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He Y, Zhang K, Shi Y, Lin H, Huang X, Lu X, Wang Z, Li W, Feng X, Shi T, Chen Q, Wang J, Tang Y, Chapman MA, Germ M, Luthar Z, Kreft I, Janovská D, Meglič V, Woo SH, Quinet M, Fernie AR, Liu X, Zhou M. Genomic insight into the origin, domestication, dispersal, diversification and human selection of Tartary buckwheat. Genome Biol 2024; 25:61. [PMID: 38414075 PMCID: PMC10898187 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tartary buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum, is a pseudocereal crop with worldwide distribution and high nutritional value. However, the origin and domestication history of this crop remain to be elucidated. RESULTS Here, by analyzing the population genomics of 567 accessions collected worldwide and reviewing historical documents, we find that Tartary buckwheat originated in the Himalayan region and then spread southwest possibly along with the migration of the Yi people, a minority in Southwestern China that has a long history of planting Tartary buckwheat. Along with the expansion of the Mongol Empire, Tartary buckwheat dispersed to Europe and ultimately to the rest of the world. The different natural growth environments resulted in adaptation, especially significant differences in salt tolerance between northern and southern Chinese Tartary buckwheat populations. By scanning for selective sweeps and using a genome-wide association study, we identify genes responsible for Tartary buckwheat domestication and differentiation, which we then experimentally validate. Comparative genomics and QTL analysis further shed light on the genetic foundation of the easily dehulled trait in a particular variety that was artificially selected by the Wa people, a minority group in Southwestern China known for cultivating Tartary buckwheat specifically for steaming as a staple food to prevent lysine deficiency. CONCLUSIONS This study provides both comprehensive insights into the origin and domestication of, and a foundation for molecular breeding for, Tartary buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xibo Feng
- Tibet Key Experiments of Crop Cultivation and Farming/College of Plant Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Qingfu Chen
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Junzhen Wang
- Xichang Institute of Agricultural Science, Liangshan Yi People Autonomous Prefecture, Liangshan, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Koprska Ulica 98, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dagmar Janovská
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Meglič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sun-Hee Woo
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 45, boîte L7.07.13, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Zhang K, He Y, Lu X, Shi Y, Zhao H, Li X, Li J, Liu Y, Ouyang Y, Tang Y, Ren X, Zhang X, Yang W, Sun Z, Zhang C, Quinet M, Luthar Z, Germ M, Kreft I, Janovská D, Meglič V, Pipan B, Georgiev MI, Studer B, Chapman MA, Zhou M. Comparative and population genomics of buckwheat species reveal key determinants of flavor and fertility. Mol Plant 2023; 16:1427-1444. [PMID: 37649255 PMCID: PMC10512774 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is an ancient crop with a world-wide distribution. Due to its excellent nutritional quality and high economic and ecological value, common buckwheat is becoming increasingly important throughout the world. The availability of a high-quality reference genome sequence and population genomic data will accelerate the breeding of common buckwheat, but the high heterozygosity due to the outcrossing nature has greatly hindered the genome assembly. Here we report the assembly of a chromosome-scale high-quality reference genome of F. esculentum var. homotropicum, a homozygous self-pollinating variant of common buckwheat. Comparative genomics revealed that two cultivated buckwheat species, common buckwheat (F. esculentum) and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum), underwent metabolomic divergence and ecotype differentiation. The expansion of several gene families in common buckwheat, including FhFAR genes, is associated with its wider distribution than Tartary buckwheat. Copy number variation of genes involved in the metabolism of flavonoids is associated with the difference of rutin content between common and Tartary buckwheat. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive atlas of genomic variation based on whole-genome resequencing of 572 accessions of common buckwheat. Population and evolutionary genomics reveal genetic variation associated with environmental adaptability and floral development between Chinese and non-Chinese cultivated groups. Genome-wide association analyses of multi-year agronomic traits with the content of flavonoids revealed that Fh05G014970 is a potential major regulator of flowering period, a key agronomic trait controlling the yield of outcrossing crops, and that Fh06G015130 is a crucial gene underlying flavor-associated flavonoids. Intriguingly, we found that the gene translocation and sequence variation of FhS-ELF3 contribute to the homomorphic self-compatibility of common buckwheat. Collectively, our results elucidate the genetic basis of speciation, ecological adaptation, fertility, and unique flavor of common buckwheat, and provide new resources for future genomics-assisted breeding of this economically important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaliang Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yinan Ouyang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Ren
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Weifei Yang
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Tongliao Institute Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Tongliao 028015, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, boîte L7.07.13, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dagmar Janovská
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Meglič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Pipan
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Bruno Studer
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Genebank Building, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
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Kunc N, Hudina M, Bavcon J, Vreš B, Luthar Z, Gostinčar K, Mikulič-Petkovšek M, Osterc G, Ravnjak B. Characterization of the Slovene Autochthonous Rose Hybrid Rosa pendulina × spinosissima ( Rosa reversa Waldst. and Kit) Using Biochemical Patterns of the Plant Blossoms. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12030505. [PMID: 36771590 PMCID: PMC9920101 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Rosa genus is characterized by great variability and, consequently, they easily hybridize. The petals of R. pendulina, R. spinosissima and their hybrid Rosa pendulina × spinosissima, collected in western Slovenia, were included in the research. We performed morphometric analysis using keys to determine roses and genetic analysis to determine the genome size. The phenolic compound content in petals of all rose flowers was measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Using flow cytometry, we could confirm the native hybridization process due to the amount of 2C DNA. The value of R. pendulina was 1.71 pg, of R. spinosissima 1.60 pg and of the hybrid 1.62 pg. The value for the hybrid was close to values measured for parent plants and, at the same time, those values of parent plants significantly differed from each other. Our results showed that the content of phenolic compounds in petals decreased after crossing. We found that the highest total phenolic content (178.9 g/kg FW) was measured in R. spinossisima, the lowest content was analyzed for the hybrid (84.36 g/kg FW) and the content for R. pendulina was between these two values (110.58 g/kg FW). The content of flavanols and flavonols was lowest in the hybrid petals, whereas the content of anthocyanins was highest in the hybrid petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kunc
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Hudina
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Bavcon
- University Botanic Garden, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ižanska Cesta 15, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branko Vreš
- Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology SRC SASA, Novi Trg 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gostinčar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Mikulič-Petkovšek
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Osterc
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blanka Ravnjak
- University Botanic Garden, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ižanska Cesta 15, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kreft I, Germ M, Golob A, Vombergar B, Vollmannová A, Kreft S, Luthar Z. Phytochemistry, Bioactivities of Metabolites, and Traditional Uses of Fagopyrum tataricum. Molecules 2022; 27:7101. [PMID: 36296694 PMCID: PMC9611693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), the edible parts are mainly grain and sprouts. Tartary buckwheat contains protecting substances, which make it possible for plants to survive on high altitudes and under strong natural ultraviolet radiation. The diversity and high content of phenolic substances are important for Tartary buckwheat to grow and reproduce under unfriendly environmental effects, diseases, and grazing. These substances are mainly flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, vitexin, catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate), phenolic acids, fagopyrins, and emodin. Synthesis of protecting substances depends on genetic layout and on the environmental conditions, mainly UV radiation and temperature. Flavonoids and their glycosides are among Tartary buckwheat plants bioactive metabolites. Flavonoids are compounds of special interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential in preventing tiredness, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. During the processing and production of food items, Tartary buckwheat metabolites are subjected to molecular transformations. The main Tartary buckwheat traditional food products are bread, groats, and sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blanka Vombergar
- The Education Centre Piramida Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alena Vollmannová
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Kreft I, Vollmannová A, Lidiková J, Musilová J, Germ M, Golob A, Vombergar B, Kocjan Ačko D, Luthar Z. Molecular Shield for Protection of Buckwheat Plants from UV-B Radiation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175577. [PMID: 36080352 PMCID: PMC9457819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) are adapted to growing in harsh conditions of high altitudes. Ultraviolet radiation at high altitudes strongly impacts plant growth and development. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, protecting substances are synthesized in plants. The synthesis of UV-B defense metabolites is genetically conditioned, and their quantity depends on the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation to which the plants and plant parts are exposed. These substances include flavonoids, and especially rutin. Other substances with aromatic rings of six carbon atoms have a similar function, including fagopyrin, the metabolite specific for buckwheat. Defensive substances are formed in the leaves and flowers of common and Tartary buckwheat, up to about the same concentration in both species. In comparison, the concentration of rutin in the grain of Tartary buckwheat is much higher than in common buckwheat. Flavonoids also have other functions in plants so that they can protect them from pests and diseases. After crushing the grains, rutin is exposed to contact with the molecules of rutin-degrading enzymes. In an environment with the necessary humidity, rutin is turned into bitter quercetin under the action of rutin-degrading enzymes. This bitterness has a deterrent effect against pests. Moreover, flavonoids have important functions in human nutrition to prevent several chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, gallstone formation, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alena Vollmannová
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Judita Lidiková
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Janette Musilová
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blanka Vombergar
- The Education Centre Piramida Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Darja Kocjan Ačko
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Luthar Z, Golob A, Germ M, Vombergar B, Kreft I. Tartary Buckwheat in Human Nutrition. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:700. [PMID: 33916396 PMCID: PMC8066602 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) originates in mountain areas of western China, and it is mainly cultivated in China, Bhutan, northern India, Nepal, and central Europe. Tartary buckwheat shows greater cold resistance than common buckwheat, and has traits for drought tolerance. Buckwheat can provide health benefits due to its contents of resistant starch, mineral elements, proteins, and in particular, phenolic substances, which prevent the effects of several chronic human diseases, including hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and gallstone formation. The contents of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin are very variable among Tartary buckwheat samples from different origins and parts of the plants. Quercetin is formed after the degradation of rutin by the Tartary buckwheat enzyme rutinosidase, which mainly occurs after grain milling during mixing of the flour with water. High temperature treatments of wet Tartary buckwheat material prevent the conversion of rutin to quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Blanka Vombergar
- The Education Centre Piramida Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zhang K, He M, Fan Y, Zhao H, Gao B, Yang K, Li F, Tang Y, Gao Q, Lin T, Quinet M, Janovská D, Meglič V, Kwiatkowski J, Romanova O, Chrungoo N, Suzuki T, Luthar Z, Germ M, Woo SH, Georgiev MI, Zhou M. Resequencing of global Tartary buckwheat accessions reveals multiple domestication events and key loci associated with agronomic traits. Genome Biol 2021; 22:23. [PMID: 33430931 PMCID: PMC7802136 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a nutritionally balanced and flavonoid-rich crop plant that has been in cultivation for 4000 years and is now grown globally. Despite its nutraceutical and agricultural value, the characterization of its genetics and its domestication history is limited. RESULTS Here, we report a comprehensive database of Tartary buckwheat genomic variation based on whole-genome resequencing of 510 germplasms. Our analysis suggests that two independent domestication events occurred in southwestern and northern China, resulting in diverse characteristics of modern Tartary buckwheat varieties. Genome-wide association studies for important agricultural traits identify several candidate genes, including FtUFGT3 and FtAP2YT1 that significantly correlate with flavonoid accumulation and grain weight, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We describe the domestication history of Tartary buckwheat and provide a detailed resource of genomic variation to allow for genomic-assisted breeding in the improvement of elite cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Ming He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yu Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Bin Gao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Keli Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Faliang Li
- Research Station of Alpine Crop, Xichang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Liangshan, 616150 Sichuan China
| | - Yu Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Qiang Gao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 58083 Guangdong China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 45, boîte L7.07.13, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Janovská
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Meglič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Olga Romanova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), Bol’shaya Morskaya, 42-44, St. Petersburg, Russia 190000
| | - Nikhil Chrungoo
- Department of Botany, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022 India
| | - Tatsuro Suzuki
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192 Japan
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sun-Hee Woo
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Milen I. Georgiev
- Group of Plant Cell Biotechnology and Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 107, Ziyuan North Building, Xueyuan South Road No. 80, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
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Luthar Z, Zhou M, Golob A, Germ M. Breeding Buckwheat for Increased Levels and Improved Quality of Protein. Plants (Basel) 2020; 10:E14. [PMID: 33374117 PMCID: PMC7824328 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) are important sources of proteins with balanced amino-acid compositions, and thus of high nutritional value. The polyphenols naturally present in Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat lower the true digestibility of the proteins. Digestion-resistant peptides are a vehicle for fecal excretion of steroids, and in this way, for bile acid elimination and reduction of cholesterol concentrations in serum. Buckwheat proteins are more effective compared to soy proteins for the prevention of gallstone formation. Tartary and common buckwheat grain that contains appropriate amounts of selenium-containing amino acids can be produced as functional food products. The protein-rich by-products of buckwheat are a good source of bioactive substances that can suppress colon carcinogenesis by reducing cell proliferation. The grain embryo is a rich source of proteins, so breeding buckwheat with larger embryos is a possible strategy to increase protein levels in Tartary and common buckwheat grain. However, chemical analysis of the grain is the most relevant criterion for assessing grain protein levels and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (A.G.)
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Luthar Z, Germ M, Likar M, Golob A, Vogel-Mikuš K, Pongrac P, Kušar A, Pravst I, Kreft I. Breeding Buckwheat for Increased Levels of Rutin, Quercetin and Other Bioactive Compounds with Potential Antiviral Effects. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1638. [PMID: 33255469 PMCID: PMC7760024 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) are sources of many bioactive compounds, such as rutin, quercetin, emodin, fagopyrin and other (poly)phenolics. In damaged or milled grain under wet conditions, most of the rutin in common and Tartary buckwheat is degraded to quercetin by rutin-degrading enzymes (e.g., rutinosidase). From Tartary buckwheat varieties with low rutinosidase activity it is possible to prepare foods with high levels of rutin, with the preserved initial levels in the grain. The quercetin from rutin degradation in Tartary buckwheat grain is responsible in part for inhibition of α-glucosidase in the intestine, which helps to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood. Rutin and emodin have the potential for antiviral effects. Grain embryos are rich in rutin, so breeding buckwheat with the aim of producing larger embryos may be a promising strategy to increase the levels of rutin in common and Tartary buckwheat grain, and hence to improve its nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Matevž Likar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (P.P.)
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paula Pongrac
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.L.); (M.G.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (K.V.-M.); (P.P.)
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Kušar
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (I.P.)
| | - Igor Pravst
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (I.P.)
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.K.); (I.P.)
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Kreft I, Zhou M, Golob A, Germ M, Likar M, Dziedzic K, Luthar Z. Breeding buckwheat for nutritional quality. Breed Sci 2020; 70:67-73. [PMID: 32351305 PMCID: PMC7180143 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, CB) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., TB) are used in human nutrition. The idea to screen in the haploid phase for genes affecting low amylose concentration opens the possibility for the effective search of low amylose (waxy) genotypes in CB populations. Self-pollinated homozygous plants of TB might allow us to use a part of endosperm for screening of amylose content. Phenolic substances have a significant inhibitory effect on the digestion of CB and TB proteins, thus metabolites may have impact on protein digestibility. Digestion-resistant peptides are largely responsible for the bile acid elimination. Breeding to diminish polyphenols and anti-nutritional substances might have negative effects on the resistance of plants against pests, diseases and UV-radiation. Bread and pasta are popular CB and TB dishes. During dough making most of CB or TB rutin is degraded to quercetin by rutin-degrading enzymes. The new trace-rutinosidase TB variety makes possible making TB bread with considerable amount of rutin, preserving the initial rutin from flour. Breeding CB and TB for larger embryos would make it possible to increase protein, rutin, and essential minerals concentration in CB and TB grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kreft
- Research Project, Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Likar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Institute of Food Technology and Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Germ M, Árvay J, Vollmannová A, Tóth T, Golob A, Luthar Z, Kreft I. The temperature threshold for the transformation of rutin to quercetin in Tartary buckwheat dough. Food Chem 2019; 283:28-31. [PMID: 30722872 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine conditions under which rutin can be retained during production of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) dough. Tartary buckwheat flour was hydrothermally treated by mixing with water at 25, 40, 60, 80 and 95 °C, with unprocessed Tartary buckwheat flour as control. With hydrothermal treatments at 25, 40 and 60 °C, most of the rutin was transformed to quercetin. However, for hydrothermal treatments at 80 and 95 °C, rutin was retained due to denaturation of the rutin-degrading enzymes during hydrothermal treatment. This is the first report to describe a temperature threshold for denaturation of rutin-degrading enzymes in any buckwheat material. Tartary buckwheat dough produced at 95 °C contained 12 mg rutin/g dry matter. Based on these characteristics, dough from hydrothermally treated Tartary buckwheat is a promising, rutin-rich functional food material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Germ
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Július Árvay
- Department of Chemistry, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic; AgroBioTech - Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Vollmannová
- Department of Chemistry, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Tóth
- Department of Chemistry, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK-94901 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zlata Luthar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Kreft
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Likar M, Luthar Z, Kocjan Ačko D, Škrabanja V, Vombergar B, Kušar A, Pravst I, Gaberščik A, Golob A, Germ M, Kreft I, Regvar M, Teun van Elteren J, Nečemer M, Vavpetič P, Pelicon P, Vogel-Mikuš K, Zhou M, Pongrac P. NEW INSIGHTS INTO STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION OF PLANT FOOD MATERIALS. J microb biotech food sci 2017. [DOI: 10.15414/jmbfs.2017.7.1.57-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review principles and potential application of micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE), synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) hyphenated with pulsed laser ablation (LA) for analysing plants and plant materials to elucidate feature of constituensts of nutritional value. These are required in order to develop novel high-quality functional and other food products in view of the variability of properties of plant tissues and products.
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Bonafaccia G, Merendino N, Bonafaccia F, Molinari R, Galli V, Pravst I, Škrabanja V, Luthar Z, Golob A, Germ M. Concentration of proteins, beta-glucans, total phenols and antioxidant capacity of Slovenian samples of barley / Vsebnost proteinov, beta-glukanov, skupnih fenolov in antioksidativna vrednost slovenskih vzorcev ječmena. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3986/fbg0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kazana V, Tsourgiannis L, Iakovoglou V, Stamatiou C, Alexandrov A, Araújo S, Bogdan S, Božič G, Brus R, Bossinger G, Boutsimea A, Ćelepirović N, Cvrčková H, Fladung M, Ivanković M, Kazaklis A, Koutsona P, Luthar Z, Máchová P, Malá J, Mara K, Mataruga M, Moravcikova J, Paffetti D, Paiva JAP, Raptis D, Sanchez C, Sharry S, Salaj T, Šijačić-Nikolić M, Tel-Zur N, Tsvetkov I, Vettori C, Vidal N. Public Knowledge and Perceptions of Safety Issues Towards the Use of Genetically Modified Forest Trees: A Cross-Country Pilot Survey. Biosafety of Forest Transgenic Trees 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7531-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
One hundred and thirty-five microsatellite markers were developed for hop Humulus lupulus L. from di- and trinucleotide-enriched libraries. Seventy-eight primers showed amplification in two tested genotypes. Twenty-four loci were further characterized on a population of 34 hop samples and the number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from two to 20 (9.7 on average), from 0.0294 to 0.9412 (0.6234 on average) and from 0.0294 to 0.9170 (0.6720 on average), respectively. These microsatellite markers will be further used for studying population structures and relationships and for identifying important qualitative and quantitative loci of hop.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jakse
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology & Breeding, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Jakse J, Cerenak A, Radisek S, Satovic Z, Luthar Z, Javornik B. Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to Verticillium wilt and yield parameters in hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Theor Appl Genet 2013; 126:1431-43. [PMID: 23423654 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt (VW) can cause substantial yield loss in hop particularly with the outbreaks of the lethal strain of Verticillium albo-atrum. To elucidate genetic control of VW resistance in hop, an F1 mapping population derived from a cross of cultivar Wye Target, with the predicted genetic basis of resistance, and susceptible male breeding line BL2/1 was developed to assess wilting symptoms and to perform QTL mapping. The genetic linkage map, constructed with 203 markers of various types using a pseudo-testcross strategy, formed ten major linkage groups (LG) of the maternal and paternal maps, covering 552.98 and 441.1 cM, respectively. A significant QTL for VW resistance was detected at LOD 7 on a single chromosomal region on LG03 of both parental maps, accounting for 24.2-26.0 % of the phenotypic variance. QTL analysis for alpha-acid content and yield parameters was also performed on this map. QTLs for these traits were also detected and confirmed our previously detected QTLs in a different pedigree and environment. The work provides the basis for exploration of QTL flanking markers for possible use in marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Jakse
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Bastar MT, Luthar Z, Skof S, Bohanec B. Quantitative determination of mosaic GFP gene expression in tobacco. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22:939-44. [PMID: 15127224 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 01/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A specific form of gene silencing that was observed visually as a mosaic distribution of fluorescent and non-fluorescent cells apparently dispersed at random within tissues was found in a few green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transformed tobacco lines. To characterize this event quantitatively, we studied flow cytometric measurements in GFP-expressing and -silenced cells in T1 and T2 progeny of four selected plants. The proportion of silenced cells varied considerably among the T1 lines but with notable genotype differences. Mosaic expression was inherited into the T2 generation in which the majority of progenies tested exhibited a level of silencing similar to that of their T1 parental plants. However, in some T2 progenies segregation, evident as a decrease or increase in the proportion of fluorescent cells, was observed. We discuss several factors, such as copy number, promoter activity or polyploidy, that may be the possible causes of the gene silencing, but none sufficiently explain the appearance of the mosaic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bastar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Slovenia
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