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Murastov G, Bogatova E, Brazovskiy K, Amin I, Lipovka A, Dogadina E, Cherepnyov A, Ananyeva A, Plotnikov E, Ryabov V, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Flexible and water-stable graphene-based electrodes for long-term use in bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112426. [PMID: 32750676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present the first demonstration of bioelectrodes made from laser-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates that overcome two main issues: using hydrogel on skin interface with standard Ag/AgCl bioelectrodes vs. low signal to noise ratio with capacitance or dry electrodes. Today we develop a dry rGO bioelectrode technology with long-term stability for 100 h in harsh environments and when in contact with skin. Reliability tests in different buffer solutions with pH from 4.8 to 9.2 tested over 24 h showed the robustness of rGO electrodes. In terms of signal to noise ratio, our bioelectrodes performance is comparable to that of commercial ones. The bioelectrodes demonstrate an excellent signal to noise ratio, with a signal match of over 98% with respect to state-of-the-art electrodes used as a benchmark. We attribute the unique stability of our bioelectrodes to the rGO/PET interface modification and composite formation during laser processing used for GO reduction. The rGO/PET composite formation assertion is confirmed by mechanical stripping experiments and visual examination of re-exposed PET. The method developed here is simple, cost-effective, maskless, and can be scaled-up, allowing sustainable manufacture of arbitrary-shaped flexible electrodes for biomedical sensors and wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Murastov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E Bogatova
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - K Brazovskiy
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - I Amin
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Lipovka
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E Dogadina
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A Cherepnyov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A Ananyeva
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E Plotnikov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V Ryabov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 111a Kievskaya Street 634012, Tomsk National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina ave 634050, Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moscovskiy trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - R D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - E Sheremet
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia.
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Abstract
To diagnose health status of the heart, heart monitoring systems use heart signals produced during each cardiac cycle. Many types of signals are acquired to analyze heart functionality and hence several heart monitoring systems such as phonocardiography, electrocardiography, photoplethysmography and seismocardiography are used in practice. Recently, focus on the at-home monitoring of the heart is increasing for long term monitoring, which minimizes risks associated with the patients diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases. It leads to increasing research interest in portable systems having features such as signal transmission capability, unobtrusiveness, and low power consumption. In this paper we intend to provide a detailed review of recent advancements of such heart monitoring systems. We introduce the heart monitoring system in five modules: (1) body sensors, (2) signal conditioning, (3) analog to digital converter (ADC) and compression, (4) wireless transmission, and (5) analysis and classification. In each module, we provide a brief introduction about the function of the module, recent developments, and their limitation and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Jain
- Center of Excellence in Information and Communication Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Tiwari
- Center of Excellence in Information and Communication Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
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