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Hui R, Scheib CL, D’Atanasio E, Inskip SA, Cessford C, Biagini SA, Wohns AW, Ali MQ, Griffith SJ, Solnik A, Niinemäe H, Ge XJ, Rose AK, Beneker O, O’Connell TC, Robb JE, Kivisild T. Genetic history of Cambridgeshire before and after the Black Death. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi5903. [PMID: 38232165 PMCID: PMC10793959 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346-1353) on European populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by studies of ancient pathogen DNA. What has remained less understood is the effect of the pandemic on human mobility and genetic diversity at the local scale. Here, we report 275 ancient genomes, including 109 with coverage >0.1×, from later medieval and postmedieval Cambridgeshire of individuals buried before and after the Black Death. Consistent with the function of the institutions, we found a lack of close relatives among the friars and the inmates of the hospital in contrast to their abundance in general urban and rural parish communities. While we detect long-term shifts in local genetic ancestry in Cambridgeshire, we find no evidence of major changes in genetic ancestry nor higher differentiation of immune loci between cohorts living before and after the Black Death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Hui
- Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiana L. Scheib
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- St John’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah A. Inskip
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Craig Cessford
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anthony W. Wohns
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Samuel J. Griffith
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helja Niinemäe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Xiangyu Jack Ge
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alice K. Rose
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Owyn Beneker
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamsin C. O’Connell
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John E. Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Shi W, Louzada S, Grigorova M, Massaia A, Arciero E, Kibena L, Ge XJ, Chen Y, Ayub Q, Poolamets O, Tyler-Smith C, Punab M, Laan M, Yang F, Hallast P, Xue Y. Evolutionary and functional analysis of RBMY1 gene copy number variation on the human Y chromosome. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2785-2798. [PMID: 31108506 PMCID: PMC6687947 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human RBMY1 genes are located in four variable-sized clusters on the Y chromosome, expressed in male germ cells and possibly associated with sperm motility. We have re-investigated the mutational background and evolutionary history of the RBMY1 copy number distribution in worldwide samples and its relevance to sperm parameters in an Estonian cohort of idiopathic male factor infertility subjects. We estimated approximate RBMY1 copy numbers in 1218 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 males from sequencing read-depth, then chose 14 for valid ation by multicolour fibre-FISH. These fibre-FISH samples provided accurate calibration standards for the entire panel and led to detailed insights into population variation and mutational mechanisms. RBMY1 copy number worldwide ranged from 3 to 13 with a mode of 8. The two larger proximal clusters were the most variable, and additional duplications, deletions and inversions were detected. Placing the copy number estimates onto the published Y-SNP-based phylogeny of the same samples suggested a minimum of 562 mutational changes, translating to a mutation rate of 2.20 × 10-3 (95% CI 1.94 × 10-3 to 2.48 × 10-3) per father-to-son Y-transmission, higher than many short tandem repeat (Y-STRs), and showed no evidence for selection for increased or decreased copy number, but possible copy number stabilizing selection. An analysis of RBMY1 copy numbers among 376 infertility subjects failed to replicate a previously reported association with sperm motility and showed no significant effect on sperm count and concentration, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels or testicular and semen volume. These results provide the first in-depth insights into the structural rearrangements underlying RBMY1 copy number variation across diverse human lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Shi
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Sandra Louzada
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marina Grigorova
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Andrea Massaia
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elena Arciero
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Kibena
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Xiangyu Jack Ge
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Science, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yuan Chen
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Qasim Ayub
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Olev Poolamets
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50406, Estonia
| | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50406, Estonia
| | - Maris Laan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Pille Hallast
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Yali Xue
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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Ren XY, Wang C, Liu X, Li H, Gao JH, Ge XJ. [Establishment of rat model with diabetes mellitus and concomitant periodontitis and the carotid artery lesions in the model rats]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 52:747-752. [PMID: 29275569 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To establish SD rat model with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and concomitant chronic periodontitis (CP) and to evaluate the influence of periodontitis on the vascular lesions of type 2 diabetes rats. Methods: Totally 241 clean level SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, group A (normal control, NC, n=27), group B (DM, n=34), group C (CP, n=90) and group D (DM+CP, n=90). The rats of DM group were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 8 to 10 weeks, and then were multiply injected with small dose streptozotocin under the condition of ice bath. Blood sugar levels after the injection were dynamically monitored at 72 h, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. The CP model was established by means of ligation. Bilateral maxillary first and second molars were selected and ligated using 0.2 mm orthodontic wires binding with 4-0 surgical suture soaked with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) suspension. After a period of 14 weeks, all the rats were put to death. Maxillary samples were subjected to methylene blue staining to observe alveolar bone loss. Bilateral carotid artery specimens were collected. The left carotid artery specimens were used to detect the prevalence of Pg using quantitative real-time PCR. The right carotid artery specimens were used to observe pathological changes. Results: Blood sugar levels of rats in group B and D increased and changed sharply after Streptozotocin injection with in 1 week. Symptoms of 'more drink, more food and body weight loss' appeared. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) was more than 7.8 mmol/L and (or) the random blood glucose (RBG) was more than 17.8 mmol/L. Both FBG and RBG became stable after 2 to 3 weeks. Levels of HbA1C in group B and D ([7.32±0.45]%, [9.41±0.45]%) were significantly higher than that of group A ([4.02±0.45]%) (P<0.01). Rats of group D were observed the most severe bone loss showing wider interdental space and furcation involvement. Pathological results of carotid artery tissues of group D showed the worst lesions including thinning and calcification of vessel walls, and breaking down or disappearance of elastic fibers. The prevalences of DNA of Pg in groups of A, B, C and D were 3/7, 3/7, 6/7 and 7/7, respectively. The bacteria numbers detected by quantitative real-time PCR in groups C and D were significantly higher than that of groups A and B (P<0.01). Conclusions: Rat model of type 2 DM with periodontitis was successfully established in the present study. Carotid artery specimens from DM+CP model rats showed typical vascular lesions such as calcification and fiber disorders. Pg was found in all carotid specimens and the highest bacteria numbers were detected in the composite model rats. The Pg might play a role in the progress of diabetes vascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Ren
- Department of Periodontology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Periodontology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Periodontology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - J H Gao
- Department of Periodontology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - X J Ge
- Department of Periodontology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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Ge XJ, Liu MH, Wang WK, Schaal BA, Chiang TY. Population structure of wild bananas, Musa balbisiana, in China determined by SSR fingerprinting and cpDNA PCR-RFLP. Mol Ecol 2006; 14:933-44. [PMID: 15773926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both demographic history and dispersal mechanisms influence the apportionment of genetic diversity among plant populations across geographical regions. In this study, phylogeography and population structure of wild banana, Musa balbisiana, one of the progenitors of cultivated bananas and plantains in China were investigated by an analysis of genetic diversity of simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprint markers and cpDNA PCR-RFLP. A chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) genealogy of 21 haplotypes identified two major clades, which correspond to two geographical regions separated by the Beijiang and Xijiang rivers, suggesting a history of vicariance. Significant genetic differentiation was detected among populations with cpDNA markers, a result consistent with limited seed dispersal in wild banana mediated by foraging of rodents. Nuclear SSR data also revealed significant geographical structuring in banana populations. In western China, however, there was no detected phylogeograpahical pattern, possibly due to frequent pollen flow via fruit bats. In contrast, populations east of the Beijiang River and the population of Hainan Island, where long-range soaring pollinators are absent, are genetically distinct. Colonization-extinction processes may have influenced the evolution of Musa populations, which have a metapopulation structure and are connected by migrating individuals. Effective gene flow via pollen, estimated from the nuclear SSR data, is 3.65 times greater than gene flow via seed, estimated from cpDNA data. Chloroplast and nuclear DNAs provide different insights into phylogeographical patterns of wild banana populations and, taken together, can inform conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Ge
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PRC
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Ge XJ, Sun M. Reproductive biology and genetic diversity of a cryptoviviparous mangrove aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae) using allozyme and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. Mol Ecol 1999; 8:2061-9. [PMID: 10632857 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mangroves consist of a group of taxonomically diverse species representing about 20 families of angiosperms. However, little is known about their reproductive biology, genetic structure, and the ecological and genetic factors affecting this structure. Comparative studies of various mangrove species are needed to fill such gaps in our knowledge. The pollination biology, outcrossing rate, and genetic diversity of Aegiceras corniculatum were investigated in this study. Pollination experiments suggested that the species is predominantly pollinator-dependent in fruit setting. A quantitative analysis of the mating system was performed using progeny arrays assayed for intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The multilocus outcrossing rate (tm) was estimated to be 0.653 in a wild population. Both allozyme and ISSR were used to investigate genetic variation within and among populations. The combined effects of founder events and enhanced local gene flow through seedling dispersal by ocean currents apparently played an important role in shaping the population genetic structure in this mangrove species. Both allozyme variation (P = 4.76%, A = 1.05, HE = 0.024) and ISSR diversity (P = 16.18%, A = 1.061, HE = 0.039) were very low at the species level, in comparison with other woody plants with mixed-mating or outcrossing systems. Gene differentiation among populations was also low: allozyme GST = 0.106 and ISSR GST = 0.178. The unusually high genetic identities (0.997 for allozyme and 0.992 for ISSR loci), however, suggest that these populations are probably all descended from a common ancestral population with low polymorphism.
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