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Jung D, Soler R, de la Paz D, Notario A, Muñoz A, Ródenas M, Vera T, Borrás E, Borge R. Oxidation capacity changes in the atmosphere of large urban areas in Europe: Modelling and experimental campaigns in atmospheric simulation chambers. Chemosphere 2023; 341:139919. [PMID: 37611775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major concern for human health and the environment. Consequently, environmental standards have become stricter to improve air quality. Thanks to this, the ambient levels of O3 precursors such as VOCs and NOX have decreased. However, O3 levels in Europe, especially during winter, have increased, potentially impacting on atmospheric oxidation capacity and the associated chemistry of tropospheric oxidants. In this work, we focus on recent changes in the oxidation capacity of urban atmospheres. The study is conducted with the results of the CMAQ modelling system with a regional resolution with 12 × 12 km2 across the entire European continent for the winter (January) and summer (July) of 2007 and 2015. The 2015 meteorological data is used for both years to emphasise emission changes during the studied period. We scrutinise the changes in ambient concentration levels of the main tropospheric oxidants (O3 and HOX radicals) in five representative cities, Valencia, Madrid, Milan, Berlin, and The Hague. The enhanced O3 formation in winter seems to be due to the low VOC/NOX ratio, while the opposite trend in summer may be related to a relatively high ratio. Additionally, photooxidation experiments are carried out in the EUPHORE chambers to study the effect of changes in NOX concentration and NO/NO2 ratio on the variation of the given oxidants at constant VOCs concentrations. For the baseline experiments, two scenarios are selected based on the model results of 2015: two representative winter and summer days of low and high pollution in Berlin and Madrid, respectively. The role of VOC/NOX and NO/NO2 ratios on atmospheric reactivity is discussed. As a result, it is first suggested that further decreases in ambient NOX levels are required to reduce ambient O3 levels. Moreover, additional factors should be considered when designing local-specific emission abatement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Jung
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rubén Soler
- EUPHORE Labs., Atmospheric Chemistry Area, Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - David de la Paz
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Notario
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- EUPHORE Labs., Atmospheric Chemistry Area, Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Milagros Ródenas
- EUPHORE Labs., Atmospheric Chemistry Area, Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Teresa Vera
- EUPHORE Labs., Atmospheric Chemistry Area, Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Esther Borrás
- EUPHORE Labs., Atmospheric Chemistry Area, Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Borge
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Borrás E, Ródenas M, Vera T, Gómez T, Muñoz A. Atmospheric degradation of the organothiophosphate insecticide - Pirimiphos-methyl. Sci Total Environ 2017; 579:1-9. [PMID: 27881242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The gas phase atmospheric degradation of pirimiphos-methyl (a widely used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide in many European regions) has been investigated at the large outdoor European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. Its photolysis has been studied under sunlight conditions and its reaction rate constant with OH radicals was measured by the relative rate method. The reaction with ozone was also investigated. The tropospheric degradation of pirimiphos-methyl is controlled mainly by the OH radical reaction. The rate coefficient of the OH reaction with pirimiphos-methyl, k, was measured by a conventional relative rate technique, where aniline was taken as a reference. The resulting value of the OH reaction rate constant with pirimiphos-methyl was k=(1.14±0.2)×10-10cm3molecule-1s-1. The tropospheric lifetime of pirimiphos-methyl with respect to the reaction with OH radicals was estimated to be around 1.6h (283±10) K and atmospheric pressure. Significant aerosol formation was observed in the OH reaction with yields that ranged from 25 to 37%, and with particle diameters below 550nm. This therefore reveals a high human risk due to PM<1, without taking into account the chemical composition of the degradation products. SO2, glyoxal and other oxygenated and nitrogenated compounds were the main degradation products detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Borrás
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Milagros Ródenas
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Vera
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tatiana Gómez
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Vera T, Borrás E, Chen J, Coscollá C, Daële V, Mellouki A, Ródenas M, Sidebottom H, Sun X, Yusá V, Zhang X, Muñoz A. Atmospheric degradation of lindane and 1,3-dichloroacetone in the gas phase. Studies at the EUPHORE simulation chamber. Chemosphere 2015; 138:112-119. [PMID: 26051979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase degradation of lindane (γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane) towards OH radical was investigated under atmospheric conditions at the large outdoor European simulation chamber (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The rate coefficient for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with lindane was measured using a conventional relative rate technique leading to a value of kOH(lindane)=(6.4±1.6)×10(-13) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 300±5 K and atmospheric pressure. The results suggest that the tropospheric lifetime of lindane with respect to OH radicals is approximately 20 days. The product distribution studies on the OH-initiated oxidation of lindane provided evidence that the major initial carbon-containing oxidation product is pentachlorocyclohexanone. 1,3-Dichloroacetone was employed as a model compound for pentachlorocyclohexanone, and an investigation of its photolysis and reaction with OH radicals under atmospheric conditions was carried out. The data indicate that the atmospheric degradation of pentachlorocyclohexanone would be relatively rapid, and would not form persistent organic compounds. Theoretical study was also employed to calculate possible degradation pathways. Mechanism for reaction of lindane with OH radicals is proposed, and C-Cl bond cleavage is discussed. OH abstraction is considered to be a reasonable way for Cl to escape during degradation. The atmospheric implications of the use of lindane as an insecticide are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vera
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Borrás
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Clara Coscollá
- Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Véronique Daële
- CNRS-ICARE/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China; CNRS-ICARE/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Milagros Ródenas
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Howard Sidebottom
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Vicent Yusá
- Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia-FISABIO, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Xue Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- Fundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Muñoz A, Vera T, Ródenas M, Borrás E, Mellouki A, Treacy J, Sidebottom H. Gas-phase degradation of the herbicide ethalfluralin under atmospheric conditions. Chemosphere 2014; 95:395-401. [PMID: 24139158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase degradation of ethalfluralin, N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-N-(2-methylallyl)-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine, a widely used herbicide, was investigated under atmospheric conditions at the large outdoor European simulation chamber (EUPHORE) in Valencia, Spain. The photolysis of ethalfluralin was investigated under solar radiation and the mean photolysis rate coefficient was determined: J(ethalfluralin)=(1.3±0.2)×10(-3) s(-1) (JNO2=8×10(-3) s(-1)). The rate coefficients for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals and ozone with ethalfluralin in the dark were also measured under atmospheric conditions using the relative rate and the absolute rate technique, respectively. The rate coefficients values for the reactions of kOH(ethalfluralin)=(3.5±0.9)×10(-11)cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1), and kO3(ethalfluralin)=(1.6±0.4)×10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) were determined at 300±5 K and atmospheric pressure. The results show that removal of ethalfluralin from the atmosphere by reactions with OH radicals (τ ~ 4 h) or ozone (τ ~ 25 h) is slow compared to loss by photolysis. The available kinetic data suggest that the gas-phase tropospheric degradation of ethalfluralin will be controlled mainly by photolysis and provide an estimate for the tropospheric lifetime of approximately 12 min. The atmospheric implications of using ethalfluralin as a herbicide are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Muñoz
- Instituto Universitario UMH-CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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