1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates platelet aggregation potentiated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via inhibiting integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling

Platelet hyperreactivity contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, which is associated with a hypercoagulability state and thrombosis disorder. It has been demonstrated that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection. Vitamin D supplement is widely used as a dietary supplement due to its safety and health benefits. In this study, we investigated the direct effects and underlying mechanisms of 1,25(OH)2D3 on platelet hyperreactivity induced by SRAS-CoV-2 spike protein via Western blot and platelet functional studies in vitro. Firstly, we found that 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuated platelet aggregation and Src-mediated signaling. We further observed that 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuated spike protein-potentiated platelet aggregation in vitro. Mechanistically, 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuated spike protein upregulated-integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling such as platelet spreading and the phosphorylation of β3, c-Src and Syk. Moreover, using PP2, the Src family kinase inhibitor to abolish spike protein-stimulated platelet aggregation and integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling, the combination of PP2 and 1,25(OH)2D3 did not show additive inhibitory effects on spike protein-potentiated platelet aggregation and the phosphorylation of β3, c-Src and Syk. Thus, our data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuates platelet aggregation potentiated by spike protein via downregulating integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling.

Commonly used software tools produce conflicting and overly-optimistic AUPRC values

The precision-recall curve (PRC) and the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) are useful for quantifying classification performance. They are commonly used in situations with imbalanced classes, such as cancer diagnosis and cell type annotation. We evaluate 10 popular tools for plotting PRC and computing AUPRC, which were collectively used in more than 3000 published studies. We find the AUPRC values computed by the tools rank classifiers differently and some tools produce overly-optimistic results.

Genetically Engineered Cytomembrane Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer nanovaccines have attracted widespread attention by inducing potent cytotoxic T cell responses to improve immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, while the lack of co-stimulatory molecules limits their clinical applications. Here, a genetically engineered cancer cytomembrane nanovaccine is reported that simultaneously overexpresses co-stimulatory molecule CD40L and immune checkpoint inhibitor PD1 to elicit robust antitumor immunity for cancer immunotherapy. The CD40L and tumor antigens inherited from cancer cytomembranes effectively stimulate dendritic cell (DC)-mediated immune activation of cytotoxic T cells, while the PD1 on cancer cytomembranes significantly blocks PD1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, synergistically stimulating antitumor immune responses. Benefiting from the targeting ability of cancer cytomembranes, this nanovaccines formula shows an enhanced lymph node trafficking and retention. Compared with original cancer cytomembranes, this genetically engineered nanovaccine induces twofold DC maturation and shows satisfactory precaution efficacy in a breast tumor mouse model. This genetically engineered cytomembrane nanovaccine offers a simple, safe, and robust strategy by incorporating cytomembrane components and co-stimulatory molecules for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.

Engineering Bimetallic Polyphenol for Mild Photothermal Osteosarcoma Therapy and Immune Microenvironment Remodeling by Activating Pyroptosis and cGAS-STING Pathway

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITME) of osteosarcoma (OS) poses a significant obstacle to the efficacy of existing immunotherapies. Despite the attempt of novel immune strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumor vaccines, their effectiveness remains suboptimal due to the inherent difficulty in mitigating ITME simultaneously from both the tumor and immune system. The promotion of anti-tumor immunity through the induction of immunogenic cell death and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway has emerged as potential strategies to counter the ITME and stimulate systemic antitumor immune responses. Here, a bimetallic polyphenol-based nanoplatform (Mn/Fe-Gallate nanoparticles coated with tumor cell membranes is presented, MFG@TCM) which combines with mild photothermal therapy (PTT) for reversing ITME via simultaneously inducing pyroptosis in OS cells and activating the cGAS-STING pathway in dendritic cells (DCs). The immunostimulatory pathways, through the syngeneic effect, exerted a substantial positive impact on promoting the secretion of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and proinflammatory cytokines, which favors remodeling the immune microenvironment. Consequently, effector T cells led to a notable antitumor immune response, effectively inhibiting the growth of both primary and distant tumors. This study proposes a new method for treating OS using mild PTT and immune mudulation, showing promise in overcoming current treatment limitations.

Mechanical strain regulates osteogenesis via Antxr1/LncRNA H19/Wnt/β-catenin axis

Alleviating bone loss is an essential way to prevent osteoporotic fractures. Proper exercise improves bone density without the side effects of long-term medications, but the mechanism is unclear. Our study explored the role of Antxr1/LncRNA H19/Wnt/β-catenin axis in the process of exercise-mediated alleviation of bone loss. Here we discovered that moderate-intensity treadmill exercise alleviates bone loss caused by ovariectomy and ameliorates bone strength accompanied by an increased lncRNA H19 expression. Concomitantly, Antxr1, a mechanosensitive protein was found downregulated by exercise but upregulated by ovariectomy. Interestingly, knockdown expression of Antxr1 increased lncRNA H19 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, whereas overexpression of Antxr1 decreased lncRNA H19 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Hence, our study demonstrates the regulation of Antxr1/LncRNA H19/Wnt/β-catenin axis in the process of mechanical strain-induced osteogenic differentiation, which provides further mechanistic insight into the role of mechanical regulation in bone metabolism.

Tea polyphenol-engineered hybrid cellular nanovesicles for cancer immunotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a crucial and effective strategy for prostate cancer, while systemic administration may cause profound side effects on normal tissues. More importantly, the ADT can easily lead to resistance by involving the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and high infiltration of M2 macrophages in tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we developed a biomimetic nanotherapeutic platform by deriving cell membrane nanovesicles from cancer cells and probiotics to yield the hybrid cellular nanovesicles (hNVs), loading flutamide (Flu) into the resulting hNVs, and finally modifying the hNVs@Flu with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). In this nanotherapeutic platform, the hNVs significantly improved the accumulation of hNVs@Flu-EGCG in tumor sites and reprogramed immunosuppressive M2 macrophages into antitumorigenic M1 macrophages, the Flu acted on androgen receptors and inhibited tumor proliferation, and the EGCG promoted apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, thus synergistically stimulating the antitumor immunity and reducing the side effects and resistance of ADT. In a prostate cancer mouse model, the hNVs@Flu-EGCG significantly extended the lifespan of mice with tumors and led to an 81.78% reduction in tumor growth compared with the untreated group. Overall, the hNVs@Flu-EGCG are safe, modifiable, and effective, thus offering a promising platform for effective therapeutics of prostate cancer.

Identification of genetic modifiers enhancing B7-H3-targeting CAR T cell therapy against glioblastoma through large-scale CRISPRi screening

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Current treatment options are limited and often ineffective. CAR T cell therapy has shown success in treating hematologic malignancies, and there is growing interest in its potential application in solid tumors, including GBM. However, current CAR T therapy lacks clinical efficacy against GBM due to tumor-related resistance mechanisms and CAR T cell deficiencies. Therefore, there is a need to improve CAR T cell therapy efficacy in GBM.

METHODS

We conducted large-scale CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screens in GBM cell line U87 MG cells co-cultured with B7-H3 targeting CAR T cells to identify genetic modifiers that can enhance CAR T cell-mediated tumor killing. Flow cytometry-based tumor killing assay and CAR T cell activation assay were performed to validate screening hits. Bioinformatic analyses on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data and the TCGA database were employed to elucidate the mechanism underlying enhanced CAR T efficacy upon knocking down the selected screening hits in U87 MG cells.

RESULTS

We established B7-H3 as a targetable antigen for CAR T therapy in GBM. Through large-scale CRISPRi screening, we discovered genetic modifiers in GBM cells, including ARPC4, PI4KA, ATP6V1A, UBA1, and NDUFV1, that regulated the efficacy of CAR T cell-mediated tumor killing. Furthermore, we discovered that TNFSF15 was upregulated in both ARPC4 and NDUFV1 knockdown GBM cells and revealed an immunostimulatory role of TNFSF15 in modulating tumor-CAR T interaction to enhance CAR T cell efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlights the power of CRISPR-based genetic screening in investigating tumor-CAR T interaction and identifies potential druggable targets in tumor cells that confer resistance to CAR T cell killing. Furthermore, we devised targeted strategies that synergize with CAR T therapy against GBM. These findings shed light on the development of novel combinatorial strategies for effective immunotherapy of GBM and other solid tumors.

Unveiling the micronutrient-immunity puzzle in inactivated COVID-19 vaccination: A comprehensive analysis of circulating micronutrient levels and humoral responses in healthy adults

While micronutrients are crucial for immune function, their impact on humoral responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccination remains unclear. We investigated the associations between seven key micronutrients and antibody responses in 44 healthy adults with two doses of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Blood samples were collected pre-vaccination and 28 days post-booster. We measured circulating minerals (iron, zinc, copper, and selenium) and vitamins (A, D, and E) concentrations alongside antibody responses and assessed their associations using linear regression analyses. Our analysis revealed inverse associations between blood iron and zinc concentrations and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody binding affinity (AUC for iron: β = -258.21, p < 0.0001; zinc: β = -17.25, p = 0.0004). Notably, antibody quality presented complex relationships. Blood selenium was positively associated (β = 18.61, p = 0.0030), while copper/selenium ratio was inversely associated (β = -1.36, p = 0.0055) with the neutralizing ability against SARS-CoV-2 virus at a 1:10 plasma dilution. There was no significant association between circulating micronutrient concentrations and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG binding affinity. These findings suggest that circulating iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations and copper/selenium ratio, may serve as potential biomarkers for both quantity (binding affinity) and quality (neutralization) of humoral responses after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. Furthermore, they hint at the potential of pre-vaccination dietary interventions, such as selenium supplementation, to improve vaccine efficacy. However, larger, diverse studies are needed to validate these findings. This research advances the understanding of the impact of micronutrients on vaccine response, offering the potential for personalized vaccination strategies.

Self-Heating Multistage Microneedle Patch for Topical Therapy of Skin Cancer

Topical therapy is a favored route for treating skin cancers, but remain many challenges, such as low delivery efficiency, limited tumor tissue penetration, and unsatisfactory blood circulation. Here, a self-heating microneedle (MN) patch with multilevel structures, including a dissolvable base for rapid drug release, a degradable tip for sustained drug release, and a self-heating substrate is described. The thermally enhanced drug release performance is validated through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. High tumor therapeutic efficacy can be achieved due to the rapid release of 5-fluorouracil, while the sustained release of thymoquinone endows the MN patch with long-term tumor inhibition ability. It is further demonstrated the feasibility of such an MN patch for in vivo topical therapy of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with high efficacy, low side effects, and long-term inhibition of recurrence. This self-heating MN patch holds great promise for potential clinical applications, especially for the treatment of skin cancers.

ORAI Ca2+ Channels in Cancers and Therapeutic Interventions

The ORAI proteins serve as crucial pore-forming subunits of calcium-release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels, pivotal in regulating downstream calcium-related signaling pathways. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis arising from mutations and post-translational modifications in ORAI can lead to immune disorders, myopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancers. Small molecules targeting ORAI present an approach for calcium signaling modulation. Moreover, emerging techniques like optogenetics and optochemistry aim to offer more precise regulation of ORAI. This review focuses on the role of ORAI in cancers, providing a concise overview of their significance in the initiation and progression of cancers. Additionally, it highlights state-of-the-art techniques for ORAI channel modulation, including advanced optical tools, potent pharmacological inhibitors, and antibodies. These novel strategies offer promising avenues for the functional regulation of ORAI in research and may inspire innovative approaches to cancer therapy targeting ORAI.

Genetic Modulation of Biosynthetic Gas Vesicles for Ultrasound Imaging

Gas vesicles (GVs) from microorganisms are genetically air-filled protein nanostructures, and serve as a new class of nanoscale contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. Recently, the genetically encoded GV gene clusters have been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, allowing these genetically engineered bacteria to be visualized in vivo in a real-time manner by ultrasound. However, most of the GV genes remained functionally uncharacterized, which makes it difficult to regulate and modify GVs for broad medical applications. Here, the impact of GV proteins on GV formation is systematically investigated. The results first uncovered that the deletions of GvpR or GvpU resulted in the formation of a larger proportion of small, biconical GVs compared to the full-length construct, and the deletion of GvpT resulted in a larger portion of large GVs. Meanwhile, the combination of gene deletions has resulted in several genotypes of ultrasmall GVs that span from 50 to 20 nm. Furthermore, the results showed that E. coli carrying the ΔGvpCRTU mutant can produce strong ultrasound contrast signals in mouse liver. In conclusion, the study provides new insights into the roles of GV proteins in GV formation and produce ultrasmall GVs with a wide range of in vivo research.

Erythrocyte Membrane Camouflaged Nanotheranostics for Optical Molecular Imaging-Escorted Self-Oxygenation Photodynamic Therapy

Hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) hampers the application of oxygen (O2 )-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT) in solid tumors. To address this problem, a biomimetic nanotheranostics (named MMCC@EM) is developed for optical molecular imaging-escorted self-oxygenation PDT. MMCC@EM is synthesized by encapsulating chlorin e6 (Ce6) and catalase (CAT) in metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles with erythrocyte membrane (EM) camouflage. Based on the biomimetic properties of EM, MMCC@EM efficiently accumulates in tumor tissues. The enriched MMCC@EM achieves TME-activatable drug release, thereby releasing CAT and Ce6, and this process can be monitored through fluorescence (FL) imaging. In addition, endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) will be decomposed by CAT to produce O2 , which can be reflected by the measurement of intratumoral oxygen concentration using photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Such self-oxygenation nanotheranostics effectively mitigate tumor hypoxia and improve the generation of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ). The 1 O2 disrupts mitochondrial function and triggers caspase-3-mediated cellular apoptosis. Furthermore, MMCC@EM triggers immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect, leading to an increased infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) into tumor tissues. As a result, MMCC@EM exhibits good therapeutic effects in 4T1-tumor bearing mice under the navigation of FL/PA duplex imaging.

Hybrid Cellular Nanovesicles Block PD-L1 Signal and Repolarize M2 Macrophages for Cancer Immunotherapy

The PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blocking is a promising therapy, while immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and poor tumor penetration of therapeutic antibodies limit its efficacy. Repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) offers a potential method to ameliorate immunosuppression of TME and further boost T cell antitumor immunity. Herein, hybrid cell membrane biomimetic nanovesicles (hNVs) are developed by fusing M1 macrophage-derived nanovesicles (M1-NVs) and PD1-overexpressed tumor cell-derived nanovesicles (PD1-NVs) to improve cancer immunotherapy. The M1-NVs promote the transformation of M2-like TAMs to M1-like phenotype and further increase the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in improved immunosuppressive TME. Concurrently, the PD1-NVs block PD1/PD-L1 pathway, which boosts cancer immunotherapy when combined with M1-NVs. In a breast cancer mouse model, the hNVs efficiently accumulate at the tumor site after intravenous injection and significantly inhibit the tumor growth. Mechanically, the M1 macrophages and CD8+ T lymphocytes in TME increase by twofold after the treatment, indicating effective immune activation. These results suggest the hNVs as a promising strategy to integrate TME improvement with PD1/PD-L1 blockade for cancer immunotherapy.

Ion channel TRPV2 is critical in enhancing B cell activation and function

The function of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) cation channels governing B cell activation remains to be explored. We present evidence that TRPV2 is highly expressed in B cells and plays a crucial role in the formation of the B cell immunological synapse and B cell activation. Physiologically, TRPV2 expression level is positively correlated to influenza-specific antibody production and is low in newborns and seniors. Pathologically, a positive correlation is established between TRPV2 expression and the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in adult and child SLE patients. Correspondingly, mice with deficient TRPV2 in B cells display impaired antibody responses following immunization. Mechanistically, the pore and N-terminal domains of TRPV2 are crucial for gating cation permeation and executing mechanosensation in B cells upon antigen stimulation. These processes synergistically contribute to membrane potential depolarization and cytoskeleton remodeling within the B cell immunological synapse, fostering efficient B cell activation. Thus, TRPV2 is critical in augmenting B cell activation and function.

A panel of multivalent nanobodies broadly neutralizing Omicron subvariants and recombinant

The emerging Omicron subvariants have a remarkable ability to spread and escape nearly all current monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments. Although the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 has now diminished, it remains a significant threat to public health due to its high transmissibility and susceptibility to mutation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop broad-acting and potent therapeutics targeting current and emerging Omicron variants. Here, we identified a panel of Omicron BA.1 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeted nanobodies (Nbs) from a naive alpaca VHH library. This panel of Nbs exhibited high binding affinity to the spike RBD of wild-type, Alpha B.1.1.7, Beta B.1.351, Delta plus, Omicron BA.1, and BA.2. Through multivalent Nb construction, we obtained a subpanel of ultrapotent neutralizing Nbs against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BF.7 and even emerging XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16 pseudoviruses. Protein structure prediction and docking analysis showed that Nb trimer 2F2E5 targets two independent RBD epitopes, thus minimizing viral escape. Taken together, we obtained a panel of broad and ultrapotent neutralizing Nbs against Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, BF.7, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16. These multivalent Nbs hold great promise for the treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection and could possess a superwide neutralizing breadth against novel omicron mutants or recombinants.

Müller cells under hydrostatic pressure modulate retinal cell survival via TRPV1/PLCγ1 complex-mediated calcium influx in experimental glaucoma

Glaucoma, an irreversible blinding eye disease, is currently unclear whose pathological mechanism is. This study investigated how transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 (PLCγ1), and P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7) modulate the levels of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+ ) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in Müller cells and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) under conditions of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Müller cells were maintained at hydrostatic pressure (HP). TRPV1- and PLCG1-silenced Müller cells and P2X7-silenced RGCs were constructed by transfection with short interfering RNA (siRNAs). RGCs were cultured with the conditioned media of Müller cells under HP. A mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH) was established and used to investigate the role of TRPV1 in RGCs in vivo. Müller cells and RGCs were analyzed by ATP release assays, intracellular calcium assays, CCK-8 assays, EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) staining, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy. In vivo changes in inner retinal function were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and TUNEL staining. Western blot analyses were performed to measure the levels of related proteins. Our data showed that HP increased the levels of ATP and Ca2+ influx in Müller cells, and those increases were accompanied by the upregulation of TRPV1 and p-PLCγ1 expression. Suppression of TRPV1 or PLCG1 expression in Müller cells significantly decreased the ATP levels and intracellular Ca2+ accumulation induced by HP. Knockdown of TRPV1, PLCG1, or P2X7 significantly decreased apoptosis and autophagy in RGCs cultured in the conditioned media of HP-treated Müller cells. Moreover, TRPV1 silencing decreased RGC apoptosis and autophagy in the in vivo model of COH. Collectively, inhibition of TRPV1/PLCγ1 and P2X7 expression may be a useful therapeutic strategy for managing RGC death in glaucoma.

Image-Guided Photothermal and Immune Therapy of Tumors via Melanin-Producing Genetically Engineered Bacteria

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a new treatment modality for tumors. However, the efficient delivery of photothermal agents into tumors remains difficult, especially in hypoxic tumor regions. In this study, an approach to deliver melanin, a natural photothermal agent, into tumors using genetically engineered bacteria for image-guided photothermal and immune therapy is developed. An Escherichia coli MG1655 is transformed with a recombinant plasmid harboring a tyrosinase gene to produce melanin nanoparticles. Melanin-producing genetically engineered bacteria (MG1655-M) are systemically administered to 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. The tumor-targeting properties of MG1655-M in the hypoxic environment integrate the properties of hypoxia targeting, photoacoustic imaging, and photothermal therapeutic agents in an "all-in-one" manner. This eliminates the need for post-modification to achieve image-guided hypoxia-targeted cancer photothermal therapy. Tumor growth is significantly suppressed by irradiating the tumor with an 808 nm laser. Furthermore, strong antitumor immunity is triggered by PTT, thereby producing long-term immune memory effects that effectively inhibit tumor metastasis and recurrence. This work proposes a new photothermal and immune therapy guided by an "all-in-one" melanin-producing genetically engineered bacteria, which can offer broad potential applications in cancer treatment.

tPA-anchored nanorobots for in vivo arterial recanalization at submillimeter-scale segments

Micro/nanorobots provide a promising approach for intravascular therapy with high precision. However, blood vessel is a highly complex system, and performing interventional therapy in those submillimeter segments remains challenging. While micro/nanorobots can enter submillimeter segments, they may still comprise nonbiodegradable parts, posing a considerable challenge for post-use removal. Here, we developed a retrievable magnetic colloidal microswarm, composed of tPA-anchored Fe3O4@mSiO2 nanorobots (tPA-nbots), to archive tPA-mediated thrombolysis under balloon catheter-assisted magnetic actuation with x-ray fluoroscopy imaging system (CMAFIS). By deploying tPA-nbot transcatheter to the vicinity of the thrombus, the tPA-nbot microswarms were magnetically actuated to the blood clot at the submillimeter vessels with high precision. After thrombolysis, the tPA-nbots can be retrieved via the CMAFIS, as demonstrated in ex vivo organ of human placenta and in vivo carotid artery of rabbit. The proposed colloidal microswarm provides a promising robotic tool with high spatial precision for enhanced thrombolysis with low side effects.

Diagnostic Prediction of portal vein thrombosis in chronic cirrhosis patients using data-driven precision medicine model

BACKGROUND

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a significant issue in cirrhotic patients, necessitating early detection. This study aims to develop a data-driven predictive model for PVT diagnosis in chronic hepatitis liver cirrhosis patients.

METHODS

We employed data from a total of 816 chronic cirrhosis patients with PVT, divided into the Lanzhou cohort (n = 468) for training and the Jilin cohort (n = 348) for validation. This dataset encompassed a wide range of variables, including general characteristics, blood parameters, ultrasonography findings and cirrhosis grading. To build our predictive model, we employed a sophisticated stacking approach, which included Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA).

RESULTS

In the Lanzhou cohort, SVM and Naïve Bayes classifiers effectively classified PVT cases from non-PVT cases, among the top features of which seven were shared: Portal Velocity (PV), Prothrombin Time (PT), Portal Vein Diameter (PVD), Prothrombin Time Activity (PTA), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), age and Child-Pugh score (CPS). The QDA model, trained based on the seven shared features on the Lanzhou cohort and validated on the Jilin cohort, demonstrated significant differentiation between PVT and non-PVT cases (AUROC = 0.73 and AUROC = 0.86, respectively). Subsequently, comparative analysis showed that our QDA model outperformed several other machine learning methods.

CONCLUSION

Our study presents a comprehensive data-driven model for PVT diagnosis in cirrhotic patients, enhancing clinical decision-making. The SVM-Naïve Bayes-QDA model offers a precise approach to managing PVT in this population.