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Asuaje Pfeifer M, Langehein H, Grupe K, Müller S, Seyda J, Liebmann M, Rustenbeck I, Scherneck S. PyCreas: a tool for quantification of localization and distribution of endocrine cell types in the islets of Langerhans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1250023. [PMID: 37772078 PMCID: PMC10523144 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1250023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Manifest diabetes, but also conditions of increased insulin resistance such as pregnancy or obesity can lead to islet architecture remodeling. The contributing mechanisms are as poorly understood as the consequences of altered cell arrangement. For the quantification of the different cell types but also the frequency of different cell-cell contacts within the islets, different approaches exist. However, few methods are available to characterize islet cell distribution in a statistically valid manner. Here we describe PyCreas, an open-source tool written in Python that allows semi-automated analysis of islet cell distribution based on images of pancreatic sections stained by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. To ensure that the PyCreas tool is suitable for quantitative analysis of cell distribution in the islets at different metabolic states, we studied the localization and distribution of alpha, beta, and delta cells during gestation and prediabetes. We compared the islet cell distribution of pancreatic islets from metabolically healthy NMRI mice with that of New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, which exhibit impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) both preconceptionally and during gestation, and from C57BL/6 N (B6) mice, which acquire this IGT only during gestation. Since substrain(s) of the NZO mice are known to show a variant in the Abcc8 gene, we additionally examined preconceptional SUR1 knock-out (SUR1-KO) mice. PyCreas provided quantitative evidence that alterations in the Abcc8 gene are associated with an altered distribution pattern of islet cells. Moreover, our data indicate that this cannot be a consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia, as islet architecture is already altered in the prediabetic state. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis suggests that states of transient IGT, such as during common gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), are not associated with changes in islet architecture as observed during long-term IGT. PyCreas provides the ability to systematically analyze the localization and distribution of islet cells at different stages of metabolic disease to better understand the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephan Scherneck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Auzanneau M, Eckert AJ, Meyhöfer SM, Heni M, Gillessen A, Schwettmann L, Jehle PM, Hummel M, Holl RW. Area deprivation and demographic factors associated with diabetes technology use in adults with type 1 diabetes in Germany. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1191138. [PMID: 37600703 PMCID: PMC10433185 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1191138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes technology improves glycemic control and quality of life for many people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, inequalities in access to diabetes technology exist in many countries. In Germany, disparities in technology use have been described in pediatric T1D, but no data for adults are available so far. We therefore aimed to analyze whether demographic factors and area deprivation are associated with technology use in a representative population of adults with T1D. Materials and methods In adults with T1D from the German prospective diabetes follow-up registry (DPV), we analyzed the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and sensor augmented pump therapy (SAP, with and without automated insulin delivery) in 2019-2021 by age group, gender, migration background, and area deprivation using multiple adjusted regression models. Area deprivation, defined as a relative lack of area-based resources, was measured by quintiles of the German index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD 2015, from Q1, least deprived, to Q5, most deprived districts). Results Among 13,351 adults with T1D, the use of technology decreased significantly with older age: CSII use fell from 56.1% in the 18-<25-year age group to 3.1% in the ≥80-year age group, CGM use from 75.3% to 28.2%, and SAP use from 45.1% to 1.5% (all p for trend <0.001). The use of technology was also significantly higher in women than in men (CSII: 39.2% vs. 27.6%; CGM: 61.9% vs. 58.0%; SAP: 28.7% vs. 19.6%, all p <0.001), and in individuals without migration background than in those with migration background (CSII: 38.8% vs. 27.6%; CGM: 71.1% vs. 61.4%; SAP: 30.5% vs. 21.3%, all p <0.001). Associations with area deprivation were not linear: the use of each technology decreased only from Q2 to Q4. Discussion Our real-world data provide evidence that higher age, male gender, and migration background are currently associated with lower use of diabetes technology in adults with T1D in Germany. Associations with area deprivation are more complex, probably due to correlations with other factors, like the higher proportion of migrants in less deprived areas or the federal structure of the German health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Auzanneau
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander J. Eckert
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Meyhöfer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anton Gillessen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lars Schwettmann
- Division of Health Economics, Department of Health Services Research, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Peter M. Jehle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medicine, Academic Hospital Paul-Gerhardt-Stift, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Research Group Diabetes e.V., Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard W. Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Schürfeld R, Sandner B, Hoffmann A, Klöting N, Baratashvili E, Nowicki M, Paeschke S, Kosacka J, Kralisch S, Bachmann A, Frille A, Dietel A, Stolzenburg JU, Blüher M, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Isermann B, Stumvoll M, Tönjes A, Ebert T. Renal function is a major predictor of circulating acyl-CoA-binding protein/diazepam-binding inhibitor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1152444. [PMID: 37288304 PMCID: PMC10242139 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1152444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP)/diazepam-binding inhibitor has lately been described as an endocrine factor affecting food intake and lipid metabolism. ACBP is dysregulated in catabolic/malnutrition states like sepsis or systemic inflammation. However, regulation of ACBP has not been investigated in conditions with impaired kidney function, so far. Design/methods Serum ACBP concentrations were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay i) in a cohort of 60 individuals with kidney failure (KF) on chronic haemodialysis and compared to 60 individuals with a preserved kidney function; and ii) in a human model of acute kidney dysfunction (AKD). In addition, mACBP mRNA expression was assessed in two CKD mouse models and in two distinct groups of non-CKD mice. Further, mRNA expression of mACBP was measured in vitro in isolated, differentiated mouse adipocytes - brown and white - after exposure to the uremic agent indoxyl sulfate. Results Median [interquartile range] serum ACBP was almost 20-fold increased in KF (514.0 [339.3] µg/l) compared to subjects without KF (26.1 [39.1] µg/l) (p<0.001). eGFR was the most important, inverse predictor of circulating ACBP in multivariate analysis (standardized β=-0.839; p<0.001). Furthermore, AKD increased ACBP concentrations almost 3-fold (p<0.001). Increased ACBP levels were not caused by augmented mACBP mRNA expression in different tissues of CKD mice in vivo or in indoxyl sulfate-treated adipocytes in vitro. Conclusions Circulating ACBP inversely associates with renal function, most likely through renal retention of the cytokine. Future studies need to investigate ACBP physiology in malnutrition-related disease states, such as CKD, and to adjust for markers of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schürfeld
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sandner
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annett Hoffmann
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ekaterine Baratashvili
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive-Care Medicine, Klinikum St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Paeschke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joanna Kosacka
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Bachmann
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Frille
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Dietel
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Eckert AJ, Linke S, Schwab K, von dem Berge T, Schönau E, Duran I, Dost A, Joisten C, Bartelt H, Braune K, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors among children and young adults with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years-Results from the German DPV registry. J Diabetes 2023; 15:15-26. [PMID: 36621521 PMCID: PMC9870744 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diverse stages of the COVID-19 pandemic led to several social circumstances that influenced daily life and health behavior. PURPOSE To evaluate changes in cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity among children and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany compared to previous years. METHODS A total of 32 785 individuals aged 6-21 years at baseline with T1D from the German diabetes patient follow-up (DPV) registry contributed data on 101 484 person-years between 2016 and 2021. The first treatment year of each individual within this period was considered as baseline. Based on trends from 2016 to 2019, we estimated differences in body mass index-SD score (BMI-SDS), blood pressure (BP-SDS), and lipid levels (non-high-density lipoprotein [non-HDL]) between observed and predicted estimates for the years 2020 and 2021 using linear regression analysis standardized for age, diabetes duration, sex, and migratory background. The proportion doing organized sports and smoking cigarettes was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS BMI-SDS increased constantly from 2016 to 2021 without a significant increase above expected values for 2020/2021. Systolic BP-SDS (difference observed vs. expected with 95% confidence interval, 2020: 0.10 [0.07-0.14], 2021: 0.17 [0.14-0.20]) and non-HDL (2020: 2.7 [1.3-4.1] mg/dl, 2021: 4.1 [2.7-5.5] mg/dl) were significantly increased (all p < .001) in both pandemic years. The proportion of subjects participating in organized sports was reduced from over 70% in prepandemic years to 35%-65% in diverse stages/waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The percentage smoking cigarettes did not change. CONCLUSIONS We describe an increase in BP and atherogenic lipid levels coinciding with a reduction in physical activity but no acceleration of the prepandemic increases in BMI-SDS among young people with T1D during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Eckert
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMTUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD)NeuherbergGermany
| | - Sabine Linke
- Katholisches Kinderkrankenhaus WILHELMSTIFT gGmbHChildren's HospitalHamburgGermany
| | - Karl‐Otfried Schwab
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Diabetology, Endocrinology and Lipidology, Medical CentreUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Thekla von dem Berge
- Diabetes Centre for Children and AdolescentsChildren's Hospital Auf der BultHannoverGermany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of PediatricsUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Ibrahim Duran
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Centre of Prevention and RehabilitationUni Reha, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Axel Dost
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Hospital JenaJenaGermany
| | - Christine Joisten
- Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and NeurosciencesGerman Sport University CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Centre for Prevention in Childhood and Youth / Heart Centre CologneUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Heike Bartelt
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetologyUniversity of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and AdolescentsLeipzigGermany
| | - Katarina Braune
- Institute of Medical InformaticsCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health at CharitéBerlinGermany
| | - Joachim Rosenbauer
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD)NeuherbergGermany
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Biometrics and EpidemiologyLeibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Reinhard W. Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMTUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD)NeuherbergGermany
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Gaus B, Brüning D, Groß S, Müller M, Rustenbeck I. The changing view of insulin granule mobility: From conveyor belt to signaling hub. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:983152. [PMID: 36120467 PMCID: PMC9478610 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.983152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the advent of TIRF microscopy the fate of the insulin granule prior to secretion was deduced from biochemical investigations, electron microscopy and electrophysiological measurements. Since Calcium-triggered granule fusion is indisputably necessary to release insulin into the extracellular space, much effort was directed to the measure this event at the single granule level. This has also been the major application of the TIRF microscopy of the pancreatic beta cell when it became available about 20 years ago. To better understand the metabolic modulation of secretion, we were interested to characterize the entirety of the insulin granules which are localized in the vicinity of the plasma membrane to identify the characteristics which predispose to fusion. In this review we concentrate on how the description of granule mobility in the submembrane space has evolved as a result of progress in methodology. The granules are in a state of constant turnover with widely different periods of residence in this space. While granule fusion is associated +with prolonged residence and decreased lateral mobility, these characteristics may not only result from binding to the plasma membrane but also from binding to the cortical actin web, which is present in the immediate submembrane space. While granule age as such affects granule mobility and fusion probability, the preceding functional states of the beta cell leave their mark on these parameters, too. In summary, the submembrane granules form a highly dynamic heterogeneous population and contribute to the metabolic memory of the beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Gaus
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Brüning
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sofie Groß
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Rustenbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ingo Rustenbeck,
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Pesta D, Jelenik T, Zaharia OP, Bobrov P, Görgens S, Bódis K, Karusheva Y, Krako Jakovljevic N, Lalic NM, Markgraf DF, Burkart V, Müssig K, Knebel B, Kotzka J, Eckel J, Strassburger K, Szendroedi J, Roden M. NDUFB6 Polymorphism Is Associated With Physical Activity-Mediated Metabolic Changes in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:693683. [PMID: 34659107 PMCID: PMC8518618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.693683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rs540467 SNP in the NDUFB6 gene, encoding a mitochondrial complex I subunit, has been shown to modulate adaptations to exercise training. Interaction effects with diabetes mellitus remain unclear. We assessed associations of habitual physical activity (PA) levels with metabolic variables and examined a possible modifying effect of the rs540467 SNP. Volunteers with type 2 (n=242), type 1 diabetes (n=250) or normal glucose tolerance (control; n=139) were studied at diagnosis and subgroups with type 1 (n=96) and type 2 diabetes (n=95) after 5 years. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, oxygen uptake at the ventilator threshold (VO2AT) by spiroergometry and PA by questionnaires. Translational studies investigated insulin signaling and mitochondrial function in Ndufb6 siRNA-treated C2C12 myotubes, with electronic pulse stimulation (EPS) to simulate exercising. PA levels were 10 and 6%, VO2AT was 31% and 8% lower in type 2 and type 1 diabetes compared to control. Within 5 years, 36% of people with type 2 diabetes did not improve their insulin sensitivity despite increasing PA levels. The NDUFB6 rs540467 SNP modifies PA-mediated changes in insulin sensitivity, body composition and liver fat estimates in type 2 diabetes. Silencing Ndufb6 in myotubes reduced mitochondrial respiration and prevented rescue from palmitate-induced insulin resistance after EPS. A substantial proportion of humans with type 2 diabetes fails to respond to rising PA with increasing insulin sensitivity. This may at least partly relate to a polymorphism of the NDUFB6 gene, which may contribute to modulating mitochondrial function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01055093. The trial was retrospectively registered on 25th of January 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oana-Patricia Zaharia
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pavel Bobrov
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Görgens
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Paul-Langerhaus-Group Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kálmán Bódis
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yanislava Karusheva
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Krako Jakovljevic
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Clinics for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa M. Lalic
- Paul-Langerhaus-Group Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel F. Markgraf
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Burkart
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Knebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzka
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Paul-Langerhaus-Group Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Roden,
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