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Mancuso R, Fattorelli N, Martinez-Muriana A, Davis E, Wolfs L, Van Den Daele J, Geric I, Premereur J, Polanco P, Bijnens B, Preman P, Serneels L, Poovathingal S, Balusu S, Verfaillie C, Fiers M, De Strooper B. Xenografted human microglia display diverse transcriptomic states in response to Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid-β pathology. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:886-900. [PMID: 38539015 PMCID: PMC11089003 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are central players in Alzheimer's disease pathology but analyzing microglial states in human brain samples is challenging due to genetic diversity, postmortem delay and admixture of pathologies. To circumvent these issues, here we generated 138,577 single-cell expression profiles of human stem cell-derived microglia xenotransplanted in the brain of the AppNL-G-F model of amyloid pathology and wild-type controls. Xenografted human microglia adopt a disease-associated profile similar to that seen in mouse microglia, but display a more pronounced human leukocyte antigen or HLA state, likely related to antigen presentation in response to amyloid plaques. The human microglial response also involves a pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine cytokine response microglia or CRM response to oligomeric Aβ oligomers. Genetic deletion of TREM2 or APOE as well as APOE polymorphisms and TREM2R47H expression in the transplanted microglia modulate these responses differentially. The expression of other Alzheimer's disease risk genes is differentially regulated across the distinct cell states elicited in response to amyloid pathology. Thus, we have identified multiple transcriptomic cell states adopted by human microglia in a multipronged response to Alzheimer's disease-related pathology, which should be taken into account in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Mancuso
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nicola Fattorelli
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Martinez-Muriana
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma Davis
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leen Wolfs
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Van Den Daele
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivana Geric
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessie Premereur
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Polanco
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Baukje Bijnens
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pranav Preman
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Serneels
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Fiers
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK.
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2
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Spacova I, Allonsius CN, De Boeck I, Oerlemans E, Tuyaerts I, Van de Vliet N, van den Broek MFL, Jimenez L, Boyer M, Rodriguez B, Ballet N, Lebeer S. Multifactorial inhibition of Candida albicans by combinations of lactobacilli and probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9365. [PMID: 38654026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Strategies against the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans based on probiotic microorganisms represent a promising alternative to traditional antifungals. Here, we investigated the effects of Lactobacillaceae isolates from fermented foods or the human vagina, alone or in combination with the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856, against C. albicans in vitro. Nine out of nineteen tested strains of Lactobacillaceae inhibited growth of C. albicans with inhibition zones of 1-3 mm in spot assays. Five out of nineteen lactobacilli tested as such or in combination with S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 also significantly inhibited C. albicans hyphae formation, including Limosilactobacillus fermentum LS4 and L. fermentum LS5 resulting in respectively 62% and 78% hyphae inhibition compared to the control. Thirteen of the tested nineteen lactobacilli aggregated with the yeast form of C. albicans, with Lactiplantibacillus carotarum AMBF275 showing the strongest aggregation. The aggregation was enhanced when lactobacilli were combined with S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856. No significant antagonistic effects were observed between the tested lactobacilli and S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856. The multifactorial activity of Lactobacillaceae strains alone or combined with the probiotic S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 against C. albicans without antagonistic effects between the beneficial strains, paves the way for developing consortium probiotics for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Spacova
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camille Nina Allonsius
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilke De Boeck
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline Oerlemans
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ines Tuyaerts
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nele Van de Vliet
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marianne F L van den Broek
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luciana Jimenez
- Lesaffre International, Lesaffre Group, Rue Gabriel Péri 137, 59700, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Mickaël Boyer
- Lesaffre International, Lesaffre Group, Rue Gabriel Péri 137, 59700, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Bertrand Rodriguez
- Gnosis by Lesaffre, Lesaffre Group, Rue Gabriel Péri 137, 59700, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Nathalie Ballet
- Lesaffre International, Lesaffre Group, Rue Gabriel Péri 137, 59700, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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3
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Meester JAN, Hebert A, Bastiaansen M, Rabaut L, Bastianen J, Boeckx N, Ashcroft K, Atwal PS, Benichou A, Billon C, Blankensteijn JD, Brennan P, Bucks SA, Campbell IM, Conrad S, Curtis SL, Dasouki M, Dent CL, Eden J, Goel H, Hartill V, Houweling AC, Isidor B, Jackson N, Koopman P, Korpioja A, Kraatari-Tiri M, Kuulavainen L, Lee K, Low KJ, Lu AC, McManus ML, Oakley SP, Oliver J, Organ NM, Overwater E, Revencu N, Trainer AH, Trivedi B, Turner CLS, Whittington R, Zankl A, Zentner D, Van Laer L, Verstraeten A, Loeys BL. Expanding the clinical spectrum of biglycan-related Meester-Loeys syndrome. NPJ Genom Med 2024; 9:22. [PMID: 38531898 PMCID: PMC10966070 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-024-00413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic loss-of-function variants in BGN, an X-linked gene encoding biglycan, are associated with Meester-Loeys syndrome (MRLS), a thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection syndrome. Since the initial publication of five probands in 2017, we have considerably expanded our MRLS cohort to a total of 18 probands (16 males and 2 females). Segregation analyses identified 36 additional BGN variant-harboring family members (9 males and 27 females). The identified BGN variants were shown to lead to loss-of-function by cDNA and Western Blot analyses of skin fibroblasts or were strongly predicted to lead to loss-of-function based on the nature of the variant. No (likely) pathogenic missense variants without additional (predicted) splice effects were identified. Interestingly, a male proband with a deletion spanning the coding sequence of BGN and the 5' untranslated region of the downstream gene (ATP2B3) presented with a more severe skeletal phenotype. This may possibly be explained by expressional activation of the downstream ATPase ATP2B3 (normally repressed in skin fibroblasts) driven by the remnant BGN promotor. This study highlights that aneurysms and dissections in MRLS extend beyond the thoracic aorta, affecting the entire arterial tree, and cardiovascular symptoms may coincide with non-specific connective tissue features. Furthermore, the clinical presentation is more severe and penetrant in males compared to females. Extensive analysis at RNA, cDNA, and/or protein level is recommended to prove a loss-of-function effect before determining the pathogenicity of identified BGN missense and non-canonical splice variants. In conclusion, distinct mechanisms may underlie the wide phenotypic spectrum of MRLS patients carrying loss-of-function variants in BGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina A N Meester
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Hebert
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maaike Bastiaansen
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Rabaut
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jarl Bastianen
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nele Boeckx
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kathryn Ashcroft
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paldeep S Atwal
- Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Atwal Clinic, Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Antoine Benichou
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Clarisse Billon
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Centre, Paris, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Jan D Blankensteijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brennan
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ian M Campbell
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Solène Conrad
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Stephanie L Curtis
- Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Majed Dasouki
- Department of Medical Genetics & Genomics, AdventHealth Medical Group, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Carolyn L Dent
- South West Genomic Laboratory Hub, Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - James Eden
- North West Genomic Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Verity Hartill
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Arjan C Houweling
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicola Jackson
- Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Pieter Koopman
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Anita Korpioja
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna Kraatari-Tiri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Liina Kuulavainen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelvin Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics & Genomics, AdventHealth Medical Group, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Karen J Low
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, UK
- University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, UK
| | - Alan C Lu
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Morgan L McManus
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen P Oakley
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, School of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - James Oliver
- Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicole M Organ
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Eline Overwater
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alison H Trainer
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bhavya Trivedi
- Department of Medical Genetics & Genomics, AdventHealth Medical Group, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Claire L S Turner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Andreas Zankl
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominica Zentner
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart L Loeys
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Schoenaers S, Lee HK, Gonneau M, Faucher E, Levasseur T, Akary E, Claeijs N, Moussu S, Broyart C, Balcerowicz D, AbdElgawad H, Bassi A, Damineli DSC, Costa A, Feijó JA, Moreau C, Bonnin E, Cathala B, Santiago J, Höfte H, Vissenberg K. Rapid alkalinization factor 22 has a structural and signalling role in root hair cell wall assembly. Nat Plants 2024; 10:494-511. [PMID: 38467800 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Pressurized cells with strong walls make up the hydrostatic skeleton of plants. Assembly and expansion of such stressed walls depend on a family of secreted RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides, which bind both a membrane receptor complex and wall-localized LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT EXTENSIN (LRXs) in a mutually exclusive way. Here we show that, in root hairs, the RALF22 peptide has a dual structural and signalling role in cell expansion. Together with LRX1, it directs the compaction of charged pectin polymers at the root hair tip into periodic circumferential rings. Free RALF22 induces the formation of a complex with LORELEI-LIKE-GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1 and FERONIA, triggering adaptive cellular responses. These findings show how a peptide simultaneously functions as a structural component organizing cell wall architecture and as a feedback signalling molecule that regulates this process depending on its interaction partners. This mechanism may also underlie wall assembly and expansion in other plant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Elvina Faucher
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Elodie Akary
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Naomi Claeijs
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Moussu
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Broyart
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Santa Cruz Damineli
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - José A Feijó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France.
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Department of Biology, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece.
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5
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Lebeer S, Ahannach S, Gehrmann T, Wittouck S, Eilers T, Oerlemans E, Condori S, Dillen J, Spacova I, Vander Donck L, Masquillier C, Allonsius CN, Bron PA, Van Beeck W, De Backer C, Donders G, Verhoeven V. A citizen-science-enabled catalogue of the vaginal microbiome and associated factors. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2183-2195. [PMID: 37884815 PMCID: PMC10627828 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the composition and function of the vaginal microbiome is crucial for reproductive and overall health. Here we established the Isala citizen-science project to analyse the vaginal microbiomes of 3,345 women in Belgium (18-98 years) through self-sampling, 16S amplicon sequencing and extensive questionnaires. The overall vaginal microbiome composition was strongly tied to age, childbirth and menstrual cycle phase. Lactobacillus species dominated 78% of the vaginal samples. Specific bacterial taxa also showed to co-occur in modules based on network correlation analysis. Notably, the module containing Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii and Limosilactobacillus taxa was positively linked to oestrogen levels and contraceptive use and negatively linked to childbirth and breastfeeding. Other modules, named after abundant taxa (Gardnerella, Prevotella and Bacteroides), correlated with multiple partners, menopause, menstrual hygiene and contraceptive use. With this resource-rich vaginal microbiome map and associated health, life-course, lifestyle and dietary factors, we provide unique data and insights for follow-up clinical and mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Ahannach
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thies Gehrmann
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn Wittouck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Eilers
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline Oerlemans
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Condori
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Dillen
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leonore Vander Donck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Masquillier
- Department of Sociology, Center for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camille Nina Allonsius
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter A Bron
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Beeck
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Gilbert Donders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Regional Hospital Heilig Hart, Tienen, Belgium
- Femicare Clinical Research for Women, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Veronique Verhoeven
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Neumann A, Küçükali F, Bos I, Vos SJB, Engelborghs S, De Pooter T, Joris G, De Rijk P, De Roeck E, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, Martinez-Lage P, Tainta M, Frisoni G, Blin O, Richardson J, Bordet R, Scheltens P, Popp J, Peyratout G, Johannsen P, Frölich L, Vandenberghe R, Freund-Levi Y, Streffer J, Lovestone S, Legido-Quigley C, Ten Kate M, Barkhof F, Strazisar M, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Visser PJ, van Broeckhoven C, Sleegers K. Rare variants in IFFO1, DTNB, NLRC3 and SLC22A10 associate with Alzheimer's disease CSF profile of neuronal injury and inflammation. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1990-1999. [PMID: 35173266 PMCID: PMC9126805 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers represent several neurodegenerative processes, such as synaptic dysfunction, neuronal inflammation and injury, as well as amyloid pathology. We performed an exome-wide rare variant analysis of six AD biomarkers (β-amyloid, total/phosphorylated tau, NfL, YKL-40, and Neurogranin) to discover genes associated with these markers. Genetic and biomarker information was available for 480 participants from two studies: EMIF-AD and ADNI. We applied a principal component (PC) analysis to derive biomarkers combinations, which represent statistically independent biological processes. We then tested whether rare variants in 9576 protein-coding genes associate with these PCs using a Meta-SKAT test. We also tested whether the PCs are intermediary to gene effects on AD symptoms with a SMUT test. One PC loaded on NfL and YKL-40, indicators of neuronal injury and inflammation. Four genes were associated with this PC: IFFO1, DTNB, NLRC3, and SLC22A10. Mediation tests suggest, that these genes also affect dementia symptoms via inflammation/injury. We also observed an association between a PC loading on Neurogranin, a marker for synaptic functioning, with GABBR2 and CASZ1, but no mediation effects. The results suggest that rare variants in IFFO1, DTNB, NLRC3, and SLC22A10 heighten susceptibility to neuronal injury and inflammation, potentially by altering cytoskeleton structure and immune activity disinhibition, resulting in an elevated dementia risk. GABBR2 and CASZ1 were associated with synaptic functioning, but mediation analyses suggest that the effect of these two genes on synaptic functioning is not consequential for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neumann
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Fahri Küçükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) and Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim De Pooter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Joris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter De Rijk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Roeck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frans Verhey
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- RCCS Instituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Oliver Blin
- Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacovigilance Department, Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jill Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevanage, UK
| | - Régis Bordet
- Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University of Lille, Inserm, France
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Peyratout
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Clinical Drug Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences Örebro, University Örebro, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Janssen Medical Ltd, High Wycombe, UK
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mojca Strazisar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine van Broeckhoven
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Kooy RF. ZNF711 puts a spell on DNA. Eur J Hum Genet 2022; 30:396-397. [PMID: 35132177 PMCID: PMC8989886 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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8
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Zalalutdinov MK, Robinson JT, Fonseca JJ, LaGasse SW, Pandey T, Lindsay LR, Reinecke TL, Photiadis DM, Culbertson JC, Cress CD, Houston BH. Acoustic cavities in 2D heterostructures. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3267. [PMID: 34075055 PMCID: PMC8169679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer unique opportunities in engineering the ultrafast spatiotemporal response of composite nanomechanical structures. In this work, we report on high frequency, high quality factor (Q) 2D acoustic cavities operating in the 50-600 GHz frequency (f) range with f × Q up to 1 × 1014. Monolayer steps and material interfaces expand cavity functionality, as demonstrated by building adjacent cavities that are isolated or strongly-coupled, as well as a frequency comb generator in MoS2/h-BN systems. Energy dissipation measurements in 2D cavities are compared with attenuation derived from phonon-phonon scattering rates calculated using a fully microscopic ab initio approach. Phonon lifetime calculations extended to low frequencies (<1 THz) and combined with sound propagation analysis in ultrathin plates provide a framework for designing acoustic cavities that approach their fundamental performance limit. These results provide a pathway for developing platforms employing phonon-based signal processing and for exploring the quantum nature of phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose J Fonseca
- NRC Postdoctoral Fellow at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel W LaGasse
- NRC Postdoctoral Fellow at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lucas R Lindsay
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cory D Cress
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Berkell M, Mysara M, Xavier BB, van Werkhoven CH, Monsieurs P, Lammens C, Ducher A, Vehreschild MJGT, Goossens H, de Gunzburg J, Bonten MJM, Malhotra-Kumar S. Microbiota-based markers predictive of development of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2241. [PMID: 33854066 PMCID: PMC8047037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced modulation of the intestinal microbiota can lead to Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), which is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare-costs globally. Therefore, identification of markers predictive of CDI could substantially contribute to guiding therapy and decreasing the infection burden. Here, we analyze the intestinal microbiota of hospitalized patients at increased CDI risk in a prospective, 90-day cohort-study before and after antibiotic treatment and at diarrhea onset. We show that patients developing CDI already exhibit significantly lower diversity before antibiotic treatment and a distinct microbiota enriched in Enterococcus and depleted of Ruminococcus, Blautia, Prevotella and Bifidobacterium compared to non-CDI patients. We find that antibiotic treatment-induced dysbiosis is class-specific with beta-lactams further increasing enterococcal abundance. Our findings, validated in an independent prospective patient cohort developing CDI, can be exploited to enrich for high-risk patients in prospective clinical trials, and to develop predictive microbiota-based diagnostics for management of patients at risk for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Berkell
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cornelis H van Werkhoven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Monsieurs
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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10
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Caljon G, Mabille D, Stijlemans B, De Trez C, Mazzone M, Tacchini-Cottier F, Malissen M, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S, De Baetselier P, Van Den Abbeele J. Neutrophils enhance early Trypanosoma brucei infection onset. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11203. [PMID: 30046157 PMCID: PMC6060092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Trypanosoma brucei was naturally transmitted to mice through the bites of infected Glossina morsitans tsetse flies. Neutrophils were recruited rapidly to the bite site, whereas monocytes were attracted more gradually. Expression of inflammatory cytokines (il1b, il6), il10 and neutrophil chemokines (cxcl1, cxcl5) was transiently up-regulated at the site of parasite inoculation. Then, a second influx of neutrophils occurred that coincided with the previously described parasite retention and expansion in the ear dermis. Congenital and experimental neutropenia models, combined with bioluminescent imaging, indicate that neutrophils do not significantly contribute to dermal parasite control and elicit higher systemic parasitemia levels during the infection onset. Engulfment of parasites by neutrophils in the skin was rarely observed and was restricted to parasites with reduced motility/viability, whereas live parasites escaped phagocytosis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first description of a trypanosome infection promoting role of early innate immunological reactions following an infective tsetse fly bite. Our data indicate that the trypanosome is not hindered in its early development and benefits from the host innate responses with the neutrophils being important regulators of the early infection, as already demonstrated for the sand fly transmitted Leishmania parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Dorien Mabille
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm U1104, CNRS UMR7280, F-13288, Marseille, France
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.
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