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Abstract
Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is similar to human breast cancer in the late age of onset, incidence, histopathologic features, biological behavior, and pattern of metastasis. Therefore, FMC has been proposed as a relevant model for aggressive human breast cancer. The goals of this study were to develop a nude mouse model of FMC tumor growth and metastasis and to measure the expression of genes responsible for lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, tumor progression, and lymph node metastasis in FMC tissues and cell lines. Two primary FMC tissues were injected subcutaneously, and 6 FMC cell lines were injected into 3 sites (subcutaneous, intratibial, and intracardiac) in nude mice. Tumors and metastases were monitored using bioluminescent imaging and characterized by gross necropsy, radiology, and histopathology. Molecular characterization of invasion and metastasis genes in FMC was conducted using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 6 primary FMC tissues, 2 subcutaneous FMC xenografts, and 6 FMC cell lines. The histologic appearance of the subcutaneous xenografts resembled the primary tumors. No metastasis was evident following subcutaneous injection of tumor tissues and cell lines, whereas lung, brain, liver, kidney, eye, and bone metastases were confirmed following intratibial and intracardiac injection of FMC cell lines. Finally, 15 genes were differentially expressed in the FMC tissues and cell lines. The highly expressed genes in all samples were PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, FGF2, EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, VEGFD, VEGFR3, and MYOF. Three genes ( PDGFD, ANGPT2, and VEGFC) were confirmed to be of stromal origin. This investigation demonstrated the usefulness of nude mouse models of experimental FMC and identified molecular targets of FMC progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Hassan
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - S M Elshafae
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Kalyubia, Egypt
| | - W Supsavhad
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J K Simmons
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W P Dirksen
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Sokkar
- 2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - T J Rosol
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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2
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Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis in humans and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Bone metastases are considered incurable and result in pain, pathologic fracture, and decreased quality of life. Animal models of skeletal metastases are essential to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways of cancer metastasis and growth in bone and to develop new therapies to inhibit and prevent bone metastases. The ideal animal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible, and representative of human disease. Currently, an ideal model does not exist; however, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the available models will lead to proper study design and successful cancer research. This review provides an overview of the current in vivo animal models used in the study of skeletal metastases or local tumor invasion into bone and focuses on mammary and prostate cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and miscellaneous tumors that metastasize to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B E Hildreth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Supsavhad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B B Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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