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Fugazza A, Khalaf K, Colombo M, Carrara S, Spadaccini M, Koleth G, Troncone E, Maselli R, Repici A, Anderloni A. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in vascular interventions: Where are we now? World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14:354-366. [PMID: 35978714 PMCID: PMC9265255 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v14.i6.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From a mere diagnostic tool to an imperative treatment modality, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has evolved and revolutionized safer efficient options for vascular interventions. Currently it is an alternative treatment option in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding, primarily variceal type bleeding. Conventional treatment option prior to EUS incorporation had limited efficiency and high adverse events. The characterization and detail provided by EUS gives a cutting edge towards a holistically successful management choice. Data indicates that EUS-guided combination therapy of coil embolization and glue injection has the higher efficacy for the treatment of varices. Conversely, similar treatment options that exist for esophageal and other ectopic variceal bleeding was also outlined. In conclusion, many studies refer that a combination therapy of coil and glue injection under EUS guidance provides higher technical success with fewer recurrence and adverse events, making its adaptation in the guideline extremely favorable. Endo-hepatology is a novel disciple with a promising future outlook, we reviewed topics regarding portal vein access, pressure gradient measurement, and thrombus biopsy that are crucial interventions as alternative of radiological procedures. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the latest available evidence in the literature regarding the role of EUS in vascular interventions. We reviewed the role of EUS in variceal bleeding in recent studies, especially gastric varices and novel approaches aimed at the portal vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fugazza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Kareem Khalaf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Italy
| | - Matteo Colombo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Silvia Carrara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Marco Spadaccini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Glenn Koleth
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Edoardo Troncone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Roberta Maselli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Italy
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gastric varices (GV) are an important complication of portal hypertension, and the current recommendation for management is beta-blocker therapy for primary prophylaxis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for active bleeding or secondary prophylaxis. Direct endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate (CYA) glue has been investigated but has drawbacks including limited endoscopic characterization of GV and possible distal glue embolism. To this end, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been pursued to help in characterization of GV, visualization of treatment in real time, and confirmation of obliteration with Doppler. RECENT FINDINGS In this paper, we review treatments for GV involving EUS, including EUS-guided injection of CYA and coils, either alone or in combination. We also discuss less common methods, including EUS-guided injection of thrombin and absorbable gelatin sponge. We then review literature comparing EUS-guided methods with direct endoscopic therapy and comparing individual EUS-guided methods with one another. We conclude by highlighting drawbacks of EUS in this field, including the unproven benefit over conventional therapy, lack of a standardized approach, and limited availability of expertise and necessary materials. Novel EUS-based methods offer a unique opportunity to directly visualize and access gastric varices for treatment and obliteration. This may provide key advantages over current endoscopic or angiographic treatments. Comparative studies investigating the benefit of EUS over conventional therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Sedarat
- Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Santa Monica, USA
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