhibitors of SGLT2: Exploration of sugar modifications including C-5 spirocyclization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1569-72. [PMID: 20149653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Modifications to the sugar portion of C-aryl glycoside sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were explored, including systematic deletion and modification of each of the glycoside hydroxyl groups. Based on results showing activity to be quite tolerant of structural change at the C-5 position, a series of novel C-5 spiro analogues was prepared. Some of these analogues exhibit low nanomolar potency versus SGLT2 and promote urinary glucose excretion (UGE) in rats. However, due to sub-optimal pharmacokinetic parameters (in particular half-life), predicted human doses did not meet criteria for further advancement.
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41
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Abstract
A highly effective enantioselective synthesis of pentacycloanammoxic acid (1), an unusual naturally occurring fatty acid from Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, has been accomplished. The C20-structure of 1 was assembled with stereocontrol from four building blocks, cyclobutene, 2-cyclopentenone, the chiral silylcyclopentenone 6, and 7-bromoheptanoic acid. Both 1 and its enantiomer are now available in quantities that should facilitate future studies on the mode of biosynthesis which appears to be unprecedented.
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42
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The Iterative Synthesis of Acyclic Deoxypropionate Units and Their Implication in Polyketide-Derived Natural Products. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-926376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Abstract
The first total synthesis of (+/-)-pentacycloanammoxic acid/methyl ester (1), an unusual naturally occurring fatty acid from Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, has been accomplished by the sequence of reactions shown in Scheme 1. The C20-structure of 1 was assembled with stereocontrol from three building blocks: cyclooctatetraene, 2-cyclopentenone, and 7-bromoheptanoic acid. The synthesis of 1 confirms the proposed structure of 1. The mode of biosynthesis and absolute configuration have yet to be clarified.
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44
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Total synthesis of the cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide (-)-doliculide: the "ester" effect in acyclic 1,3-induction of deoxypropionates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11996-2001. [PMID: 15210988 PMCID: PMC514423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401637101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The total synthesis of the marine cyclodepsipeptide (-)-doliculide is described. An acyclic (2S,4S,6R)-trimethyl alkanoic acid precursor to the "hydrocarbon" portion of doliculide was synthesized starting with l-ascorbic acid based on a stereocontrolled iterative conjugate addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to acyclic delta-Cmethyl alpha,beta-unsaturated ester derivatives. syn/syn selectivity was achieved by relying on 1,3-induction in preferred folded conformations that avoid 1,5-syn-pentane interactions in the transition states. The nature of the ester moiety seems to play an important role in determining the syn/anti ratios of C-methyl adducts. The 1-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ester group was found to confer the best syn selectivity to the cuprate addition products, especially in seven-carbon enoates.
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45
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Application of conformation design in acyclic stereoselection: total synthesis of borrelidin as the crystalline benzene solvate. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 125:13784-92. [PMID: 14599218 DOI: 10.1021/ja030139k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of (-)-borrelidin (treponemycin), a structurally distinct 18-membered macrolide antibiotic, has been achieved. It was isolated as the crystalline benzene solvate, and its structure was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. The deoxypropionate subunit consisting of four alternating C-methyl groups with a C(4)-C(10) syn/syn/anti orientation was elaborated by a new method of iterative cuprate additions to acyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated esters relying on two consecutive 1,3-inductions and starting with d-glyceraldehyde as the chiral progenitor. The unique Z/E cyanodiene unit was obtained as a single isomer by application of the Still-Gennari olefination protocol. The gamma-hydroxycyclopentane carboxylic acid subunit was prepared from L-malic acid utilizing a sequential introduction of C-vinyl and C-allyl groups, capitalizing on 1,2-induction in an acyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated ester and carbocyclization by a Grubbs ring closure metathesis reaction. The prevalence of 1,3-syn-disposed deoxypropionate triads in the cuprate additions is rationalized on the basis of minimized syn-pentane interactions in the transition states. A virtual diamond lattice was used as a visual tool to portray the low-energy conformations of the acyclic substrates, and corroborated by (1)H NMR homodecoupling studies.
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One-Step Stereocontrolled Synthesis
of α-Anomeric Carboxylic Acid Esters from Unprotected Glycosyl
Donors: A Water-Soluble Aspirin Pro-Drug Analogue. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2002. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-34372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A synthesis of an antagonist of E-selectin previously reported by a group at Novartis Pharma in Basel is described. An important feature involves the formation of an ether linkage based on a Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction. Stereocontrolled glycosylations rely on the anomeric activation of 2-pyridylthio carbonate as leaving group for the attachment of beta-D-galactopyranosyl and alpha-L-fucopyranosyl units on a common 1,5-anhydro D-glucitol scaffold.
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