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Anjum S, Turner L, Atieh Y, Eisenhoffer GT, Davidson L. Assessing mechanical agency during apical apoptotic cell extrusion. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.26.564227. [PMID: 37961593 PMCID: PMC10634859 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues maintain homeostasis through the continual addition and removal of cells. Homeostasis is necessary for epithelia to maintain barrier function and prevent the accumulation of defective cells. Unfit, excess, and dying cells can be removed from epithelia by the process of extrusion. Controlled cell death and extrusion in the epithelium of the larval zebrafish tail fin coincides with oscillation of cell area, both in the extruding cell and its neighbors. Both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous factors have been proposed to contribute to extrusion but have been challenging to test by experimental approaches. Here we develop a dynamic cell-based biophysical model that recapitulates the process of oscillatory cell extrusion to test and compare the relative contributions of these factors. Our model incorporates the mechanical properties of individual epithelial cells in a two-dimensional simulation as repelling active particles. The area of cells destined to extrude oscillates with varying durations or amplitudes, decreasing their mechanical contribution to the epithelium and surrendering their space to surrounding cells. Quantitative variations in cell shape and size during extrusion are visualized by a hybrid weighted Voronoi tessellation technique that renders individual cell mechanical properties directly into an epithelial sheet. To explore the role of autonomous and non-autonomous mechanics, we vary the biophysical properties and behaviors of extruding cells and neighbors such as the period and amplitude of repulsive forces, cell density, and tissue viscosity. Our data suggest that cell autonomous processes are major contributors to the dynamics of extrusion, with the mechanical microenvironment providing a less pronounced contribution. Our computational model based on in vivo data serves as a tool to provide insights into the cellular dynamics and localized changes in mechanics that promote elimination of unwanted cells from epithelia during homeostatic tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sommer Anjum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Llaran Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youmna Atieh
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George T. Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lance Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hu MD, Golovchenko NB, Burns GL, Nair PM, Kelly TJ, Agos J, Irani MZ, Soh WS, Zeglinski MR, Lemenze A, Bonder EM, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Granville DJ, Keely S, Watson AJ, Edelblum KL. γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Facilitate Pathological Epithelial Cell Shedding Via CD103-Mediated Granzyme Release. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:877-889.e7. [PMID: 34861219 PMCID: PMC8881348 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excessive shedding of apoptotic enterocytes into the intestinal lumen is observed in inflammatory bowel disease and is correlated with disease relapse. Based on their cytolytic capacity and surveillance behavior, we investigated whether intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ IELs) are actively involved in the shedding of enterocytes into the lumen. METHODS Intravital microscopy was performed on GFP γδ T cell reporter mice treated with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) for 90 minutes to induce tumor necrosis factor-mediated apoptosis. Cell shedding in various knockout or transgenic mice in the presence or absence of blocking antibody was quantified by immunostaining for ZO-1 funnels and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3). Granzyme A and granzyme B release from ex vivo-stimulated γδ IELs was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunostaining for γδ T cell receptor and CC3 was performed on duodenal and ileal biopsies from controls and patients with Crohn's disease. RESULTS Intravital microscopy of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice revealed that γδ IELs make extended contact with shedding enterocytes. These prolonged interactions require CD103 engagement by E-cadherin, and CD103 knockout or blockade significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced shedding. Furthermore, we found that granzymes A and B, but not perforin, are required for cell shedding. These extracellular granzymes are released by γδ IELs both constitutively and after CD103/E-cadherin ligation. Moreover, we found that the frequency of γδ IEL localization to CC3-positive enterocytes is increased in Crohn's disease biopsies compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover a previously unrecognized role for γδ IELs in facilitating tumor necrosis factor-mediated shedding of apoptotic enterocytes via CD103-mediated extracellular granzyme release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D. Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Natasha B. Golovchenko
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Grace L. Burns
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Prema M. Nair
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Kelly
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jonathan Agos
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mudar Zand Irani
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Wai Sinn Soh
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Zeglinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Edward M. Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University – The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J. Granville
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Simon Keely
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alastair J.M. Watson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gut Biology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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