Warm water vapour in the sooty outflow from a luminous carbon star

The detection of circumstellar water vapour around the ageing carbon star IRC +10216 challenged the current understanding of chemistry in old stars, because water was predicted to be almost absent in carbon-rich stars. Several explanations for the water were postulated, including the vaporization of icy bodies (comets or dwarf planets) in orbit around the star, grain surface reactions, and photochemistry in the outer circumstellar envelope. With a single water line detected so far from this one carbon-rich evolved star, it is difficult to discriminate between the different mechanisms proposed. Here we report the detection of dozens of water vapour lines in the far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectrum of IRC +10216 using the Herschel satellite. This includes some high-excitation lines with energies corresponding to approximately 1,000 K, which can be explained only if water is present in the warm inner sooty region of the envelope. A plausible explanation for the warm water appears to be the penetration of ultraviolet photons deep into a clumpy circumstellar envelope. This mechanism also triggers the formation of other molecules, such as ammonia, whose observed abundances are much higher than hitherto predicted.

Multiple neurinomas of the parapharyngeal space

The authors describe a rare case of three neurinomas arising in the parapharyngeal space. In spite of the large extension of the neoplasms, the only symptom reported by the patient was some dysphagia. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed us to identify the three masses and suppose their diagnosis. The therapeutic approach used is also reported.

[Comparison of the results of surgery and radiotherapy in 175 cases of T2 glottic carcinoma: 116 operated and 59 irradiated cases]

The results were analyzed of 175 patients with glottic squamous cell carcinomas who were treated with curative purposes (1970-1986). One hundred and sixteen of them underwent surgery at the Otolaryngology Department of the University of Florence, and 59 were treated by radiation therapy at the Florence University and Hospital Departments of Radiotherapy. In the surgical series 78 cases were treated with radical surgery and 38 with conservative surgery. All patients were staged according to TNM system (UICC 1978) as T2. Overall 10-year local control rates were 74% for the surgical series and 69% for the cases treated by radiation therapy. After salvage therapy 10-year survival rates were 83% and 76%, respectively. The analysis of the results showed no statistically significant difference. In the group treated by radical surgery 80% local control was observed, versus 66% in the cases treated with conservative surgery. 10-year survival rate was higher in the latter group (89% versus 81%) because of better results of salvage therapy: 7 of 10 recurrences were salvaged with the second treatment. Several prognostic factors were evaluated, i.e., T extent, anterior commissure involvement, subglottic invasion, vocal cord mobility impairment, and ventricular involvement. Anterior commissure involvement was the main factor affecting outcome in the surgical series: in the presence of this factor, 64% 10-year local control was observed versus 85% in the patients without commissure involvement. This factor proved more important in the patients treated with conservative surgery (10-year control: 42% versus 88%) than in those undergoing radical surgery (78% versus 85%). Anterior commissure involvement and the number of involved subsites were found to worsen prognosis in the series treated by radiation therapy: cases with anterior commissure involvement had 59% 10-year local control versus 83%. The cases with a deeper spread had 60% local control versus 75%. Vocal cord mobility impairment was a less important prognostic factor in both series. Our results suggest radiation therapy as a valuable method in the treatment of the small T2 laryngeal cancers which are not suitable for conservative surgery.

Total parotidectomy--a routine treatment for parotid gland swellings?

The results of 25 years of quasi-routine total parotidectomy performance are shown. At the Department of Otolaryngology of the University of Florence, 582 patients were treated as follows: on 527 occasions by total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation; 24 occasions by lateral lobectomy; 27 occasions by total parotidectomy with removal of the whole facial nerve; four times by enucleo-resection of the disease. Benign tumours were 378; primary and metastatic malignant tumours--100; non tumoral lesions--104. The benign tumours follow-up showed three recurrences only (two pleomorphic adenomas--one of them proved to be an adenoid-cystic carcinoma, and one monomorphic adenoma, which also proved to be an adenoid-cystic carcinoma), respectively 6, 6 and 8 years later. The malignant tumours were also treated by total parotidectomy with adequate management both of the facial nerve and the neck lymph nodes. The results thoroughly justify the nerve preservation, when preserved.

Malignant Parotid Tumors Diagnostic Considerations and Therapeutic Suggestions

This paper presents our experience of the problem of diagnosis and surgical treatment of malignant parotid tumors, based on a retrospective evaluation of a series of 478 parotid tumors, of which 100 were malignant. Out of 75 primaris malignant tumors of epithelial origin, 35 belonged to the « epidermoid » group (adenocarcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, malignant mixed tumors, squamous cell carcinoma), 20 were muco-epidermoid carcinomas, 15 adenoid cystic carcinomas and 5 were acinic cell carcinoma. Altogether, 58.7% of the treated patients do not at the moment present evidence of disease; 33.3% are dead from the disease or are alive with active disease; 5.3% are dead from other causes and 2.7% are lost to follow-up. Underlining the importance of histologic examination of the swelling by intraoperative biopsy, the authors propose a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol.

Nitroglycerin treatment following experimental coronary occlusion

The effect of sublingual (0.2 mg.) nitroglycerin (TNG) was studied in anesthetized dogs before and after coronary occlusion. Coronary artery occlusion was accomplished by embolization of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. TNG was administered before embolization and again at one minute, one, two, and six hours after embolization. TNG treatment did not significantly increase the number of arrhythmias or deaths compared to untreated animals with coronary occlusion. Hemodynamic and blood biochemical parameters were measured 5 to 15 minutes after TNG treatment. At this time of measurement, blood pressures (AO, LV, LA, PA, RV, RA), cardiac output, pulmonary and systemic resistances, and left ventricle work were not significantly different in the TNG-treated group compared to the animals with coronary occlusion but no TNG treatment. In the first five minutes after TNG administration, aortic pressure is reduced. Blood samples withdrawn five minutes after TNG treatment are not significantly different from the untreated animals in PO2, PCO2, pH, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, LDH, CPK, and SGOT. It is concluded that TNG is not detrimental to animals with acute coronary occlusion and that TNG has a transient, short-duration effect.