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Corbin KD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Carnero EA, Bock C, Emerson R, Rittmann BE, Marcus AK, Davis T, Dirks B, Ilhan ZE, Champagne C, Smith SR. Integrative and quantitative bioenergetics: Design of a study to assess the impact of the gut microbiome on host energy balance. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 19:100646. [PMID: 32875141 PMCID: PMC7451766 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature is replete with clinical studies that characterize the structure, diversity, and function of the gut microbiome and correlate the results to different disease states, including obesity. Whether the microbiome has a direct impact on obesity has not been established. To address this gap, we asked whether the gut microbiome and its bioenergetics quantitatively change host energy balance. This paper describes the design of a randomized crossover clinical trial that combines outpatient feeding with precisely controlled metabolic phenotyping in an inpatient metabolic ward. The target population was healthy, weight-stable individuals, age 18-45 and with a body mass index ≤30 kg/m2. Our primary objective was to determine within-participant differences in energy balance after consuming a control Western Diet versus a Microbiome Enhancer Diet intervention specifically designed to optimize the gut microbiome for positive impacts on host energy balance. We assessed the complete energy-balance equation via whole-room calorimetry, quantified energy intake, fecal energy losses, and methane production. We implemented conditions of tight weight stability and balance between metabolizable energy intake and predicted energy expenditure. We explored key factors that modulate the balance between host and microbial nutrient accessibility by measuring enteroendocrine hormone profiles, appetite/satiety, gut transit and gastric emptying. By integrating these clinical measurements with future bioreactor experiments, gut microbial ecology analysis, and mathematical modeling, our goal is to describe initial cause-and-effect mechanisms of gut microbiome metabolism on host energy balance. Our innovative methods will enable subsequent studies on the interacting roles of diet, the gut microbiome, and human physiology. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02939703. The present study reference can be found here: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02939703.
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Key Words
- BMI, body mass index
- Bioenergetics
- COD, chemical oxygen demand
- Calorimeter
- Chemical oxygen demand
- DEXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- EB, energy balance
- EE, energy expenditure
- EI, energy intake
- Energy balance
- MFC, mass flow controller
- Microbiome
- NIST, national institute of standards technology
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- RMR, resting metabolic rate
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- SCFA, short chain fatty acid
- SEE, sleep energy expenditure
- TDEE, total daily energy expenditure
- TEF, thermic effect of food
- VAS, visual analog scale
- VCH4, volume of methane produced
- VCO2, volume of carbon dioxide produced
- VO2, volume of oxygen consume
- npRQ, non-protein RQ
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Corbin
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elvis A. Carnero
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Bock
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Rita Emerson
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bruce E. Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew K. Marcus
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Davis
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Blake Dirks
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Steven R. Smith
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
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Douris N, Desai BN, Fisher FM, Cisu T, Fowler AJ, Zarebidaki E, Nguyen NLT, Morgan DA, Bartness TJ, Rahmouni K, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. Beta-adrenergic receptors are critical for weight loss but not for other metabolic adaptations to the consumption of a ketogenic diet in male mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:854-62. [PMID: 28752049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We have previously shown that the consumption of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) by mice leads to a distinct physiologic state associated with weight loss, increased metabolic rate, and improved insulin sensitivity [1]. Furthermore, we identified fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a necessary mediator of the changes, as mice lacking FGF21 fed KD gain rather than lose weight [2]. FGF21 activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) [3], which is a key regulator of metabolic rate. Thus, we considered that the SNS may play a role in mediating the metabolic adaption to ketosis. Methods To test this hypothesis, we measured the response of mice lacking all three β-adrenergic receptors (β-less mice) to KD feeding. Results In contrast to wild-type (WT) controls, β-less mice gained weight, increased adipose tissue depots mass, and did not increase energy expenditure when consuming KD. Remarkably, despite weight-gain, β-less mice were insulin sensitive. KD-induced changes in hepatic gene expression of β-less mice were similar to those seen in WT controls eating KD. Expression of FGF21 mRNA rose over 60-fold in both WT and β-less mice fed KD, and corresponding circulating FGF21 levels were 12.5 ng/ml in KD-fed wild type controls and 35.5 ng/ml in KD-fed β-less mice. Conclusions The response of β-less mice distinguishes at least two distinct categories of physiologic effects in mice consuming KD. In the liver, KD regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-dependent pathways through an action of FGF21 independent of the SNS and beta-adrenergic receptors. In sharp contrast, induction of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased energy expenditure absolutely require SNS signals involving action on one or more β-adrenergic receptors. In this way, the key metabolic actions of FGF21 in response to KD have diverse effector mechanisms. Ketogenic diets lead to rapid increases in energy expenditure via increased sympathetic outflow to BAT. Long term the diet leads to weight loss. β-adrenergic receptors mediate these effects; in mice lacking all three β-receptors the effects of the ketogenic diet are not observed. Browning of subcutaneous fat by the diet is partially activated by presumed peripheral mechanisms in the absence of β-adrenergic receptors. Sympathetic nervous system activity not required for improved insulin sensitivity and activation of fatty acid oxidation in the liver.
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Key Words
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- EE, energy expenditure
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- IP, intraperitoneal
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- IWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
- KD, ketogenic diet
- Ketogenic diet
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SNA, sympathetic nerve activity
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- Sympathetic nervous system
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- Weight loss
- β-Adrenergic receptors
- β-less, lacking β1, β2, β3 adrenergic receptors
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Ghoshal S, Zhu Q, Asteian A, Lin H, Xu H, Ernst G, Barrow JC, Xu B, Cameron MD, Kamenecka TM, Chakraborty A. TNP [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine] ameliorates diet induced obesity and insulin resistance via inhibition of the IP6K1 pathway. Mol Metab 2016; 5:903-917. [PMID: 27689003 PMCID: PMC5034689 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) lead to various life-threatening diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, asthma, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, extensive research is ongoing to identify novel pathways that can be targeted in obesity/T2D. Deletion of the inositol pyrophosphate (5-IP7) biosynthetic enzyme, inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 (IP6K1), protects mice from high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity (DIO) and insulin resistance. Yet, whether this pathway is a valid pharmacologic target in obesity/T2D is not known. Here, we demonstrate that TNP [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine], a pan-IP6K inhibitor, has strong anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects in DIO mice. Methods Q-NMR, GTT, ITT, food intake, energy expenditure, QRT-PCR, ELISA, histology, and immunoblot studies were conducted in short (2.5-week)- and long (10-week)-term TNP treated DIO C57/BL6 WT and IP6K1-KO mice, under various diet and temperature conditions. Results TNP, when injected at the onset of HFD-feeding, decelerates initiation of DIO and insulin resistance. Moreover, TNP facilitates weight loss and restores metabolic parameters, when given to DIO mice. However, TNP does not reduce weight gain in HFD-fed IP6K1-KO mice. TNP specifically enhances insulin sensitivity in DIO mice via Akt activation. TNP decelerates weight gain primarily by enhancing thermogenic energy expenditure in the adipose tissue. Accordingly, TNP's effect on body weight is partly abolished whereas its impact on glucose homeostasis is preserved at thermoneutral temperature. Conclusion Pharmacologic inhibition of the inositol pyrophosphate pathway has strong therapeutic potential in obesity, T2D, and other metabolic diseases. Pharmacologic inhibition of IP6K by TNP, at the onset of high fat feeding, decelerates initiation of DIO and insulin resistance in mice. TNP, when treated to DIO mice, promotes weight loss and restores metabolic homeostasis. TNP does not reduce high fat diet induced weight gain in IP6K1-KO mice. TNP promotes insulin sensitivity by stimulating Akt activity, whereas it reduces body weight primarily by enhancing thermogenic energy expenditure. Long-term TNP treatment does not display deleterious side effects.
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Key Words
- 5-IP7, diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under curve
- Akt
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- CD, chow-diet
- CPT1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- Cidea, cell death activator-A
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- Diabetes
- EE, energy expenditure
- EWAT, epididymal adipose tissue
- Energy expenditure
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IP6K
- IP6K, Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase
- IP6K1-KO, IP6K1 knockout
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- IWAT, inguinal adipose tissue
- Inositol pyrophosphate
- Obesity
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PGC1α, PPAR coactivator 1 alpha
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PRDM16, PR domain containing 16
- Pro-TNP, TNP treatment for protection against DIO
- Q-NMR, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RER, Respiratory exchange ratio
- RWAT, retroperitoneal adipose tissue
- Rev-TNP, long-term TNP treatment for reversal of DIO
- RevT-TNP, Long-term TNP treatment for reversal of DIO at thermoneutral temperature
- S473, serine 473
- S9, serine 9
- SREV-TNP, short-term TNP treatment for reversal of DIO
- T2D, type-2 diabetes
- T308, threonine 308
- TNP, [N2-(m-Trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine]
- UCP-1/3, uncoupling protein 1/3
- VO2, volume of oxygen consumption
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alice Asteian
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Glen Ernst
- Drug Discovery Division, Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James C Barrow
- Drug Discovery Division, Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anutosh Chakraborty
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Brachs S, Winkel AF, Tang H, Birkenfeld AL, Brunner B, Jahn-Hofmann K, Margerie D, Ruetten H, Schmoll D, Spranger J. Inhibition of citrate cotransporter Slc13a5/mINDY by RNAi improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and prevents diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1072-1082. [PMID: 27818933 PMCID: PMC5081411 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a world-wide health concern and risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases. Citrate uptake modifies intracellular hepatic energy metabolism and is controlled by the conserved sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5, mammalian homolog of INDY: mINDY). In Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans INDY reduction decreased whole-body lipid accumulation. Genetic deletion of Slc13a5 in mice protected from diet-induced adiposity and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that inducible hepatic mINDY inhibition should prevent the development of fatty liver and hepatic insulin resistance. Methods Adult C57BL/6J mice were fed a Western diet (60% kcal from fat, 21% kcal from carbohydrate) ad libitum. Knockdown of mINDY was induced by weekly injection of a chemically modified, liver-selective siRNA for 8 weeks. Mice were metabolically characterized and the effect of mINDY suppression on glucose tolerance as well as insulin sensitivity was assessed with an ipGTT and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Hepatic lipid accumulation was determined by biochemical measurements and histochemistry. Results Within the 8 week intervention, hepatic mINDY expression was suppressed by a liver-selective siRNA by over 60%. mINDY knockdown improved hepatic insulin sensitivity (i.e. insulin-induced suppression of endogenous glucose production) of C57BL/6J mice in the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated mINDY inhibition prevented neutral lipid storage and triglyceride accumulation in the liver, while we found no effect on body weight. Conclusions We show that inducible mINDY inhibition improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and prevented diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adult C57BL6/J mice. These effects did not depend on changes of body weight or body composition. mINDY/Slc13a5 knockdown was induced by liver-selective siRNA in mice. Liver-selective knockdown of mINDY improved hepatic insulin sensitivity. Liver-selective knockdown of mINDY prevented steatosis hepatis.
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Key Words
- 2-DG, 2-Deoxy-d-glucose
- Citrate transport
- EE, energy expenditure
- EGP, endogenous glucose production
- FA, fatty acids
- FLD, fatty liver disease
- GIR, glucose infusion rate
- HE clamp, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IEX, anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography
- INDY, ‘I'm not dead Yet’
- INDY/Slc13a5
- Insulin resistance
- KO, knockout
- Lipid accumulation
- ORO, oil red O
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- SCR, non-silencing scrambled control siRNA
- SKM, skeletal muscle
- Steatosis
- T2D, type-2 diabetes
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- WD, western diet
- e, epididymal
- mINDY, Slc13a5/SLC13A5
- p, perirenal
- s, subcutaneous
- siINDY, mINDY-specific siRNA
- siRNA
- solute carrier family 13, member 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Angelika F Winkel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), a Member of the German Diabetes Center (DZD), Technische Universität, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Bodo Brunner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Daniel Margerie
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Ruetten
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
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Melzer K, Renaud A, Zurbuchen S, Tschopp C, Lehmann J, Malatesta D, Ruch N, Schutz Y, Kayser B, Mäder U. Alterations in energy balance from an exercise intervention with ad libitum food intake. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5:e7. [PMID: 27066256 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Better understanding is needed regarding the effects of exercise alone, without any imposed dietary regimens, as a single tool for body-weight regulation. Thus, we evaluated the effects of an 8-week increase in activity energy expenditure (AEE) on ad libitum energy intake (EI), body mass and composition in healthy participants with baseline physical activity levels (PAL) in line with international recommendations. Forty-six male adults (BMI = 19·7–29·3 kg/m2) participated in an intervention group, and ten (BMI = 21·0–28·4 kg/m2) in a control group. Anthropometric measures, cardiorespiratory fitness, EI, AEE and exercise intensity were recorded at baseline and during the 1st, 5th and 8th intervention weeks, and movement was recorded throughout. Body composition was measured at the beginning and at the end of the study, and resting energy expenditure was measured after the study. The intervention group increased PAL from 1·74 (se 0·03) to 1·93 (se 0·03) (P < 0·0001) and cardiorespiratory fitness from 41·4 (se 0·9) to 45·7 (se 1·1) ml O2/kg per min (P = 0·001) while decreasing body mass (−1·36 (se 0·2) kg; P = 0·001) through adipose tissue mass loss (ATM) (−1·61 (se 0·2) kg; P = 0·0001) compared with baseline. The control group did not show any significant changes in activity, body mass or ATM. EI was unchanged in both groups. The results indicate that in normal-weight and overweight men, increasing PAL from 1·7 to 1·9 while keeping EI ad libitum over an 8-week period produces a prolonged negative energy balance. Replication using a longer period (and/or more intense increase in PAL) is needed to investigate if and at what body composition the increase in AEE is met by an equivalent increase in EI.
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Key Words
- AEE, activity energy expenditure
- ATM, adipose tissue mass
- Ad libitum food intake
- Body composition
- EE, energy expenditure
- EI, energy intake
- Energy balance
- Energy expenditure
- Exercise intervention
- HR, heart rate
- LTM, lean tissue mass
- MET, metabolic equivalent
- PA, physical activity
- PAL, physical activity level
- REE, resting energy expenditure
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- VCO2, carbon dioxide production
- VO2, oxygen consumption
- estVO2max, estimated maximal cardiorespiratory fitness
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Larsson C, Ahlstrøm Ø, Junghans P, Jensen RB, Blache D, Tauson AH. The oral [(13)C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e32. [PMID: 26495123 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral [13C]bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) was assessed for the determination of short-term energy expenditure (EE) under field conditions. A total of eight Alaskan huskies were fed two experimental diets in a cross-over experiment including two periods of 3 weeks. Effects of diets on EE, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and on plasma hormones, blood lactate and glucose were furthermore investigated. The percentages of metabolisable energy derived from protein (P), fat (F) and carbohydrates (C) were 26:58:16 in the PFC diet and 24:75:1 in the PF diet. Measurements of EE were performed in the post-absorptive state during rest. Blood samples were collected during rest and exercise and ATTD was determined after days with rest and with exercise. EE was higher (P < 0·01) in period 2 than in period 1 (68 v. 48 kJ/kg body weight0·75 per h). The ATTD of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat was higher (P < 0·01) in the PF diet compared with the PFC diet, and lower (P < 0·01) for total carbohydrates. Exercise did not affect ATTD. Higher (P < 0·01) insulin-like growth factor 1 and leptin concentrations were measured when fed the PF diet compared with the PFC diet. Concentrations of insulin decreased (P < 0·01), whereas cortisol and ghrelin increased (P < 0·05), after exercise. There was no effect of diet on blood lactate and glucose, but higher (P < 0·001) lactate concentrations were measured in period 1 than in period 2. The results suggest that the o13CBT can be used in the field to estimate short-term EE in dogs during resting conditions. Higher ATTD and energy density of the PF diet may be beneficial when energy requirements are high.
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Key Words
- 13C
- ATTD, apparent total tract digestibility
- BW, body weight
- BW0·75, metabolic body weight
- Diet
- Digestibility
- Dogs
- EE, energy expenditure
- Energy expenditure
- HR, heart rate
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- ME, metabolisable energy
- PF diet, protein–fat diet
- PFC diet, protein–fat-carbohydrate diet
- RF, fractional 13C recovery in breath CO2
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- TR, rectal temperature
- o13CBT, oral [13C]bicarbonate technique
- ppm, parts per million
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Abreu-Vieira G, Xiao C, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Integration of body temperature into the analysis of energy expenditure in the mouse. Mol Metab 2015; 4:461-70. [PMID: 26042200 PMCID: PMC4443293 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We quantified the effect of environmental temperature on mouse energy homeostasis and body temperature. METHODS The effect of environmental temperature (4-33 °C) on body temperature, energy expenditure, physical activity, and food intake in various mice (chow diet, high-fat diet, Brs3 (-/y) , lipodystrophic) was measured using continuous monitoring. RESULTS Body temperature depended most on circadian phase and physical activity, but also on environmental temperature. The amounts of energy expenditure due to basal metabolic rate (calculated via a novel method), thermic effect of food, physical activity, and cold-induced thermogenesis were determined as a function of environmental temperature. The measured resting defended body temperature matched that calculated from the energy expenditure using Fourier's law of heat conduction. Mice defended a higher body temperature during physical activity. The cost of the warmer body temperature during the active phase is 4-16% of total daily energy expenditure. Parameters measured in diet-induced obese and Brs3 (-/y) mice were similar to controls. The high post-mortem heat conductance demonstrates that most insulation in mice is via physiological mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS At 22 °C, cold-induced thermogenesis is ∼120% of basal metabolic rate. The higher body temperature during physical activity is due to a higher set point, not simply increased heat generation during exercise. Most insulation in mice is via physiological mechanisms, with little from fur or fat. Our analysis suggests that the definition of the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone should be re-considered. Measuring body temperature informs interpretation of energy expenditure data and improves the predictiveness and utility of the mouse to model human energy homeostasis.
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Key Words
- BMR, basal metabolic rate
- Basal metabolic rate
- Body temperature
- CIT, cold-induced thermogenesis
- Cold-induced thermogenesis
- EE, energy expenditure
- Energy expenditure
- HFD, high-fat diet
- Heat conductance
- LCT, lower critical temperature
- PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- TEF, thermic effect of food
- Ta, environmental temperature
- Tb, core body temperature
- Thermoneutrality
- dTb, defended body temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gooding MA, Atkinson JL, Duncan IJ, Niel L, Shoveller AK. Dietary fat and carbohydrate have different effects on body weight, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis and behaviour in adult cats fed to energy requirement. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e2. [PMID: 26090098 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary carbohydrate and fat on feline health are not well understood. The
effects of feeding diets moderately high in fat (HF; n 10; 30 % fat, 26 %
carbohydrate as fed) or carbohydrate (HC; n 10; 11 % fat, 47 %
carbohydrate), for 84 d, were investigated in healthy, adult cats (3·5 (sd 0·5)
years). Data on indirect calorimetry, blood biomarkers, activity, play and cognition were
collected at baseline, and at intervals throughout the study. Body composition was
measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and on day 85. There were no
significant main effects of diet on body weight and composition. When data were analysed
over study day within diet, cats fed HF diets experienced a significant increase in body
fat (P = 0·001) and body weight (P = 0·043) in contrast
to cats consuming the HC diet that experienced no change in body fat or body weight
(P = 0·762) throughout the study. Overall, energy expenditure was
similar between diets (P = 0·356 (fasted), P = 0·086
(postprandial)) and respiratory quotient declined with exposure to the HF diet and
increased with exposure to the HC diet (P < 0·001; fasted and
postprandial). There was no difference in insulin sensitivity as an overall effect of diet
(P = 0·266). Activity declined from baseline with exposure to both
diets (HC: P = 0·002; HF: P = 0·01) but was not
different between diets (P = 0·247). There was no effect of diet on play
(P = 0·387) and cats consuming either the HF or HC diet did not
successfully learn the cognitive test. Overall, cats adapt to dietary macronutrient
content, and the implications of feeding HC and HF diets on risk for adiposity as driven
by metabolic and behavioural mechanisms are discussed.
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Key Words
- Activity
- BMC, bone mineral content
- BW, body weight
- Cognition
- DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- EE, energy expenditure
- Energy expenditure
- G:I, glucose:insulin
- HC, high carbohydrate
- HF, high fat
- Indirect calorimetry
- Insulin
- LBM, lean body mass
- ME, metabolisable energy
- Macronutrients
- Play
- RQ, respiratory quotient
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Kennedy S, Ryan L, Fraser A, Clegg ME. Comparison of the GEM and the ECAL indirect calorimeters against the Deltatrac for measures of RMR and diet-induced thermogenesis. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e52. [PMID: 26101620 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deltatrac™ II Metabolic Monitor (Datex-Ohmeda Inc.) is considered the standard reference machine in indirect calorimetry; however, it is no longer commercially available thus there is a need for new machines. The gas exchange measurement (GEM; GEM Nutrition Ltd) and the ECAL (Health Professional Solutions) are alternative measuring systems. The aim of this study was to compare the ECAL and GEM with Deltatrac for measures of RMR and the GEM to the Deltatrac for measures of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). Twenty healthy participants were tested on test day 1 (T1) and test day 2 (T2). RMR was measured in a randomised order for 30 min on the Deltatrac, the GEM and the ECAL. Following this, a 1553 kJ meal was consumed and DIT was measured on the Deltatrac and the GEM in alternating 15 min intervals for 4 h. The GEM reported consistently higher values than the Deltatrac for VO2, VCO2, RMR and fat oxidation (P < 0·005). The ECAL was significantly higher than the Deltatrac for measures of VO2, RMR, carbohydrate oxidation (T2) and respiratory quotient and fat oxidation (T1, T2) (P < 0·05). There were no significant differences within repeated RMR measures on the ECAL, the GEM or the Deltatrac. DIT measures were consistently higher on the GEM (T1) (P < 0·005); however, there were no significant differences between repeated measures. The findings suggest that while the GEM and the ECAL were not accurate alternatives to the Deltatrac, they may be reliable for repeated measures.
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McKnight LL, Flickinger EA, France J, Davenport GM, Shoveller AK. Mannoheptulose has differential effects on fasting and postprandial energy expenditure and respiratory quotient in adult Beagle dogs fed diets of different macronutrient contents. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e17. [PMID: 25191609 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effects of mannoheptulose (MH) (8 mg/kg) on
energy expenditure (EE), respiratory quotient (RQ) and glycaemic response in healthy adult
Beagle dogs (n 8; 9·62 (sem 0·31) kg; body condition score 4·5).
The study was designed as replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment
structure. The dietary treatments were low carbohydrate (CHO) relative to fat diet (LC; 31
% CHO, 28 % fat) with placebo (0 mg/kg) or MH supplement and high CHO relative to fat diet
(HC; 54 % CHO, 11 % fat) with placebo (0 mg/kg) or MH supplement. Dogs were fed to
maintain body weight (HC and HC+MH 3625 (sem 295) kJ and LC and
LC+MH 3542 (sem 284) kJ). Resting and postprandial (0–4 h; 5–10 h;
11–17 h; 18–23 h) EE and RQ were determined by indirect calorimetry (days 12 or 14).
Glycaemic response to a meal (24 h) and plasma MH concentrations were determined on days
12 or 14. Plasma MH followed first-order kinetics, confirming that MH is absorbed and
available to the animal. In the presence of high dietary CHO, MH increased postprandial EE
(5–10 h only), suggesting MH increased dietary induced thermogenesis. In contrast to
earlier reports, MH did not affect serum glucose or insulin in the present study.
Irrespective of MH, dogs adapted RQ to diet composition and dogs consuming the LC diet had
a greater incremental AUC for glucose, but not insulin, than dogs consuming the HC
diet.
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Key Words
- Beagles
- CHO, carbohydrate
- EE, energy expenditure
- ER, energy restriction
- Energy expenditure
- HC, high-carbohydrate (low-fat) diet with mannoheptulose (8 mg/kg)-containing supplement
- HC, high-carbohydrate (low-fat) diet with placebo supplement
- LC, low-carbohydrate (high-fat) diet with mannoheptulose (8 mg/kg)-containing supplement
- LC, low-carbohydrate (high-fat) diet with placebo supplement
- MH, mannoheptulose
- Mannoheptulose
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- Respiratory quotient
- TEF, thermic effect of food
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