Identification of candidate genes for psychosis in rat models, and possible association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3eta gene

Although the genetic contribution to schizophrenia is substantial, positive findings in whole-genome linkage scans have not been consistently replicated. We analyzed gene expression in various rat conditions to identify novel candidate genes for schizophrenia. Suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH), with polyA mRNA from temporal and frontal cortex of rats, was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Expression of mRNA was compared between adult Lewis and Fischer 344 (F344) rats, adult and postnatal day 6 (d6) F344, and adult F344 treated with haloperidol or control vehicle. These groups were chosen because each highlights a particular aspect of schizophrenia: differences in strain vulnerability to behavioral analogs of psychosis; factors that may relate to disease onset in relation to CNS development; and improvement of symptoms by haloperidol. The 14-3-3 gene family, as represented by 14-3-3gamma and 14-3-3zeta isoforms in the SSH study, and SNAP-25 were among the candidate genes. Genetic association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3eta gene, positioned close to a genomic locus implicated in schizophrenia, and SNAP-25 genes was analyzed in 168 schizophrenia probands and their families. These findings address three different genes in the 14-3-3 family. We find a significant association with schizophrenia for two polymorphisms in the 14-3-3eta gene: a 7 bp variable number of tandem repeats in the 5' noncoding region (P=0.036, 1 df), and a 3' untranslated region SNP (753G/A) that is an RFLP visualized with Ava II (P=0.028). There was no significant genetic association with SNAP-25. The candidate genes identified may be of functional importance in the etiology, pathophysiology or treatment response of schizophrenia or psychotic symptoms. This is to our knowledge the first report of a significant association between the 14-3-3eta-chain gene and schizophrenia in a family-based sample, strengthening prior association reports in case-control studies and microarray gene expression studies.

Intermediates in the oxidation of a dihydropyridine derivative of AZT related to AIDS dementia, studied by nanosecond laser photolysis

Radicals of the AZT derivative 5'-(1,4-dihydro-1-methyl-3-pyridinylcarbonyl)-3'-azido-2',3'-dideo xythymidine) were obtained on exposure of this compound in alkaline aqueous solution to pulsed laser emission of lambda = 355 nm and pulsewidth 2 ns FWHM. The radical formation was shown to be due to photoelectron ejection from the pyridine group following two-step excitation of the compound. The radicals were found to deprotonate rapidly. Electrochemical analysis showed that the photoionization does not affect the azido group.