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Moore AC, Hennessy MG, Nogueira LP, Franks SJ, Taffetani M, Seong H, Kang YK, Tan WS, Miklosic G, El Laham R, Zhou K, Zharova L, King JR, Wagner B, Haugen HJ, Münch A, Stevens MM. Fiber reinforced hydrated networks recapitulate the poroelastic mechanics of articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 2023; 167:69-82. [PMID: 37331613 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of poroelasticity on the functional performance of articular cartilage has been established in the scientific literature since the 1960s. Despite the extensive knowledge on this topic there remain few attempts to design for poroelasticity and to our knowledge no demonstration of an engineered poroelastic material that approaches the physiological performance. In this paper, we report on the development of an engineered material that begins to approach physiological poroelasticity. We quantify poroelasticity using the fluid load fraction, apply mixture theory to model the material system, and determine cytocompatibility using primary human mesenchymal stem cells. The design approach is based on a fiber reinforced hydrated network and uses routine fabrication methods (electrohydrodynamic deposition) and materials (poly[ɛ-caprolactone] and gelatin) to develop the engineered poroelastic material. This composite material achieved a mean peak fluid load fraction of 68%, displayed consistency with mixture theory, and demonstrated cytocompatibility. This work creates a foundation for designing poroelastic cartilage implants and developing scaffold systems to study chondrocyte mechanobiology and tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Poroelasticity drives the functional mechanics of articular cartilage (load bearing and lubrication). In this work we develop the design rationale and approach to produce a poroelastic material, known as a fiber reinforced hydrated network (FiHy™), that begins to approach the native performance of articular cartilage. This is the first engineered material system capable of exceeding isotropic linear poroelastic theory. The framework developed here enables fundamental studies of poroelasticity and the development of translational materials for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Moore
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M G Hennessy
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - L P Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway; Oral Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - S J Franks
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M Taffetani
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - H Seong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Y K Kang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - W S Tan
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - G Miklosic
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R El Laham
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - K Zhou
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - L Zharova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J R King
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - B Wagner
- Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, Berlin D-10117, Germany
| | - H J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - A Münch
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Kupratis ME, Gure AE, Benson JM, Ortved KF, Burris DL, Price C. Comparative tribology II-Measurable biphasic tissue properties have predictable impacts on cartilage rehydration and lubricity. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:375-389. [PMID: 34728427 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Healthy articular cartilage supports load bearing and frictional properties unmatched among biological tissues and man-made bearing materials. Balancing fluid exudation and recovery under loaded and articulated conditions is essential to the tissue's biological and mechanical longevity. Our prior tribological investigations, which leveraged the convergent stationary contact area (cSCA) configuration, revealed that sliding alone can modulate cartilage interstitial fluid pressurization and the recovery and maintenance of lubrication under load through a mechanism termed 'tribological rehydration.' Our recent comparative assessment of tribological rehydration revealed remarkably consistent sliding speed-dependent fluid recovery and lubrication behaviors across femoral condyle cartilage from five mammalian species (equine/horse, bovine/cow, porcine/pig, ovine/sheep, and caprine/goat). In the present study, we identified and characterized key predictive relationships among tissue properties, sliding-induced tribological rehydration, and the modulation/recovery of lubrication within healthy articular cartilage. Using correlational analysis, we linked observed speed-dependent tribological rehydration behaviors to cartilage's geometry and biphasic properties (tensile and compressive moduli, and permeability). Together, these findings demonstrate that easily measurable biphasic tissue characteristics (e.g., bulk tissue material properties, compressive strain magnitude, and strain rates) can be used to predict cartilage's rehydration and lubricating abilities, and ultimately its function in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In healthy cartilage, articulation recovers fluid lost to static loading thereby sustaining tissue lubricity. Osteoarthritis causes changes to cartilage composition, stiffness, and permeability associated with faster fluid exudation and presumably poorer frictional outcomes. Yet, the relationship between mechanical properties and fluid recovery during articulation/sliding remains unclear. Through innovative, high-speed benchtop sliding and indentation experiments, we found that cartilage's tissue properties regulate its exudation/hydration under slow sliding speeds but have minimal effect at high sliding speeds. In fact, cartilage rehydration appears insensitive to permeability and stiffness under high fluid load support conditions. This new understanding of the balance of cartilage exudation and rehydration during activity, based upon comparative tribology studies, may improve prevention and rehabilitation strategies for joint injuries and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Kupratis
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ahmed E Gure
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jamie M Benson
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David L Burris
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Christopher Price
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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