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Hok-A-Hin YS, Del Campo M, Boiten WA, Stoops E, Vanhooren M, Lemstra AW, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE. Neuroinflammatory CSF biomarkers MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 show dynamic expression profiles in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:107. [PMID: 37147668 PMCID: PMC10163795 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel fluid biomarkers tracking neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics study revealed that migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM1) increased along the AD continuum. We aimed to assess the potential use of these proteins, in addition to sTREM2, as CSF biomarkers to monitor inflammatory processes in AD. METHODS We included cognitively unimpaired controls (n = 67, 63 ± 9 years, 24% females, all amyloid negative), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 92, 65 ± 7 years, 47% females, 65% amyloid positive), AD (n = 38, 67 ± 6 years, 8% females, all amyloid positive), and DLB (n = 50, 67 ± 6 years, 5% females, 54% amyloid positive). MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 levels were measured by validated immunoassays. Differences in protein levels between groups were tested with analysis of covariance (corrected for age and sex). Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between these neuroinflammatory markers with AD-CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, tTau, pTau) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores. RESULTS MIF levels were increased in MCI (p < 0.01), AD (p < 0.05), and DLB (p > 0.05) compared to controls. Levels of sTREM1 were specifically increased in AD compared to controls (p < 0.01), MCI (p < 0.05), and DLB patients (p > 0.05), while sTREM2 levels were increased specifically in MCI compared to all other groups (all p < 0.001). Neuroinflammatory proteins were highly correlated with CSF pTau levels (MIF: all groups; sTREM1: MCI, AD and DLB; sTREM2: controls, MCI and DLB). Correlations with MMSE scores were observed in specific clinical groups (MIF in controls, sTREM1 in AD, and sTREM2 in DLB). CONCLUSION Inflammatory-related proteins show diverse expression profiles along different AD stages, with increased protein levels in the MCI stage (MIF and sTREM2) and AD stage (MIF and sTREM1). The associations of these inflammatory markers primarily with CSF pTau levels indicate an intertwined relationship between tau pathology and inflammation. These neuroinflammatory markers might be useful in clinical trials to capture dynamics in inflammatory responses or monitor drug-target engagement of inflammatory modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Afina W Lemstra
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Helder RWJ, Rousel J, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, Nadaban A, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. The effect of PPAR isoform (de)activation on the lipid composition in full-thickness skin models. Exp Dermatol 2022; 32:469-478. [PMID: 36541108 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are 3D-cultured human skin models that mimic many aspects of native human skin (NHS). Although HSEs resemble NHS very closely, the barrier located in the stratum corneum (SC) is impaired. This is caused by an altered lipid composition in the SC of HSEs compared with NHS. One of the most pronounced changes in this lipid composition is a high level of monounsaturation. One key enzyme in this change is stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which catalyses the monounsaturation of lipids. In order to normalize the lipid composition, we aimed to target a group of nuclear receptors that are important regulators in the lipid synthesis. This group of receptors are known as the peroxisome proliferating activating receptors (PPARs). By (de)activating each isoform (PPAR-α, PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ), the PPAR isoforms may have normalizing effects on the lipid composition. In addition, another PPAR-α agonist Wy14643 was included as this supplement demonstrated normalizing effects in the lipid composition in a more recent study. After PPAR (ant)agonists supplementation, the mRNA of downstream targets, lipid synthesis genes and lipid composition were investigated. The PPAR downstream targets were activated, indicating that the supplements reached the keratinocytes to trigger their effect. However, minimal impact was observed on the lipid composition after PPAR isoform (de) activation. Only the highest concentration Wy14643 resulted in strong, but negative effects on CER composition. Although the novel tested modifications did not result in an improvement, more insight is gained on the nuclear receptors PPARs and their effects on the lipid barrier in full-thickness skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jannik Rousel
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Boiten WA, van Steenoven I, Xiao MF, Worley PF, Noli B, Cocco C, Ferri GL, Lemstra AW, Teunissen CE. Correction: Boiten et al. Pathologically Decreased CSF Levels of Synaptic Marker NPTX2 in DLB Are Correlated with Levels of Alpha-Synuclein and VGF. Cells 2021, 10, 38. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040652. [PMID: 35203406 PMCID: PMC8870090 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter A. Boiten
- Neurochemistry Department, Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.v.S.); (C.E.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Inger van Steenoven
- Neurochemistry Department, Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.v.S.); (C.E.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mei-Fang Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.-F.X.); (P.F.W.)
| | - Paul F. Worley
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.-F.X.); (P.F.W.)
| | - Barbara Noli
- NEF-Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.N.); (C.C.); (G.-L.F.)
| | - Cristina Cocco
- NEF-Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.N.); (C.C.); (G.-L.F.)
| | - Gian-Luca Ferri
- NEF-Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.N.); (C.C.); (G.-L.F.)
| | - Afina W. Lemstra
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Department, Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.v.S.); (C.E.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Mieremet A, Helder RWJ, Nadaban A, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. Multitargeted Approach for the Optimization of Morphogenesis and Barrier Formation in Human Skin Equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115790. [PMID: 34071405 PMCID: PMC8198964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro skin tissue engineering is challenging due to the manifold differences between the in vivo and in vitro conditions. Yet, three-dimensional (3D) human skin equivalents (HSEs) are able to mimic native human skin in many fundamental aspects. However, the epidermal lipid barrier formation, which is essential for the functionality of the skin barrier, remains compromised. Recently, HSEs with an improved lipid barrier formation were generated by (i) incorporating chitosan in the dermal collagen matrix, (ii) reducing the external oxygen level to 3%, and (iii) inhibiting the liver X receptor (LXR). In this study, we aimed to determine the synergic effects in full-thickness models (FTMs) with combinations of these factors as single-, double-, and triple-targeted optimization approaches. The collagen–chitosan FTM supplemented with the LXR inhibitor showed improved epidermal morphogenesis, an enhanced lipid composition, and a better lipid organization. Importantly, barrier functionality was improved in the corresponding approach. In conclusion, our leading optimization approach substantially improved the epidermal morphogenesis, barrier formation, and functionality in the FTM, which therefore better resembled native human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnout Mieremet
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Richard W. J. Helder
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Walter A. Boiten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Gert S. Gooris
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Abdoelwaheb El Ghalbzouri
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.M.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CD Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.W.J.H.); (A.N.); (W.A.B.); (G.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-4208
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Helder RWJ, Rousel J, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, Nadaban A, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. Improved organotypic skin model with reduced quantity of monounsaturated ceramides by inhibiting stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158885. [PMID: 33444760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Full thickness models (FTM) are 3D in vitro skin cultures that resemble the native human skin (NHS) to a great extent. However, the barrier function of these skin models is reduced. The skin barrier is located in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. In this matrix, deviations in the composition of the FTMs lipid matrix may contribute to the impaired skin barrier when compared to NHS. One of the most abundant changes in lipid composition is an increase in monounsaturated lipids for which stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) is responsible. To improve the SC lipid composition, we reduced SCD-1 activity during the generation of the FTMs. These FTMs were subsequently assessed on all major aspects, including epidermal homeostasis, lipid composition, lipid organization, and barrier functionality. We demonstrate that SCD-1 inhibition was successful and resulted in FTMs that better mimic the lipid composition of FTMs to NHS by a significant reduction in monounsaturated lipids. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an effective approach to normalize SC monounsaturated lipid concentration and may be a valuable tool in further optimizing the FTMs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jannik Rousel
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Andreea Nadaban
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Helder RWJ, Boiten WA, van Dijk R, Gooris GS, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. The effects of LXR agonist T0901317 and LXR antagonist GSK2033 on morphogenesis and lipid properties in full thickness skin models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158546. [PMID: 31678517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Full thickness models (FTMs) are 3D-cultured human skin models that mimic many aspects of native human skin (NHS). However, their stratum corneum (SC) lipid composition differs from NHS causing a reduced skin barrier. The most pronounced differences in lipid composition are a reduction in lipid chain length and increased monounsaturated lipids. The liver-X-receptor (LXR) activates the monounsaturated lipid synthesis via stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1). Therefore, the aim was to improve the SC lipid synthesis of FTMs by LXR deactivation. This was achieved by supplementing culture medium with LXR antagonist GSK2033. LXR agonist T0901317 was added for comparison. Subsequently, epidermal morphogenesis, lipid composition, lipid organization and the barrier functionality of these FTMs were assessed. We demonstrate that LXR deactivation resulted in a lipid composition with increased overall chain lengths and reduced levels of monounsaturation, whereas LXR activation increased the amount of monounsaturated lipids and led to a reduction in the overall chain length. However, these changes did not affect the barrier functionality. In conclusion, LXR deactivation led to the development of FTMs with improved lipid properties, which mimic the lipid composition of NHS more closely. These novel findings may contribute to design interventions to normalize SC lipid composition of atopic dermatitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W J Helder
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Rianne van Dijk
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Biotherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Boiten WA, Berkers T, Absalah S, van Smeden J, Lavrijsen APM, Bouwstra JA. Applying a vernix caseosa based formulation accelerates skin barrier repair by modulating lipid biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:250-260. [PMID: 29217624 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoring the lipid homeostasis of the stratum corneum (SC) is a common strategy to enhance skin barrier function. Here, we used a ceramide containing vernix caseosa (VC)-based formulation and were able to accelerate barrier recovery in healthy volunteers. The recovery was examined over 16 days by monitoring trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) after barrier disruption by tape-stripping. Four skin sites were used to examine the effects of both treatment and barrier recovery. After 16 days, samples were harvested at these sites to examine the SC ceramide composition and lipid organization. Changes in ceramide profiles were identified using principal component analysis. After barrier recovery, the untreated sites showed increased levels of ceramide subclass AS and ceramides with a 34 total carbon-atom chain length, while the mean ceramide chain length was reduced. These changes were diminished by treatment with the studied formulation, which concurrently increased the formulated ceramides. Correlations were observed between SC lipid composition, lipid organization, and TEWL, and changes in the ceramide subclass composition suggest changes in the ceramide biosynthesis. These results suggest that VC-based formulations enhance skin barrier recovery and are attractive candidates to treat skin disorders with impaired barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Boiten
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Berkers
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samira Absalah
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana P M Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Thakoersing VS, van Smeden J, Boiten WA, Gooris GS, Mulder AA, Vreeken RJ, El Ghalbzouri A, Bouwstra JA. Modulation of stratum corneum lipid composition and organization of human skin equivalents by specific medium supplements. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:669-74. [PMID: 25939986 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our in-house human skin equivalents contain all stratum corneum (SC) barrier lipid classes, but have a reduced level of free fatty acids (FAs), of which a part is mono-unsaturated. These differences lead to an altered SC lipid organization and thereby a reduced barrier function compared to human skin. In this study, we aimed to improve the SC FA composition and, consequently, the SC lipid organization of the Leiden epidermal model (LEM) by specific medium supplements. The standard FA mixture (consisting of palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids) supplemented to the medium was modified, by replacing protonated palmitic acid with deuterated palmitic acid or by the addition of deuterated arachidic acid to the mixture, to determine whether FAs are taken up from the medium and are incorporated into SC of LEM. Furthermore, supplementation of the total FA mixture or that of palmitic acid alone was increased four times to examine whether this improves the SC FA composition and lipid organization of LEM. The results demonstrate that the deuterated FAs are taken up into LEMs and are subsequently elongated and incorporated in their SC. However, a fourfold increase in palmitic acid supplementation does not change the SC FA composition or lipid organization of LEM. Increasing the concentration of the total FA mixture in the medium resulted in a decreased level of very long chain FAs and an increased level of mono-unsaturated FAs, which lead to deteriorated SC lipid properties. These results indicate that SC lipid properties can be modulated by specific medium supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha S Thakoersing
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Walter A Boiten
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert S Gooris
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aat A Mulder
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vreeken
- Department of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Smeden J, Boiten WA, Hankemeier T, Rissmann R, Bouwstra JA, Vreeken RJ. Combined LC/MS-platform for analysis of all major stratum corneum lipids, and the profiling of skin substitutes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:70-9. [PMID: 24120918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs), cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFAs) are the main lipid classes in human stratum corneum (SC, outermost skin layer), but no studies report on the detailed analysis of these classes in a single platform. The primary aims of this study were to 1) develop an LC/MS method for (semi-)quantitative analysis of all main lipid classes present in human SC; and 2) use this method to study in detail the lipid profiles of human skin substitutes and compare them to human SC lipids. By applying two injections of 10μl, the developed method detects all major SC lipids using RPLC and negative ion mode APCI-MS for detection of FFAs, and NPLC using positive ion mode APCI-MS to analyze CERs and cholesterol. Validation showed this lipid platform to be robust, reproducible, sensitive, and fast. The method was successfully applied on ex vivo human SC, human SC obtained from tape strips and human skin substitutes (porcine SC and human skin equivalents). In conjunction with FFA profiles, clear differences in CER profiles were observed between these different SC sources. Human skin equivalents more closely mimic the lipid composition of human stratum corneum than porcine skin does, although noticeable differences are still present. These differences gave biologically relevant information on some of the enzymes that are probably involved in SC lipid processing. For future research, this provides an excellent method for (semi-)quantitative, 'high-throughput' profiling of SC lipids and can be used to advance the understanding of skin lipids and the biological processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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