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Qian DC, Molfese DL, Jin JL, Titus AJ, He Y, Li Y, Vaissié M, Viswanath H, Baldwin PR, Krahe R, Salas R, Amos CI. Genome-wide imaging association study implicates functional activity and glial homeostasis of the caudate in smoking addiction. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:740. [PMID: 28927378 PMCID: PMC5605997 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nearly 6 million deaths and over a half trillion dollars in healthcare costs worldwide are attributed to tobacco smoking each year. Extensive research efforts have been pursued to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of smoking addiction and facilitate cessation. In this study, we genotyped and obtained both resting state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging from 64 non-smokers and 42 smokers. Smokers were imaged after having smoked normally (“sated”) and after having not smoked for at least 12 h (“abstinent”). Results While abstinent smokers did not differ from non-smokers with respect to pairwise resting state functional connectivities (RSFCs) between 12 brain regions of interest, RSFCs involving the caudate and putamen of sated smokers significantly differed from those of non-smokers (P < 0.01). Further analyses of caudate and putamen activity during elicited experiences of reward and disappointment show that caudate activity during reward (CR) correlated with smoking status (P = 0.015). Moreover, abstinent smokers with lower CR experienced greater withdrawal symptoms (P = 0.024), which suggests CR may be related to smoking urges. Associations between genetic variants and CR, adjusted for smoking status, were identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genes containing or exhibiting caudate-specific expression regulation by these variants were enriched within Gene Ontology terms that describe cytoskeleton functions, synaptic organization, and injury response (P < 0.001, FDR < 0.05). Conclusions By integrating genomic and imaging data, novel insights into potential mechanisms of caudate activation and homeostasis are revealed that may guide new directions of research toward improving our understanding of addiction pathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4124-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Qian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - David L Molfese
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Jin
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Alexander J Titus
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Yixuan He
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Maxime Vaissié
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Humsini Viswanath
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Philip R Baldwin
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ralf Krahe
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ramiro Salas
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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