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Mannarino L, Craparotta I, Ballabio S, Frapolli R, Meroni M, Bello E, Panini N, Callari M, Sanfilippo R, Casali PG, Barisella M, Fabbroni C, Marchini S, D'Incalci M. Mechanisms of responsiveness to and resistance against trabectedin in murine models of human myxoid liposarcoma. Genomics 2021; 113:3439-3448. [PMID: 34339817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma characterised by the expression of FUS-DDIT3 chimera. Trabectedin has shown significant clinical anti-tumour activity against MLPS. To characterise the molecular mechanism of trabectedin sensitivity and of resistance against it, we integrated genomic and transcriptomic data from treated mice bearing ML017 or ML017/ET, two patient-derived MLPS xenograft models, sensitive to and resistant against trabectedin, respectively. Longitudinal RNA-Seq analysis of ML017 showed that trabectedin acts mainly as a transcriptional regulator: 15 days after the third dose trabectedin modulates the transcription of 4883 genes involved in processes that sustain adipocyte differentiation. No such differences were observed in ML017/ET. Genomic analysis showed that prolonged treatment causes losses in 4p15.2, 4p16.3 and 17q21.3 cytobands leading to acquired-resistance against the drug. The results dissect the complex mechanism of action of trabectedin and provide the basis for novel combinatorial approaches for the treatment of MLPS that could overcome drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mannarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele - Milan, Italy.; Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Craparotta
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ballabio
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Meroni
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ezia Bello
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Panini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Callari
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roberta Sanfilippo
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo G Casali
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Barisella
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fabbroni
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumour Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele - Milan, Italy.; Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano - Milan, Italy..
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Donato L, Scimone C, Rinaldi C, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. New evaluation methods of read mapping by 17 aligners on simulated and empirical NGS data: an updated comparison of DNA- and RNA-Seq data from Illumina and Ion Torrent technologies. Neural Comput Appl 2021;:1-24. [PMID: 34155424 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last (15) years, improved omics sequencing technologies have expanded the scale and resolution of various biological applications, generating high-throughput datasets that require carefully chosen software tools to be processed. Therefore, following the sequencing development, bioinformatics researchers have been challenged to implement alignment algorithms for next-generation sequencing reads. However, nowadays selection of aligners based on genome characteristics is poorly studied, so our benchmarking study extended the “state of art” comparing 17 different aligners. The chosen tools were assessed on empirical human DNA- and RNA-Seq data, as well as on simulated datasets in human and mouse, evaluating a set of parameters previously not considered in such kind of benchmarks. As expected, we found that each tool was the best in specific conditions. For Ion Torrent single-end RNA-Seq samples, the most suitable aligners were CLC and BWA-MEM, which reached the best results in terms of efficiency, accuracy, duplication rate, saturation profile and running time. About Illumina paired-end osteomyelitis transcriptomics data, instead, the best performer algorithm, together with the already cited CLC, resulted Novoalign, which excelled in accuracy and saturation analyses. Segemehl and DNASTAR performed the best on both DNA-Seq data, with Segemehl particularly suitable for exome data. In conclusion, our study could guide users in the selection of a suitable aligner based on genome and transcriptome characteristics. However, several other aspects, emerged from our work, should be considered in the evolution of alignment research area, such as the involvement of artificial intelligence to support cloud computing and mapping to multiple genomes.
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Abstract
RNA editing is an important posttranscriptional process that alters the genetic information of RNA encoded by genomic DNA. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing is the most prevalent type of RNA editing in animal kingdom, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Recently, genome-wide A-to-I RNA editing is discovered in fungi, involving adenosine deamination mechanisms distinct from animals. Aiming to draw more attention to RNA editing in fungi, here we discuss the considerations for deep sequencing data preparation and the available various methods for detecting RNA editing, with a special emphasis on their usability for fungal RNA editing detection. We describe computational protocols for the identification of candidate RNA editing sites in fungi by using two software packages REDItools and RES-Scanner with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and genomic DNA sequencing (DNA-Seq) data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Heydt C, Wölwer CB, Velazquez Camacho O, Wagener-Ryczek S, Pappesch R, Siemanowski J, Rehker J, Haller F, Agaimy A, Worm K, Herold T, Pfarr N, Weichert W, Kirchner T, Jung A, Kumbrink J, Goering W, Esposito I, Buettner R, Hillmer AM, Merkelbach-Bruse S. Detection of gene fusions using targeted next-generation sequencing: a comparative evaluation. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:62. [PMID: 33639937 PMCID: PMC7912891 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene fusions represent promising targets for cancer therapy in lung cancer. Reliable detection of multiple gene fusions is therefore essential. METHODS Five commercially available parallel sequencing assays were evaluated for their ability to detect gene fusions in eight cell lines and 18 FFPE tissue samples carrying a variety of known gene fusions. Four RNA-based assays and one DNA-based assay were compared; two were hybrid capture-based, TruSight Tumor 170 Assay (Illumina) and SureSelect XT HS Custom Panel (Agilent), and three were amplicon-based, Archer FusionPlex Lung Panel (ArcherDX), QIAseq RNAscan Custom Panel (Qiagen) and Oncomine Focus Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RESULTS The Illumina assay detected all tested fusions and showed the smallest number of false positive results. Both, the ArcherDX and Qiagen panels missed only one fusion event. Among the RNA-based assays, the Qiagen panel had the highest number of false positive events. The Oncomine Focus Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was the least adequate assay for our purposes, seven fusions were not covered by the assay and two fusions were classified as uncertain. The DNA-based SureSelect XT HS Custom Panel (Agilent) missed three fusions and nine fusions were only called by one software version. Additionally, many false positive fusions were observed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, especially RNA-based parallel sequencing approaches are potent tools for reliable detection of targetable gene fusions in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Heydt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christina B Wölwer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oscar Velazquez Camacho
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Wagener-Ryczek
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberto Pappesch
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janna Siemanowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rehker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Haller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Worm
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Goering
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Düesseldorf, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Düesseldorf, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Merkelbach-Bruse
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
The advent of deep sequencing technologies has greatly improved the study of complex eukaryotic genomes and transcriptomes, allowing the investigation of posttranscriptional molecular mechanisms as alternative splicing and RNA editing at unprecedented throughput and resolution. The most prevalent type of RNA editing in higher eukaryotes is the deamination of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) in double-stranded RNAs. Depending on the RNA type or the RNA region involved, A-to-I RNA editing contributes to the transcriptome and proteome diversity.Hereafter, we present an easy and reproducible computational protocol for the identification of candidate RNA editing sites in humans using deep transcriptome (RNA-Seq) and genome (DNA-Seq) sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Lo Giudice
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Background and Objective Docker is a light containerization program that shows almost the same performance as a local environment. Recently, many bioinformatics tools have been distributed as Docker images that include complex settings such as libraries, configurations, and data if needed, as well as the actual tools. Users can simply download and run them without making the effort to compile and configure them, and can obtain reproducible results. In spite of these advantages, several problems remain. First, there is a lack of clear standards for distribution of Docker images, and the Docker Hub often provides multiple images with the same objective but different uses. For these reasons, it can be difficult for users to learn how to select and use them. Second, Docker images are often not suitable as a component of a pipeline, because many of them include big data. Moreover, a group of users can have difficulties when sharing a pipeline composed of Docker images. Users of a group may modify scripts or use different versions of the data, which causes inconsistent results. Methods and Results To handle the problems described above, we developed a Java web application, DockerBIO, which provides reliable, verified, light-weight Docker images for various bioinformatics tools and for various kinds of reference data. With DockerBIO, users can easily build a pipeline with tools and data registered at DockerBIO, and if necessary, users can easily register new tools or data. Built pipelines are registered in DockerBIO, which provides an efficient running environment for the pipelines registered at DockerBIO. This enables user groups to run their pipelines without expending much effort to copy and modify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangHyuk Kwon
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, The Republic of Korea.,MyGenomeBox, Co, Incheon, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Kim
- MyGenomeBox, Co, Incheon, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegyoon Ahn
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, The Republic of Korea
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Caetano-Anolles K, Kim K, Kwak W, Sung S, Kim H, Choi BH, Lim D. Genome sequencing and protein domain annotations of Korean Hanwoo cattle identify Hanwoo-specific immunity-related and other novel genes. BMC Genet 2018; 19:37. [PMID: 29843617 PMCID: PMC5975384 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of genetic mechanisms and idiosyncrasies at the breed-level can provide valuable information for potential use in evolutionary studies, medical applications, and breeding of selective traits. Here, we analyzed genomic data collected from 136 Korean Native cattle, known as Hanwoo, using advanced statistical methods. Results Results revealed Hanwoo-specific protein domains which were largely characterized by immunoglobulin function. Furthermore, domain interactions of novel Hanwoo-specific genes reveal additional links to immunity. Novel Hanwoo-specific genes linked to muscle and other functions were identified, including protein domains with functions related to energy, fat storage, and muscle function that may provide insight into the mechanisms behind Hanwoo cattle’s uniquely high percentage of intramuscular fat and fat marbling. Conclusion The identification of Hanwoo-specific genes linked to immunity are potentially useful for future medical research and selective breeding. The significant genomic variations identified here can crucially identify genetic novelties that are arising from useful adaptations. These results will allow future researchers to compare and classify breeds, identify important genetic markers, and develop breeding strategies to further improve significant traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0623-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Caetano-Anolles
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwondo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kwak
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea.,CHO&KIM genomics, Main Bldg. #514, SNU Research Park, Seoul National University Mt.4-2, NakSeoungDae, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Samsun Sung
- CHO&KIM genomics, Main Bldg. #514, SNU Research Park, Seoul National University Mt.4-2, NakSeoungDae, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Kwan-ak St. 599, Kwan-ak Gu, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea.,CHO&KIM genomics, Main Bldg. #514, SNU Research Park, Seoul National University Mt.4-2, NakSeoungDae, Gwanakgu, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hwan Choi
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 77 Chuksan-gil, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 77 Chuksan-gil, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional/co-transcriptional molecular phenomenon whereby a genetic message is modified from the corresponding DNA template by means of substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. It occurs in a variety of organisms and different cellular locations through evolutionally and biochemically unrelated proteins. RNA editing has a plethora of biological effects including the modulation of alternative splicing and fine-tuning of gene expression. RNA editing events by base substitutions can be detected on a genomic scale by NGS technologies through the REDItools package, an ad hoc suite of Python scripts to study RNA editing using RNA-Seq and DNA-Seq data or RNA-Seq data alone. REDItools implement effective filters to minimize biases due to sequencing errors, mapping errors, and SNPs. The package is freely available at Google Code repository (http://code.google.com/p/reditools/) and released under the MIT license. In the present unit we show three basic protocols corresponding to three main REDItools scripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Picardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Montalvo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla," Santander, Spain
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.,National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
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O'Rourke JA, Iniguez LP, Bucciarelli B, Roessler J, Schmutz J, McClean PE, Jackson SA, Hernandez G, Graham MA, Stupar RM, Vance CP. A re-sequencing based assessment of genomic heterogeneity and fast neutron-induced deletions in a common bean cultivar. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:210. [PMID: 23805147 PMCID: PMC3691542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small fast neutron (FN) mutant population has been established from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Red Hawk. We leveraged the available P. vulgaris genome sequence and high throughput next generation DNA sequencing to examine the genomic structure of five P. vulgaris cv. Red Hawk FN mutants with striking visual phenotypes. Analysis of these genomes identified three classes of structural variation (SV); between cultivar variation, natural variation within the FN mutant population, and FN induced mutagenesis. Our analyses focused on the latter two classes. We identified 23 large deletions (>40 bp) common to multiple individuals, illustrating residual heterogeneity and regions of SV within the common bean cv. Red Hawk. An additional 18 large deletions were identified in individual mutant plants. These deletions, ranging in size from 40 bp to 43,000 bp, are potentially the result of FN mutagenesis. Six of the 18 deletions lie near or within gene coding regions, identifying potential candidate genes causing the mutant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. O'Rourke
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research ServiceSt. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
- *Correspondence: Jamie A. O'Rourke, Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA e-mail:
| | - Luis P. Iniguez
- Centro de Ciencias Genomicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Bruna Bucciarelli
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research ServiceSt. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roessler
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Hudson Alpha Institute for BiotechnologyHuntsville, AL, USA
| | - Phillip E. McClean
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott A. Jackson
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Georgina Hernandez
- Centro de Ciencias Genomicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Michelle A. Graham
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research ServiceAmes, IA, USA
| | - Robert M. Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Carroll P. Vance
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research ServiceSt. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
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