Clinical and ultrasound features of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter RA ultrasound cohort study

OBJECTIVE

The optimal strategy for difficult-to-treat (D2T) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been identified, and the ultrasound characteristics of D2T RA have not been reported. We investigated the clinical characteristics and factors contributing to the outcome in D2T RA in a multicentre RA ultrasound observational cohort.

METHOD

We reviewed 307 Japanese patients diagnosed with RA who underwent treatment with biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs). We compared the differences in patient characteristics between the D2T RA and non-D2T RA groups. We examined the factors contributing to a good response [defined as b/tsDMARD continuation and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤ 10 at 12 months] in the D2T RA patient group.

RESULTS

Forty-three patients (14%) were categorized as D2T RA and the remaining 264 (86%) as non-D2T RA at baseline. The grey-scale (GS) score, disease duration, and CDAI at the initiation of treatment were significantly higher in the D2T RA group than in the non-D2T RA group. In contrast, the power Doppler (PD) score was not significantly different between the two groups. Of the 43 D2T RA patients, 20 achieved a good response. The introduction of CTLA4-Ig (n = 5) was significantly associated with a good response in analysis based on inverse probability weighting with propensity score. GS and PD scores at baseline were not significantly associated with therapeutic response at 12 months in D2T RA patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with D2T RA had high clinical and ultrasound activity and poor responses to treatment with b/tsDMARDs. CTLA4-Ig was associated with a good response at 12 months in D2T RA patients.

Comparative Effectiveness and Durability of Biologics in Clinical Practice: Month 12 Outcomes from the International, Observational Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO)

INTRODUCTION

Given the chronic nature of psoriasis (PsO), more studies are needed that directly compare the effectiveness of different biologics over long observation periods. This study compares the effectiveness and durability through 12 months of anti-interleukin (IL)-17A biologics relative to other approved biologics in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis in a real-world setting.

METHODS

The Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO) is an ongoing 3-year, prospective, non-interventional cohort study of 1981 adults with chronic moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis initiating or switching to a new biologic. The study compares the effectiveness of anti-IL-17A biologics with other approved biologics and provides pairwise comparisons of seven individual biologics versus ixekizumab. The primary outcome was defined as the proportion of patients who had at least a 90% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI90) and/or a score of 0 or 1 in static Physician Global Assessment (sPGA). Secondary objective comparisons included the proportion of patients who achieved PASI90, PASI100, a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score of 0 or 1, and three different actions of durability of treatment response. Unadjusted response rates are presented alongside the primary analysis, which uses frequentist model averaging (FMA) to evaluate the adjusted comparative effectiveness.

RESULTS

Compared to the other biologics cohort, the anti-IL-17A cohort had a higher response rate (68.0% vs. 65.1%) and significantly higher odds of achieving the primary outcome at month 12. The two cohorts had similar response rates for PASI100 (40.5% and 37.1%) and PASI90 (53.9% and 51.7%) at month 12, with no significant differences between the cohorts in the adjusted analyses. At month 12, the response rates across the individual biologics were 53.5-72.6% for the primary outcome, 27.6-48.3% for PASI100, and 41.7-61.4% for PASI90.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show the comparative effectiveness of biologics at 6 and 12 months in the real-world setting.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier EUPAS24207.

Hepatic and renal toxicities and metabolism of fentanyl analogues in rats

New synthetic opioids continue to emerge in the illicit market, and among them, fentanyl analogues pose a serious threat to the public health with their abuse and trafficking. We investigated the toxicity of fentanyl analogues on the liver and kidneys mediated by the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). Our study focused on 4-fluoro-isobutyrylfentanyl (4F-iBF), which is classified as a "narcotic" in Japan; structurally similar analogues 4-chloro-isobutyrylfentanyl (4Cl-iBF) and isobutyrylfentanyl (iBF) were also investigated. Rats that were intraperitoneally administered 4F-iBF (5 mg/kg (12.3 μmol/kg)) or iBF (12.3 μmol/kg) displayed hepatic and renal ischemic-like damage, but 4Cl-iBF (12.3 μmol/kg) did milder renal damage only. We found that the agonist activity of 4F-iBF, at MORs was approximately 7.2 times that of 4Cl-iBF, and that pretreatment with MOR antagonist naltrexone (0.8 mg/kg) alleviated liver and kidney injuries caused by 4F-iBF. These results suggested that 4F-iBF might cause ischemic damage to the liver and kidneys, induced by respiratory depression mediated by MORs. Furthermore, to elucidate the metabolism of fentanyl analogues, we investigated the change over time in the amount of 4F-iBF, 4Cl-iBF, iBF (6.15 μmol/kg, respectively), and their respective metabolites in serum after intraperitoneal administration to rats. The results showed that in 24-h post-dose serum, 4Cl-iBF and iBF were substantially eliminated while 4F-iBF remained at about 30% of the maximum level, and each of the N-dephenylethylated metabolites of 4F-iBF, 4Cl-iBF, and iBF was detected in 2-h post-dose serum. The results from this study revealed information on the hepatic and renal toxicities and metabolism related to fentanyl analogues.

Two-year intermittent exposure of a multiwalled carbon nanotube by intratracheal instillation induces lung tumors and pleural mesotheliomas in F344 rats

BACKGROUND

A mounting number of studies have been documenting the carcinogenic potential of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); however, only a few studies have evaluated the pulmonary carcinogenicity of MWCNTs in vivo. A 2-year inhalation study demonstrated that MWNT-7, a widely used MWCNT, was a pulmonary carcinogen in rats. In another 2-year study, rats administered MWNT-7 by intratracheal instillation at the beginning of the experimental period developed pleural mesotheliomas but not lung tumors. To obtain data more comparable with rats exposed to MWNT-7 by inhalation, we administered MWNT-7 to F344 rats by intratracheal instillation once every 4-weeks over the course of 2 years at 0, 0.125, and 0.5 mg/kg body weight, allowing lung burdens of MWNT-7 to increase over the entire experimental period, similar to the inhalation study.

RESULTS

Absolute and relative lung weights were significantly elevated in both MWNT-7-treated groups. Dose- and time-dependent toxic effects in the lung and pleura, such as inflammatory, fibrotic, and hyperplastic lesions, were found in both treated groups. The incidences of lung carcinomas, lung adenomas, and pleural mesotheliomas were significantly increased in the high-dose group compared with the control group. The pleural mesotheliomas developed mainly at the mediastinum. No MWNT-7-related neoplastic lesions were noted in the other organs. Cytological and biochemical parameters of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were elevated in both treated groups. The lung burden of MWNT-7 was dose- and time-dependent, and at the terminal necropsy, the average value was 0.9 and 3.6 mg/lung in the low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively. The number of fibers in the pleural cavity was also dose- and time-dependent.

CONCLUSIONS

Repeated administration of MWNT-7 by intratracheal instillation over the 2 years indicates that MWNT-7 is carcinogenic to both the lung and pleura of rats, which differs from the results of the 2 carcinogenicity tests by inhalation or intratracheal instillation.

Tildrakizumab efficacy and safety in patients with psoriasis and concomitant metabolic syndrome: post hoc analysis of 5-year data from reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2

BACKGROUND

Limited data are available on long-term efficacy and safety of biologics in patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome (MetS), a common comorbidity.

OBJECTIVES

This analysis updates tildrakizumab efficacy and safety for up to 5 years in patients with and without MetS.

METHODS

This was a post hoc analysis of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 reSURFACE 1 (NCT01722331) and reSURFACE 2 (NCT01729754) trials in adult patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Analyses included data through Week 244 from patients who continuously received tildrakizumab 100 (TIL100) or 200 mg (TIL200) and entered the extension studies, stratified by baseline MetS status. Efficacy was assessed via Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores. Safety was evaluated from exposure-adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs) of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs).

RESULTS

reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2 analyses included 26 and 44 TIL100-treated patients with MetS, 98 and 167 TIL100-treated patients without MetS, 34 and 30 TIL200-treated patients with MetS, and 111 and 130 TIL200-treated patients without MetS, respectively. There were no clinically relevant differences in PASI 75/90/100 response rates at Week 244 between patients with vs without MetS. The proportion of patients with vs without MetS achieving absolute PASI score <3 at Week 244 was 53.8% vs 69.4% and 77.3% vs 80.8% in reSURFACE 1 and 2, respectively, for TIL100-treated patients and 58.8% vs 72.1% and 63.3% vs 72.3%, respectively, for TIL200-treated patients. In both studies, median reduction from baseline PASI score at all time points in patients with vs without MetS was >83% vs >89% for TIL100 and >85% vs >90% for TIL200. Pooled EAIRs of TEAEs, serious TEAEs, and TEAEs of special interest were similar in patients with and without MetS.

CONCLUSIONS

Tildrakizumab maintains efficacy and a favorable safety profile over 5 years in patients with psoriasis regardless of MetS status.

Iron oxide nanoparticles exert inhibitory effects on N-Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN)-induced lung tumorigenesis in rats

Iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite) have been widely used in industry and medicine. However, the safety assessment of magnetite has not been fully completed. The present study was conducted to assess effects of magnetite on carcinogenic activity, using a medium-term bioassay protocol. A total of 100 male Fischer 344 rats, 6 weeks old, were randomly divided into 5 groups of 20 animals each, and given a basal diet and drinking water containing 0 or 0.1% of N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) for 2 weeks. Two weeks later, the rats were intratracheally instilled magnetite 7 times at an interval of 4 weeks, at the doses of 0, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight, and sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 30 weeks. The multiplicities of macroscopic lung nodules and histopathologically diagnosed bronchiolo-alveolar hyperplasia, induced by DHPN, were both significantly decreased by the high dose of magnetite. The expression of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein 7 in non-tumoral alveolar epithelial cells, and the number of CD163-positive macrophages in tumor nodules were both significantly reduced by magnetite. It is suggested that magnetite exerts inhibitory effects against DHPN-induced lung tumorigenesis, by the reduction of alveolar epithelial proliferation and the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages.

A case of spontaneous Zymbal's gland carcinoma with lung metastasis in an aged Fischer 344 rat

Zymbal’s gland neoplasms are induced in rats through the administration of various carcinogens, but spontaneous neoplasia is rare. This report describes a spontaneous Zymbal’s gland carcinoma with lung metastasis found in an aged male Fischer 344 rat. Macroscopically, the dome-like tumor nodule, approximately 30 mm in diameter with ulceration, was located near the ear canal of the rat. No healthy tissue or structure of Zymbal’s gland was identified on the corresponding side, while the normal salivary glands and a lacrimal gland were observed. Histologically, a large part of the tumor mass was occupied by poorly differentiated neoplastic cells, the shapes of which were oval to polygonal or fusiform. Additionally, clusters of sebaceous-like foamy cells and squamous metaplasia with prominent keratinization were observed. Tumor cells were found to metastasize to the lung; these cells displayed histological similarities, including a sebaceous gland-like pattern, to those in the primary site. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 or vimentin but negative for CD68, S100, α-smooth muscle actin, von Willebrand factor, and desmin. Our results indicate that the tumor was a poorly differentiated Zymbal’s gland carcinoma with lung metastasis.

Ultrasound efficacy of targeted-synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter prospective cohort study in Japan

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the effectiveness of treatment with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) assessed by ultrasonography (US) activity, and the influence of patient characteristics and previous treatments.

METHOD

This prospective study assessed 60 treatment initiations among 53 Japanese patients diagnosed with RA who underwent treatment with JAK inhibitors during June 2013 to February 2020. Of the 53 patients, seven patients were enrolled in duplicate because they were treated with two different JAK inhibitors at different periods. For each case, the improvement rate on the power Doppler (PD) score was assessed at 6 month follow-up. Median improvement rate of PD score was used to classify cases as either US responders or non-responders, and patient characteristics were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

All indicators of clinical disease activity and US activity showed a significant improvement at 3 months compared with baseline. Although the JAK inhibitor-cycler group and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor inadequate response (IR) group tended to show a later improvement for US activity, all indicators of clinical disease activity and US activity showed a significant improvement at 6 months compared with baseline for both groups. Multivariate analysis showed that concomitant methotrexate use and an IR to the previous biologic or targeted-synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (b/tsDMARD) treatment were independently and significantly associated with US responders.

CONCLUSION

Use of a JAK inhibitor in combination with methotrexate and an absence of IR to any previous b/tsDMARDs demonstrated superior effectiveness for patients with RA.

Early efficacy and safety data with fixed-dose combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate foam attributed to mechanism of absorption and steroid potency

Topical therapy is the mainstay of treatment for the majority of patients with psoriasis vulgaris (chronic plaque psoriasis), with combinations of vitamin D analogues and glucocorticoids having been shown to negate many of the negative effects associated with either monocomponent individually. Following the established efficacy of fixed‐dose combination calcipotriol (Cal; 50 µg/g) plus betamethasone dipropionate (BD; 0.5 mg/g) ointment and gel formulations, a novel Cal/BD foam formulation was developed. When applied, Cal/BD foam forms a supersaturated solution on the skin, increasing the penetration and bioavailability of Cal and BD. Early data indicate that this results in improved efficacy outcomes versus Cal/BD ointment, without negatively affecting safety outcomes (such as the incidence/severity of side effects or impacted calcium homeostasis or hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis). This article discusses the potency and absorption of fixed‐dose combination Cal/BD foam, as well as the positive early efficacy and safety data associated with its utilisation in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.

Video abstract

Discrepancy between clinical and ultrasound remissions in rheumatoid arthritis: a multicentre ultrasound cohort study in Japan

Objectives: Using multicentre ultrasound (US) cohort data among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we aimed to identify baseline factors that permit differentiation between two patient cohorts achieving US remission and clinical remission, and to determine the factors contributing to the discrepancy.Method: We reviewed 248 Japanese patients diagnosed with RA who underwent treatment with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs at 13 centres. We performed US assessments of the synovia of 22 joints. We assessed the percentages of patients with clinical remission and US remission, defined as total power Doppler scores of 0 at 12 months.Results: The 87 patients who achieved US remission were divided into a group that achieved both clinical and US remission (n = 53) and a group that achieved US remission only (n = 34). Baseline factors that were significantly and independently associated with clinical remission at 12 months among patients who also achieved US remission included short disease duration, the presence of concomitant methotrexate use, and low patient global assessment score (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.005, respectively).Conclusions: RA patients with baseline high patient global assessment scores and long disease duration at baseline were unlikely to achieve clinical remission even after achieving US remission. Objective joint assessments using US provide additional information of potential importance for the management of RA.

A head-to-head comparison of ixekizumab vs. guselkumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: 24-week efficacy and safety results from a randomized, double-blinded trial

Background

Significantly more patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis treated with the interleukin (IL)‐17A inhibitor ixekizumab vs. the IL‐23p19 inhibitor guselkumab in the IXORA‐R head‐to‐head trial achieved 100% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 100) at week 12.

Objectives

To compare skin and nail clearance and patient‐reported outcomes for ixekizumab vs. guselkumab, up to week 24.

Methods

IXORA‐R enrolled adults with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis, defined as static Physician’s Global Assessment ≥ 3, PASI ≥ 12 and involved body surface area ≥ 10%. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test stratified by pooled site. Time‐to‐first‐event comparisons were performed using Kaplan–Meier analysis, and P‐values were generated using adjusted log‐rank tests stratified by treatment group. Cumulative days at clinical and patient‐reported responses were compared by ancova. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03573323).

Results

Of the 1027 patients randomly assigned, 90% completed the trial (465 of 520 ixekizumab and 459 of 507 guselkumab). As early as week 2 and through week 16, more patients on ixekizumab achieved PASI 100 (P < 0·01). At week 24, ixekizumab was noninferior to guselkumab (50% vs. 52%, difference −2·3%), with no statistically significant difference in PASI 100 (P = 0·41). More patients receiving ixekizumab showed completely clear nails at week 24 (52% vs. 31%, P = 0·007). The median time to first PASI 50/75/90 and PASI 100 were 2 and 7·5 weeks shorter, respectively, for patients on ixekizumab vs. guselkumab (P < 0·001). Patients on ixekizumab also had a greater cumulative benefit, with more days at PASI 90 and 100, with Dermatology Life Quality Index of 0 or 1, and itch free (P < 0·05). The frequency of serious adverse events was 3% for each group, with no new safety signals.

Conclusions

Ixekizumab was noninferior to guselkumab in complete skin clearance and superior in clearing nails at week 24. Ixekizumab cleared skin more rapidly in patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis, with a greater cumulative benefit, than guselkumab. Overall, the safety findings were consistent with the known safety profile for ixekizumab.

What is already known about this topic?

Patients with plaque psoriasis desire both high levels of clearance and rapid onset of treatment effects.

Ixekizumab is a high‐affinity monoclonal antibody that selectively targets interleukin (IL)‐17A.

In the 12‐week report of the IXORA‐R study, ixekizumab demonstrated significantly higher efficacy at early timepoints than the IL‐23p19 inhibitor guselkumab, with more patients achieving 100% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 100) and improved quality of life as early as week 4.

What does this study add?

Patients on ixekizumab vs. guselkumab achieved similar levels of skin clearance and superior efficacy in the resolution of nail psoriasis at week 24.

Patients on ixekizumab vs. guselkumab had a greater cumulative benefit, with more days at PASI 90 and 100, more days when psoriasis did not impact their quality of life, and more itch‐free days.

The safety profiles of both drugs were consistent with those in previous studies.

Linked Comment: Puig. Br J Dermatol 2021; 184:992–993.

Significance of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies in the response and retention of abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicentre cohort study

Objective: To determine whether the positivity of baseline anti-Ro/Sjögren's syndrome antigen A (SSA) antibodies influences the response to abatacept, we compared therapeutic responses between anti-Ro/SSA antibody-negative and -positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a multicentre RA ultrasonography prospective cohort. Method: We reviewed Japanese patients with RA who started abatacept as the first biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug between June 2013 and April 2018. We assessed 28-joint Disease Activity Score-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) change between baseline and 6 or 12 months after treatment in RA patients treated with abatacept, and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response at 6 and 12 months. The Global OMERACT-EULAR Synovitis Score (GLOESS) was calculated at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Results: Overall, 51 patients were enrolled and divided into anti-Ro/SSA antibody-negative and -positive groups of 35 and 16, respectively. Median age at baseline was significantly higher in the anti-Ro/SSA antibody-negative group (p = 0.04). The retention rate and percentage of EULAR good responders at 12 months were significantly higher in the anti-Ro/SSA antibody-negative group (both p = 0.02). Anti-Ro/SSA antibody-negative patients exhibited larger decreases in both DAS28-ESR and DAS28-C-reactive protein at 12 months than anti-Ro/SSA antibody-positive patients (p = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). GLOESS decreased significantly at 6 months in anti-Ro/SSA antibody-negative patients (p = 0.03). Multivariate analyses showed that anti-Ro/SSA antibody positivity was an independent factor associated with change in the DAS28-ESR at 6 months (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Anti-Ro/SSA antibody positivity predicts a poor response to abatacept and low retention rate.

Systemic therapy in the management of recurrent or metastatic salivary duct carcinoma: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive subtype of salivary gland cancer. Approximately half of SDC patients will develop recurrences or metastases. Therapeutic palliative therapy is therefore often needed. The majority of SDC tumors expresses the androgen receptor (AR) and one-third expresses human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), both are potential therapeutic targets. The aim of this paper is to systematically review and summarize the evidence on systemic palliative therapy for SDC and to provide treatment recommendations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Electronic libraries were systematically searched with a broad search strategy to identify studies where SDC patients received systemic therapy. Due to the rarity of SDC no restrictions were placed on study designs.

RESULTS

The search resulted in 2014 articles of which 153 were full-text analyzed. Forty-five studies were included in the analysis, which included in total 256 SDC patients receiving systemic therapy. Two phase 2 trials primarily including SDC patients were identified. The majority of the studies were case series or case reports, resulting in an overall low quality of available evidence. Based on studies including ≥ 5 SDC patients, objective responses to HER2 targeting agents were observed in 60-70%, to AR pathway agents in 18-53% and to chemotherapy in 10-50%.

CONCLUSION

For AR or HER2 positive SDC, agents targeting these pathways are the cornerstone for palliative treatment. Regarding chemotherapy, the combination of carboplatin combined with a taxane is best studied. Regarding other targeted agents and immunotherapy evidence is anecdotal, limiting formulation of treatment recommendations for these antineoplastic agents.

A head-to-head comparison of ixekizumab vs. guselkumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: 12-week efficacy, safety and speed of response from a randomized, double-blinded trial

BACKGROUND

Patients with psoriasis value rapid and complete skin clearance. No head-to-head studies have focused on early responses to interleukin (IL)-17 vs. IL-23 inhibitors.

OBJECTIVES

To compare early and complete skin clearance by the IL-17A inhibitor ixekizumab vs. the IL-23p19 inhibitor guselkumab.

METHODS

IXORA-R, a 24-week, randomized, double-blinded study, enrolled adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis [static Physician's Global Assessment of Disease (sPGA) score of ≥ 3, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) ≥ 12, and ≥ 10% body surface area]. Patients were randomized (1 : 1) to receive the approved dose of subcutaneous ixekizumab or guselkumab. Primary end point was 100% improvement in PASI (PASI 100) at week 12. Major secondary end points included other levels of improved PASI and sPGA at different time points. Comparisons were made using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test with a multiple testing strategy. Nonresponder imputation was used for missing data. After the completion of the study, the final secondary end point (PASI 100 at 24 weeks) and safety data through week 24 will be reported.

RESULTS

In total, 1027 patients were randomized. The primary end point PASI 100 at week 12 was met [215/520 ixekizumab (41%); 126/507 guselkumab (25%); P < 0·001]. All major secondary end points measured up to week 12 were met, including PASI 50 at week 1 and PASI 75 at week 2. Serious adverse event frequency was 3% for each group; no new safety signals were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Ixekizumab was superior to guselkumab for rapidly improving signs and symptoms in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis by week 12. Adverse events were similar to previous ixekizumab and guselkumab studies. Compared with the IL-23 inhibitor guselkumab, ixekizumab can offer complete skin clearance more rapidly to patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. What's already known about this topic? Patients with plaque psoriasis desire both high levels of clearance and rapid onset of treatment effects. Ixekizumab, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody that selectively targets interleukin (IL)-17A, has demonstrated greater and faster skin clearance than etanercept and ustekinumab, with consistent long-term efficacy, safety and durability of response. Clinical trial data and systematic reviews have suggested that IL-17 inhibitors can improve a patient's psoriasis more rapidly than IL-23 inhibitors. What does this study add? The head-to-head study design directly compares the efficacy and speed of response of ixekizumab and the IL-23 inhibitor guselkumab in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. The primary end point was met, showing superiority of ixekizumab over guselkumab for achieving complete skin clearance at week 12. The safety profile of ixekizumab was consistent with previous studies. Ixekizumab can deliver patients complete skin clearance and improved quality of life more rapidly than guselkumab.

A histopathological analysis of spontaneous neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in aged male RccHan:WIST rats

Histopathological information about spontaneous lesions in aged Hannover Wistar rats is limited. In this study, we describe spontaneous lesions found in 39 male RccHan:WIST rats used as a control in a carcinogenicity study. Neoplastic lesions were frequently seen in the endocrine system, such as pituitary adenomas in the pars distalis. This strain exhibited a high incidence of thymoma (10.3%), compared to other strains. We encountered an oligodendroglioma, a pituitary adenoma of the pars intermedia, and a prostate adenocarcinoma, which are comparatively rare in rats. While the variety and incidence of non-neoplastic lesions were similar to those in other strains, several interesting lesions occurred with relatively high incidence, including "harderianization" of the extraorbital lacrimal gland, common bile duct ectasia, and hyperplasia of pulmonary endocrine cells in the lung. Furthermore, comparative analyses demonstrated that the severity of chronic progressive nephropathy and murine progressive cardiomyopathy in RccHan:WIST rats was less than that in F344 rats.

Usefulness of real-time elastography for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of skin cancer: does elastography potentially eliminate the need for sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma?

BACKGROUND

The metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for overall survival of skin cancer patients. The sonographic technique of freehand real-time tissue elastography (RTE), which displays tissue rigidity as a colour overlay of the tissue image, was developed.

OBJECTIVE

Our purpose was to evaluate the benefit of RTE for detecting lymph node metastases of skin cancer non-invasively before operation.

METHODS

We first selected lymph nodes of skin cancer patients which had already been diagnosed by biopsy as being reactive or metastatic, and then retrospectively collected images of RTE and B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasound on those lymph nodes performed preoperatively. Twenty-one lymph nodes from 12 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 23 lymph nodes from 14 patients with malignant melanoma (MM) and 14 lymph nodes from six patients with extramammary Paget disease (Paget) were investigated. Elastographic images were assessed on a scale of one to four according to the percentage of high elasticity (hard) area (HEA) in the lymph node.

RESULTS

In all three skin cancers, lymph nodes evaluated as grade 3 or 4 by RTE were metastatic. All lymph nodes evaluated as grade 1 or 2 by RTE were reactive in SCC, whereas some lymph nodes evaluated as grade 1 or 2 were metastatic in MM and Paget.

CONCLUSION

Real-time tissue elastography may aid in distinguishing reactive lymph nodes from metastatic ones especially in SCC.

P1570Cardiac strain detects subclinical decline of cardiac function after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematologic malignancies

Background

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been established as a treatment of various hematologic malignancies and improved their prognoses. HSCT includes intensive chemotherapy and systemic radiation, which occasionally induces cardiac dysfunction. However, early predictor of cardiac dysfunction associated with HSCT is still elusive. Recently, left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) has been recognized as an early detector of cardiotoxicity. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed GLS and cardiac parameters in patients with hematologic malignancies before and after HSCT to explore HSCT-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Methods

Thirty-one consecutive patients undergone HSCT were enrolled and reviewed their cardiac comorbidities, medications, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy before HSCT. Transthoracic echocardiographic variables including GLS, cardiac troponin-I, and B-type natriuretic peptide were analyzed prior to and 1 month after HSCT.

Results

The patients were 49.7±13.5 years of age, 61% were male, and 52% had cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiac troponin-I was significantly increased following HSCT from 0.010±0.002 ng/ml to 0.016±0.014 ng/ml (P=0.02), indicating that HSCT should have certain impact on cardiac myocytes. Echocardiographic analyses revealed that LV GLS was significantly decreased after HSCT from −19.4±0.8% to −18.8±0.8% (P<0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in LV ejection fraction between these time points of HSCT (63.6±5.5% vs. 64.7±4.6%; P=0.13). Although there was no correlation between the decline of GLS and the increase of troponin-I in this cohort, these results clearly indicated that GLS, but not LVEF, predicted HSCT-induced early and subclinical cardiac dysfunction at 1 month after the HSCT.

Conclusion

GLS detected early decline of cardiac function after HSCT in the patients with hematologic malignancies. Further follow-up investigations will reveal relationship between GLS, troponin-I and prognosis of cardiac function after HSCT in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Randomized phase III and extension studies: efficacy and impacts on quality of life of naldemedine in subjects with opioid-induced constipation and cancer

BACKGROUND

The efficacy and safety of naldemedine (a peripherally acting µ-opioid receptor antagonist) for opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in subjects with cancer was demonstrated in the primary report of a phase III, double-blind study (COMPOSE-4) and its open-label extension (COMPOSE-5). The primary end point, the proportion of spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) responders, was met. Here, we report results from secondary end points, including quality of life (QOL) assessments from these studies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In COMPOSE-4, eligible adults with OIC and cancer were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive once-daily oral naldemedine 0.2 mg (n = 97) or placebo (n = 96) for 2 weeks, and those who continued on to COMPOSE-5 received naldemedine for 12 weeks (n = 131). Secondary assessments in COMPOSE-4 included the proportion of complete SBM (CSBM) responders, SBM or CSBM responders by week, and subjects with ≥1 SBM or CSBM within 24 h postinitial dose. Changes from baseline in the frequency of SBMs or CSBMs per week were assessed at weeks 1 and 2. Time to the first SBM or CSBM postinitial dose was also evaluated. In both studies, QOL impact was evaluated by Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms (PAC-SYM) and PAC-QOL questionnaires.

RESULTS

Naldemedine improved bowel function for all secondary efficacy assessments versus placebo (all P ≤ 0.0002). The timely onset of naldemedine activity versus placebo was evidenced by median time to the first SBM (4.7 h versus 26.6 h) and CSBM (24.0 h versus 218.5 h) postinitial dose (all P < 0.0001). In COMPOSE-4, significant differences between groups were observed with the PAC-SYM stool domain (P = 0.045) and PAC-QOL dissatisfaction domain (P = 0.015). In COMPOSE-5, significant improvements from baseline were observed for overall and individual domain scores of PAC-SYM and PAC-QOL.

CONCLUSIONS

Naldemedine provided effective and timely symptomatic relief from OIC and improved the QOL of subjects with OIC and cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID: www.ClinicalTrials.jp: JAPIC-CTI-132340 (COMPOSE-4) and JAPIC-CTI-132342 (COMPOSE-5).

A prospective phase II study of combined androgen blockade in patients with androgen receptor-positive metastatic or locally advanced unresectable salivary gland carcinoma

Background

There is no standard first-line chemotherapy for recurrent/metastatic (RM) or unresectable locally advanced (LA) salivary gland carcinoma (SGC).

Patients and methods

We conducted a single institution, open-label, single arm, phase II trial of combined androgen blockade (CAB) for androgen receptor (AR)-positive SGC. Leuprorelin acetate was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 3.75 mg every 4 weeks. Bicalutamide was administered orally at a daily dose of 80 mg. Patients were treated until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicities.

Results

Thirty-six eligible patients were enrolled. Thirty-three patients had RM disease and three patients had LA disease. The pathological diagnoses were salivary duct carcinoma (34 patients, 94%) and adenocarcinoma, NOS (two patients, 6%). The best overall response rate was 41.7% [n = 15, 95% confidence interval (CI), 25.5%-59.2%], the clinical benefit rate was 75.0% (n = 27, 95% CI, 57.8%-87.9%). The median progression-free survival was 8.8 months (95% CI, 6.3-12.3 months) and the median overall survival was 30.5 months (95% CI, 16.8 months to not reached). Additional analyses between treatment outcomes and clinicopathological factors or biomarkers including AR positivity, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, and its complex downstream signaling pathway gene mutations showed no statistically significant differences. Elevated grade 3 liver transaminases and increased serum creatinine were reported in two patients, respectively. Discontinuation of leuprorelin acetate or bicalutamide due to adverse event occurred in one patient.

Conclusion

This study suggests that CAB has equivalent efficacy and less toxicity for patients with AR-positive RM or unresectable LA SGC compared with conventional chemotherapy, which warrants further study.

Clinical Trial Registration

UMIN-CTR (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm), identification number: UMIN000005703.

A potential contribution of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 to tissue fibrosis and vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis

BACKGROUND

LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic effects on the immune system, angiogenesis and tissue remodelling. These are cardinal pathological events in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

OBJECTIVES

To elucidate the potential role of LL-37 in SSc.

METHODS

The expression of target molecules was evaluated by immunostaining and quantitative reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction in human and murine skin. The mechanisms regulating LL-37 expression in endothelial cells were examined by gene silencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Serum LL-37 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

In SSc lesional skin, LL-37 expression was increased in dermal fibroblasts, perivascular inflammatory cells, keratinocytes and, particularly, dermal small vessels. Expression positively correlated with interferon-α expression, possibly reflecting LL-37-dependent induction of interferon-α. In SSc animal models, bleomycin-treated skin exhibited the expression pattern of CRAMP, a murine homologue of LL-37, similar to that of LL-37 in SSc lesional skin. Furthermore, Fli1^+/- mice showed upregulated expression of CRAMP in dermal small vessels. Fli1 binding to the CAMP (LL-37 gene) promoter and Fli1 deficiency-dependent induction of LL-37 were also confirmed in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. In the analysis of sera, patients with SSc had serum LL-37 levels significantly higher than in healthy controls. Furthermore, serum LL-37 levels positively correlated with skin score and the activity of alveolitis and were significantly elevated in patients with digital ulcers compared with those without.

CONCLUSIONS

LL-37 upregulation, induced by Fli1 deficiency at least in endothelial cells, potentially contributes to the development of skin sclerosis, interstitial lung disease and digital ulcers in SSc.

Prevention of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head in systemic lupus erythematosus by anti-coagulant

Although osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONF) is one of the serious complications in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with corticosteroid therapy, there has been few trials of prevention of ONF described. We aimed to prevent ONF in steroid-treated SLE patients using anticoagulant, warfarin, conducting a multicenter prospective study. Sixty newly diagnosed SLE patients requiring 40 mg/day or more prednisolone were alternately assigned to either of two groups; a warfarin group and a control one. Warfarin (1 ∼ 5 mg/day) was started together with the beginning of steroid therapy and continued at least for three months. Patients were observed for the development of silent ONF by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and symptomatic ONF by plain radiography for over five years. The warfarin group consisted of 31 patients (62 hips) and the control one 29 patients (58 hips). Silent ONF developed in 13 hips (21%) and 19 hips (33%) in the warfarin group and the control group, respectively ( P = 0.13). On the other hand, warfarin tended to prevent symptomatic ONF; only three hips of 62 (4.8%) in the warfarin group and eight hips of 58 (14%) in the control group ( P = 0.08) developed silent ONF. It was also found that silent ONF developed, if it did, very early; within three months in 16 of 18 patients (89%). Among risk factors for silent ONF, steroid pulse therapy was most outstanding and it seemed to overcome the effect of warfarin. Taken together, for the time being, anticoagulant therapy, if not significantly sufficient, may be of use for the prevention of steroid-induced ONF in SLE. We consider that this study added to important evidence for the pathogenesis and prevention of ONF.

Very early development of steroid-associated osteonecrosis of femoral head in systemic lupus erythematosus: prospective study by MRI

The objective of this study was to define prospectively the early development of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONF) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to identify the association of initial steroid treatment with the development of early (silent) ONF. Forty-five patients who were newly diagnosed as having SLE and required 40 mg/day or more prednisolone were enrolled. To detect silent ONF, examinations using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were done three months after starting steroid therapy, followed by every year’s MRI and plain radiography for over five years. Clinical and laboratory data were compared between silent ONF and non-ONF groups. Of 45 patients, 15 (33%) developed silent ONF and five (11%) symptomatic ONF. It was of interest that MRI detected silent ONF very early (by three months) in 14 patients (93%). It should be noted that pulse therapy with 1000 mg/day methylprednisolone was found to be done very frequently (13 of 15, 87%) in the silent ONF group compared to non-ONF group (11 of 30, 37%) (P, 0.01) although other clinical features were not significantly different between both groups. High dose corticosteroids caused elevation of serum levels of total cholesterol, albumin, and leukocyte count in most of patients. The degree of elevation of those parameters at one or three months was more prominent in the silent ONF group. In particular, the change ratio of total cholesterol at one month was outstanding in the silent ONF group compared to non-ONF group (0.551 versus 0.374, P, 0.05). In conclusion, pathological ONF develops very early in one-third of SLE patients who received high dose corticosteroids and steroid pulse therapy could be a significant risk factor. An abrupt elevation of serum total cholesterol and/or sensitivity to steroids seem to be associated with the pathogenesis of ONF.

Cytotoxic effects of psychotropic benzofuran derivatives, N-methyl-5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran and its N-demethylated derivative, on isolated rat hepatocytes

The novel psychoactive compounds derived from amphetamine have been illegally abused as recreational drugs, some of which are known to be hepatotoxic in humans and experimental animals. The cytotoxic effects and mechanisms of 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) and N-methyl-5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-MAPB), both of which are benzofuran analogues of amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) were studied in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. 5-MAPB caused not only concentration-dependent (0-4.0 mm) and time-dependent (0-3 h) cell death accompanied by the depletion of cellular ATP and reduced glutathione and protein thiol levels, but also accumulation of oxidized glutathione. Of the other analogues examined at a concentration of 4 mm, 5-MAPB/5-APB-induced cytotoxicity with the production of reactive oxygen species and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was greater than that induced by MDMA. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, the benzofurans resulted in a greater increase in the rate of state 4 oxygen consumption than did MDMA, with a decrease in the rate of state 3 oxygen consumption. Furthermore, the benzofurans caused more of a rapid mitochondrial swelling dependent on the mitochondrial permeability transition than MDMA. 5-MAPB at a weakly toxic level (1 mm) was metabolized slowly: levels of 5-MAPB and 5-APB were approximately 0.9 mm and 50 μm, respectively, after 3 h incubation. Taken collectively, these results indicate that mitochondria are target organelles for the benzofuran analogues and MDMA, which elicit cytotoxicity through mitochondrial failure, and the onset of cytotoxicity may depend on the initial and/or residual concentrations of 5-MAPB rather than on those of its metabolite 5-APB. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Administration of DNA Encoding the Interleukin-27 Gene Augments Antitumour Responses through Non-adaptive Immunity

DNA-mediated immunization of a tumour antigen is a possible immunotherapy for cancer, and interleukin (IL)-27 has diverse functions in adaptive immunity. In this study, we examined whether IL-27 DNA administration enhanced antitumour effects in mice vaccinated with DNA encoding a putative tumour antigen, β-galactosidase (β-gal). An intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin before DNA administration facilitated the exogenous gene expression. In mice received β-gal and IL-27 DNA, growth of β-gal-positive P815 tumours was retarded and survival of the mice was prolonged. Development of β-gal-positive Colon 26 tumours was suppressed by vaccination of β-gal DNA and further inhibited by additional IL-27 DNA administration or IL-12 family cytokines. Nevertheless, a population of β-gal-specific CD8(+) T cells did not increase, and production of anti-β-gal antibody was not enhanced by IL-27 DNA administration. Spleen cells from mice bearing IL-27-expressing Colon 26 tumours showed greater YAC-1-targeted cytotoxicity although CD3(-)/DX5(+) natural killer (NK) cell numbers remained unchanged. Recombinant IL-27 enhanced YAC-1-targeted cytotoxicity of IL-2-primed splenic NK cells and augmented a phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and an expression of perforin. These data collectively indicate that IL-27 DNA administration activates NK cells and augments vaccination effects of DNA encoding a tumour antigen through non-adaptive immune responses.