1
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Yang C, Hu J, Liu L, Wu S, Pan M, Liu Y, Wang H, Li P, Zhang Q, Qiu W, Luo H. An underwater vest containing an antioxidant MXene hydrogel for sensitive recognition of fish locomotion. Microsyst Nanoeng 2024; 10:41. [PMID: 38523657 PMCID: PMC10957866 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The perception of fish locomotion is important for understanding their adaptive behaviors and ethological characteristics. However, the main strategy used for extracting fish attitudes involves the use of a vision-based monitoring system, which is limited in its range of observation and cannot perform tracking for long times. Here, we report the use of a wearable tagging electronic device, referred to as an underwater vest, to capture the surrounding flow field disturbances triggered by swimming or momentary postural changes. All of these goals were achieved by integrating a pair of pseudocapacitive pressure-sensing units and a flexible circuit board. Notably, additional conditions, such as variable hydraulic pressures and minimal changes in fish posture, require high stability and sensitivity of the sensing units. Thus, hybrid hydrogel electrodes were developed through cross-linking MXene with holey-reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and further modification with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquids, which increased the interfacial capacitance and long-term interfacial activity of the MXene. Consequently, the sensing unit exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity (Smax~136,207 kPa-1) in an aquatic environment for 60 days and superior high-pressure resolution (10 Pa) within a wide working range of 1 MPa. Ultimately, an underwater vest integrated with such sensing units clearly distinguished and recorded fish locomotion. We believe that the designed device may open avenues in flow field monitoring and ocean current detection and provide new insights into the development of sensitive underwater tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiu Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Jiafei Hu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Lihui Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Mengchun Pan
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Haomiao Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Peisen Li
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Weicheng Qiu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
| | - Huihui Luo
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073 China
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2
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Pan Y, Yan C, Gao X, Yang J, Guo T, Zhang L, Wang W. A passive wireless surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor system for detecting warfare agents based on fluoroalcohol polysiloxane film. Microsyst Nanoeng 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38179439 PMCID: PMC10764927 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of environmental warfare agengts is a challenge for chemical gas sensors. To address this issue, we developed a 433 MHz passive wireless surface acoustic wave (WSAW) gas sensor for dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) detection. This WSAW gas sensor includes a YZ lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate with metallic interdigital transducers (IDTs) etched on it, and an antenna was placed near the IDT. A DMMP-sensitive viscoelastic polymer fluoroalcoholpolysiloxane (SXFA) film was prepared on a LiNbO3 substrate, and mode modeling coupling was used to optimize the design parameters. The sensor can function properly in an environments between -30 °C and 100 °C with humidity less than 60% RH. When the wireless transmission distance was within the range of 0-90 cm, the sensor noise increased with distance, and the stability was less than 32°/h. While optimizing the film thickness of SXFA, a relationship was observed between sensor sensitivity and film thickness. When the film thickness of SXFA reached 450 nm, the optimal value was reached. At a distance of 20 cm between the transmitting and receiving antennas, DMMP was detected at different concentrations with the developed WSAW gas sensor. The lower detection limit of DMMP was 0.48 mg/m3, the sensitivity of the sensor was 4.63°/(mg/m3), and repeatable performance of the sensor was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civil, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Cancan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civil, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Xu Gao
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- The School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Junchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civil, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Tengxiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civil, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civil, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Wen Wang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- The School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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3
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Roy A, Ta BQ, Azadmehr M, Aasmundtveit KE. Post-CMOS processing challenges and design developments of CMOS-MEMS microheaters for local CNT synthesis. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:136. [PMID: 37937184 PMCID: PMC10625928 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be locally grown on custom-designed CMOS microheaters by a thermal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process to utilize the sensing capabilities of CNTs in emerging micro- and nanotechnology applications. For such a direct CMOS-CNT integration, a key requirement is the development of necessary post-processing steps on CMOS chips for fabricating CMOS-MEMS polysilicon heaters that can locally generate the required CNT synthesis temperatures (~650-900 °C). In our post-CMOS processing, a subtractive fabrication technique is used for micromachining the polysilicon heaters, where the passivation layers in CMOS are used as masks to protect the electronics. For dielectric etching, it is necessary to achieve high selectivity, uniform etching and a good etch rate to fully expose the polysilicon layers without causing damage. We achieved successful post-CMOS processing by developing two-step reactive ion etching (RIE) of the SiO2 dielectric layer and making design improvements to a second-generation CMOS chip. After the dry etching process, CMOS-MEMS microheaters are partially suspended by SiO2 wet etching with minimum damage to the exposed aluminium layers, to obtain high thermal isolation. The fabricated microheaters are then successfully utilized for synthesizing CNTs by a local thermal CVD process. The CMOS post-processing challenges and design aspects to fabricate CMOS-MEMS polysilicon microheaters for such high-temperature applications are detailed in this article. Our developed process for heterogeneous monolithic integration of CMOS-CNT shows promise for wafer-level manufacturing of CNT-based sensors by incorporating additional steps in an already existing foundry CMOS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Roy
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway
| | - Bao Q. Ta
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway
| | - Mehdi Azadmehr
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway
| | - Knut E. Aasmundtveit
- Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3184 Horten, Norway
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Zhang J, Qian L, Barin GB, Daaoub AHS, Chen P, Müllen K, Sangtarash S, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Sadeghi H, Zhang J, Calame M, Perrin ML. Contacting individual graphene nanoribbons using carbon nanotube electrodes. Nat Electron 2023; 6:572-581. [PMID: 37636241 PMCID: PMC10449622 DOI: 10.1038/s41928-023-00991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons synthesized using bottom-up approaches can be structured with atomic precision, allowing their physical properties to be precisely controlled. For applications in quantum technology, the manipulation of single charges, spins or photons is required. However, achieving this at the level of single graphene nanoribbons is experimentally challenging due to the difficulty of contacting individual nanoribbons, particularly on-surface synthesized ones. Here we report the contacting and electrical characterization of on-surface synthesized graphene nanoribbons in a multigate device architecture using single-walled carbon nanotubes as the electrodes. The approach relies on the self-aligned nature of both nanotubes, which have diameters as small as 1 nm, and the nanoribbon growth on their respective growth substrates. The resulting nanoribbon-nanotube devices exhibit quantum transport phenomena-including Coulomb blockade, excited states of vibrational origin and Franck-Condon blockade-that indicate the contacting of individual graphene nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Liu Qian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Peipei Chen
- Nanofabrication Laboratory, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michel Calame
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mickael L. Perrin
- Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Zhang Z, Ji P, Li S, Wang F, He S, Cheng Y, Zhao S, Li K, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang S. High-performance broadband flexible photodetector based on Gd 3Fe 5O 12-assisted double van der Waals heterojunctions. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:84. [PMID: 37408537 PMCID: PMC10318041 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible photodetectors are fundamental components for developing wearable systems, which can be widely used for medical detection, environmental monitoring and flexible imaging. However, compared with 3D materials, low-dimensional materials have degraded performance, a key challenge for current flexible photodetectors. Here, a high-performance broadband photodetector has been proposed and fabricated. By combining the high mobility of graphene (Gr) with the strong light-matter interactions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), the flexible photodetector exhibits a greatly improved photoresponse covering the visible to near-infrared range. Additionally, a thin layer of gadolinium iron garnet (Gd3Fe5O12, GdlG) film is introduced to improve the interface of the double van der Waals heterojunctions to reduce the dark current. The SWCNT/GdIG/Gr/GdIG/MoS2 flexible photodetector exhibits a high photoresponsivity of 47.375 A/W and a high detectivity of 1.952 × 1012 Jones at 450 nm, a high photoresponsivity of 109.311 A/W and a high detectivity of 4.504 × 1012 Jones at 1080 nm, and good mechanical stability at room temperature. This work demonstrates the good capacity of GdIG-assisted double van der Waals heterojunctions on flexible substrates and provides a new solution for constructing high-performance flexible photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Peirui Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Shaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Shengmei He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Yiwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Shuhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Kaili Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Shuming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
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6
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Jo E, Lee H, Lee JI, Kim J. Mechanically resilient, alumina-reinforced carbon nanotube arrays for in-plane shock absorption in micromechanical devices. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:76. [PMID: 37303830 PMCID: PMC10250468 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are of considerable interest due to their compact size and low power consumption when used in modern electronics. MEMS devices intrinsically incorporate three-dimensional (3D) microstructures for their intended operations; however, these microstructures are easily broken by mechanical shocks accompanying high-magnitude transient acceleration, inducing device malfunction. Although various structural designs and materials have been proposed to overcome this limit, developing a shock absorber for easy integration into existing MEMS structures that effectively dissipates impact energy remains challenging. Here, a vertically aligned 3D nanocomposite based on ceramic-reinforced carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays is presented for in-plane shock-absorbing and energy dissipation around MEMS devices. This geometrically aligned composite consists of regionally-selective integrated CNT arrays and a subsequent atomically thick alumina layer coating, which serve as structural and reinforcing materials, respectively. The nanocomposite is integrated with the microstructure through a batch-fabrication process and remarkably improves the in-plane shock reliability of a designed movable structure over a wide acceleration range (0-12,000g). In addition, the enhanced shock reliability through the nanocomposite was experimentally verified through comparison with various control devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhwan Jo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
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7
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Tadokoro Y, Funayama K, Kawano K, Miura A, Hirotani J, Ohno Y, Tanaka H. Artificial-intelligence-assisted mass fabrication of nanocantilevers from randomly positioned single carbon nanotubes. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:32. [PMID: 36969967 PMCID: PMC10033894 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale cantilevers (nanocantilevers) made from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide tremendous benefits in sensing and electromagnetic applications. This nanoscale structure is generally fabricated using chemical vapor deposition and/or dielectrophoresis, which contain manual, time-consuming processes such as the placing of additional electrodes and careful observation of single-grown CNTs. Here, we demonstrate a simple and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted method for the efficient fabrication of a massive CNT-based nanocantilever. We used randomly positioned single CNTs on the substrate. The trained deep neural network recognizes the CNTs, measures their positions, and determines the edge of the CNT on which an electrode should be clamped to form a nanocantilever. Our experiments demonstrate that the recognition and measurement processes are automatically completed in 2 s, whereas comparable manual processing requires 12 h. Notwithstanding the small measurement error by the trained network (within 200 nm for 90% of the recognized CNTs), more than 34 nanocantilevers were successfully fabricated in one process. Such high accuracy contributes to the development of a massive field emitter using the CNT-based nanocantilever, in which the output current is obtained with a low applied voltage. We further showed the benefit of fabricating massive CNT-nanocantilever-based field emitters for neuromorphic computing. The activation function, which is a key function in a neural network, was physically realized using an individual CNT-based field emitter. The introduced neural network with the CNT-based field emitters recognized handwritten images successfully. We believe that our method can accelerate the research and development of CNT-based nanocantilevers for realizing promising future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Tadokoro
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi Japan
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | | | - Atsushi Miura
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroya Tanaka
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi Japan
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8
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Wang X, Deng Y, Jiang P, Chen X, Yu H. Low-hysteresis, pressure-insensitive, and transparent capacitive strain sensor for human activity monitoring. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:113. [PMID: 36247083 PMCID: PMC9553868 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have been widely used for human activity monitoring. Most reported strain sensors have mainly focused on material engineering, high stretchability and large gauge factors. Few works have focused on strain sensor's robustness and reliability, including low hysteresis, good long-term stability, good electrode material stability, and low coupling effects under multi-input signals, which are the factors that limit practical strain sensor applications. To develop a high-performance strain sensor, we propose a flexible capacitive sensor structure with three-dimensional (3D) interdigital electrodes fabricated by vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Compared with a traditional resistive strain sensor and a capacitive strain sensor with vertical sandwich electrodes, a strain sensor with horizontal parallel interdigital electrodes can benefit from low cross talk in terms of the normal force and improve substrate transparency. Additionally, embedding 3D electrodes into the substrate improves ultrahigh robustness with a low-pressure coupling effect under normal force. Moreover, compared with other reported works, the electrode variation under strain is small (less than 1.6%), which means that the perturbation of inert properties on device performance is small. Finally, the fabricated strain sensor achieves an ultralow hysteresis (0.35%), excellent pressure-insensitive performance (less than 0.8%), fast response (60 ms), good long-term stability, and good transparency. As an application example, a flexible strain sensor was successfully demonstrated as a wearable device for the precise monitoring of different types of human activities, including bending of the finger, knee, elbow, wrist, and neck with large strain signals and small strain signals generated by a mouth-opening activity. This excellent performance indicates that the flexible strain sensor is a promising candidate for human motion detection, soft robotics, and medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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9
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Zhang J, Perrin ML, Barba L, Overbeck J, Jung S, Grassy B, Agal A, Muff R, Brönnimann R, Haluska M, Roman C, Hierold C, Jaggi M, Calame M. High-speed identification of suspended carbon nanotubes using Raman spectroscopy and deep learning. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:19. [PMID: 35211323 PMCID: PMC8828464 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The identification of nanomaterials with the properties required for energy-efficient electronic systems is usually a tedious human task. A workflow to rapidly localize and characterize nanomaterials at the various stages of their integration into large-scale fabrication processes is essential for quality control and, ultimately, their industrial adoption. In this work, we develop a high-throughput approach to rapidly identify suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using high-speed Raman imaging and deep learning analysis. Even for Raman spectra with extremely low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 0.9, we achieve a classification accuracy that exceeds 90%, while it reaches 98% for an SNR of 2.2. By applying a threshold on the output of the softmax layer of an optimized convolutional neural network (CNN), we further increase the accuracy of the classification. Moreover, we propose an optimized Raman scanning strategy to minimize the acquisition time while simultaneously identifying the position, amount, and metallicity of CNTs on each sample. Our approach can readily be extended to other types of nanomaterials and has the potential to be integrated into a production line to monitor the quality and properties of nanomaterials during fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mickael L. Perrin
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Luis Barba
- Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Overbeck
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seoho Jung
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brock Grassy
- Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aryan Agal
- Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rico Muff
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Brönnimann
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Haluska
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosmin Roman
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christofer Hierold
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jaggi
- Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory, School of Computer and Communication Sciences, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Calame
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Nedelcu S, Thodkar K, Hierold C. A customizable, low-power, wireless, embedded sensing platform for resistive nanoscale sensors. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35087682 PMCID: PMC8760339 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Customizable, portable, battery-operated, wireless platforms for interfacing high-sensitivity nanoscale sensors are a means to improve spatiotemporal measurement coverage of physical parameters. Such a platform can enable the expansion of IoT for environmental and lifestyle applications. Here we report a platform capable of acquiring currents ranging from 1.5 nA to 7.2 µA full-scale with 20-bit resolution and variable sampling rates of up to 3.125 kSPS. In addition, it features a bipolar voltage programmable in the range of -10 V to +5 V with a 3.65 mV resolution. A Finite State Machine steers the system by executing a set of embedded functions. The FSM allows for dynamic, customized adjustments of the nanosensor bias, including elevated bias schemes for self-heating, measurement range, bandwidth, sampling rate, and measurement time intervals. Furthermore, it enables data logging on external memory (SD card) and data transmission over a Bluetooth low energy connection. The average power consumption of the platform is 64.5 mW for a measurement protocol of three samples per second, including a BLE advertisement of a 0 dBm transmission power. A state-of-the-art (SoA) application of the platform performance using a CNT nanosensor, exposed to NO2 gas concentrations from 200 ppb down to 1 ppb, has been demonstrated. Although sensor signals are measured for NO2 concentrations of 1 ppb, the 3σ limit of detection (LOD) of 23 ppb is determined (1σ: 7 ppb) in slope detection mode, including the sensor signal variations in repeated measurements. The platform's wide current range and high versatility make it suitable for signal acquisition from resistive nanosensors such as silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and other 2D materials. Along with its overall low power consumption, the proposed platform is highly suitable for various sensing applications within the context of IoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nedelcu
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kishan Thodkar
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christofer Hierold
- Micro- and Nanosystems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Cheng B, Yang S, Li W, Li S, Shafique S, Wu D, Ji S, Sun Y, Jiang Z. Controlled growth of a single carbon nanotube on an AFM probe. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:80. [PMID: 34721888 PMCID: PMC8519951 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips for high-resolution scanning due to their small diameter, high aspect ratio and outstanding wear resistance. However, previous approaches for fabricating CNT probes are complex and poorly controlled. In this paper, we introduce a simple method to selectively fabricate a single CNT on an AFM tip by controlling the trigger threshold to adjust the amount of growth solution attached to the tip. The yield rate is over 93%. The resulting CNT probes are suitable in length, without the need for a subsequent cutting process. We used the CNT probe to scan the complex nanostructure with a high aspect ratio, thereby solving the long-lasting problem of mapping complex nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Shuming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Wei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 102200 China
| | - Shi Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 102200 China
| | - Shareen Shafique
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230027 China
| | - Shengyun Ji
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230027 China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
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12
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Jang Y, Kim SM, Kim E, Lee DY, Kang TM, Kim SJ. Biomimetic cell-actuated artificial muscle with nanofibrous bundles. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:70. [PMID: 34567782 PMCID: PMC8433352 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid artificial muscle produced by integrating living muscle cells and their scaffolds with free movement in vivo is promising for advanced biomedical applications, including cell-based microrobotic systems and therapeutic drug delivery systems. Herein, we provide a biohybrid artificial muscle constructed by integrating living muscle cells and their scaffolds, inspired by bundled myofilaments in skeletal muscle. First, a bundled biohybrid artificial muscle was fabricated by the integration of skeletal muscle cells and hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU)/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofibers into a fiber shape similar to that of natural skeletal muscle. The HPU/CNT nanofibers provided a stretchable basic backbone of the 3-dimensional fiber structure, which is similar to actin-myosin scaffolds. The incorporated skeletal muscle fibers contribute to the actuation of biohybrid artificial muscle. In fact, electrical field stimulation reversibly leads to the contraction of biohybrid artificial muscle. Therefore, the current development of cell-actuated artificial muscle provides great potential for energy delivery systems as actuators for implantable medibot movement and drug delivery systems. Moreover, the innervation of the biohybrid artificial muscle with motor neurons is of great interest for human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Physical Education and Human-Tech Convergence Program (BK21 Four), Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Dong Yeop Lee
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Tong Mook Kang
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419 South Korea
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
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13
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Chapin AA, Rajasekaran PR, Quan DN, Hu L, Herberholz J, Bentley WE, Ghodssi R. Electrochemical measurement of serotonin by Au-CNT electrodes fabricated on microporous cell culture membranes. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:90. [PMID: 34567700 PMCID: PMC8433419 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut-brain axis (GBA) communication relies on serotonin (5-HT) signaling between the gut epithelium and the peripheral nervous system, where 5-HT release patterns from the basolateral (i.e., bottom) side of the epithelium activate nerve afferents. There have been few quantitative studies of this gut-neuron signaling due to a lack of real-time measurement tools that can access the basolateral gut epithelium. In vitro platforms allow quantitative studies of cultured gut tissue, but they mainly employ offline and endpoint assays that cannot resolve dynamic molecular-release patterns. Here, we present the modification of a microporous cell culture membrane with carbon nanotube-coated gold (Au-CNT) electrodes capable of continuous, label-free, and direct detection of 5-HT at physiological concentrations. Electrochemical characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-coated Au electrodes shows increased electroactive surface area, 5-HT specificity, sensitivity, and saturation time, which are correlated with the CNT film drop-cast volume. Two microliters of CNT films, with a 10-min saturation time, 0.6 μA/μM 5-HT sensitivity, and reliable detection within a linear range of 500 nM-10 μM 5-HT, can be targeted for high-concentration, high-time-resolution 5-HT monitoring. CNT films (12.5 μL) with a 2-h saturation time, 4.5 μA/μM 5-HT sensitivity, and quantitative detection in the linear range of 100 nM-1 μM can target low concentrations with low time resolution. These electrodes achieved continuous detection of dynamic diffusion across the porous membrane, mimicking basolateral 5-HT release from cells, and detection of cell-released 5-HT from separately cultured RIN14B cell supernatant. Electrode-integrated cell culture systems such as this can improve in vitro molecular detection mechanisms and aid in quantitative GBA signaling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Chapin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Institute for Systems Research, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | | | - David N. Quan
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Jens Herberholz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Institute for Systems Research, College Park, MD 20740 USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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14
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Mitra S, Roy N, Maity S, Bandyopadhyay D. Multimodal chemo-/magneto-/phototaxis of 3G CNT-bots to power fuel cells. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:19. [PMID: 34567634 PMCID: PMC8433207 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a 3G microswimmer, namely, CNT-bot, capable of undergoing acid-, alkali-, magneto- and phototaxis inside acidic or alkaline baths of peroxide fuel and/or water. The use of carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) facilitated the propulsion of CNT-bots in an alkaline-water solution by ejecting carbon-dioxide bubbles. Furthermore, doping of magnetite nanoparticles (FeONPs), ferrous ions (Fe2+) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiONPs) induces magnetic, chemical and photonic modes of propulsion. While FeONPs stimulated magnetotaxis at a rate of up to ~10 body lengths per second under the influence of a bar magnet, chemotaxis of a similar speed in a peroxide fuel was achieved by bubble-propulsion of oxygen gas originating from the Fenton reaction. In addition, the light-stimulated photo-Fenton reaction led to phototaxis of CNT-bots. A thin coating of magnesium imparted a half-faced Janus appearance to the CNT-bots, which facilitated motion in normal or acidic water media through the ejection of hydrogen gas bubbles. This chemotaxis could be transformed into pH-stimulated directional motion by establishing an acid or alkali concentration gradient across the peroxide and/or water baths. The capacity of CNT-bots to produce oxygen (hydrogen) bubbles in peroxide (acidic water) fuel was exploited to power a PEM fuel cell to generate electricity. The pure oxygen and hydrogen gases generated by CNT-bots in separate chambers were fed directly into the fuel cell in which the incessant motions of the particle facilitated the creation and release of the pure gases to achieve on-demand electricity generation. The motor could also induce dye degradation through advanced oxidation owing to the production of intermediate hydroxyl radicals during the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsendu Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Nirmal Roy
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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15
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Supraja P, Singh V, Vanjari SRK, Govind Singh S. Electrospun CNT embedded ZnO nanofiber based biosensor for electrochemical detection of Atrazine: a step closure to single molecule detection. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:3. [PMID: 34567618 PMCID: PMC8433164 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have reported the design and development of a facile, sensitive, selective, and label-free electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of atrazine based on MWCNT-embedded ZnO nanofibers. Electrospun nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), UV-Visible spectroscope (UV-VIS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR). Electrochemical properties of MWCNT-ZnO nanofiber-modified electrodes were assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Binding event of atrazine to anti-atrazine antibody, which immobilized on nanofiber-modified electrode via EDC and NHS chemistry, was transduced with EIS. Due to high conductivity, surface area, and low bandgap of MWCNT-ZnO nanofibers, we have achieved the sensitivity and limit of detection (LoD) of sensor as 21.61 (KΩ μg-1 mL-1) cm-2 and 5.368 zM for a wide detection range of 10 zM-1 µM. The proposed immunosensing platform has good stability, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility, and are less prone to interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patta Supraja
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285 India
| | - Vikrant Singh
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California USA
| | - Siva Rama Krishna Vanjari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285 India
| | - Shiv Govind Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285 India
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16
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An Z, Li J, Kikuchi A, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Ono T. Mechanically strengthened graphene-Cu composite with reduced thermal expansion towards interconnect applications. Microsyst Nanoeng 2019; 5:20. [PMID: 31123594 PMCID: PMC6526160 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High-density integration technologies with copper (Cu) through-silicon via (TSV) have emerged as viable alternatives for achieving the requisite integration densities for the portable electronics and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMSs) package. However, significant thermo-mechanical stresses can be introduced in integrated structures during the manufacturing process due to mismatches of thermal expansion and the mechanical properties between Cu and silicon (Si). The high-density integration demands an interconnection material with a strong mechanical strength and small thermal expansion mismatch. In this study, a novel electroplating method is developed for the synthesis of a graphene-copper (G-Cu) composite with electrochemically exfoliated graphenes. The fabrication and evaluation of the G-Cu composite microstructures, including the microcantilevers and micromirrors supported by the composite, are reported. We evaluated not only the micromechanical properties of the G-Cu composite based on in-situ mechanical resonant frequency measurements using a laser Doppler vibrometer but also the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the composite based on curvature radius measurements at a temperature range of 20-200 °C. The Young's modulus and shear modulus of the composite are approximately 123 and 51 GPa, which are 1.25 times greater and 1.22 times greater, respectively, than those of pure Cu due to the reinforcement of graphene. The G-Cu composite exhibits a 23% lower CTE than Cu without sacrificing electrical conductivity. These results show that the mechanically strengthened G-Cu composite with reduced thermal expansion is an ideal and reliable interconnection material instead of Cu for complex integration structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglie An
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-6-01, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Present Address: Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, 184-8588 Japan
| | - Jinhua Li
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-6-01, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-6-01, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Zhuqing Wang
- Research Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tohoku Gakuin University, Tagajo, 985-8537 Japan
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 PR China
| | - Takahito Ono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-6-01, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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