Decreased emotional eating behavior is associated with greater excess weight loss five years after gastric banding

While significant weight loss has been observed in the first two years following adjustable gastric banding (AGB), research on the long-term effectiveness of gastric restriction (e.g., 5 years) both on weight loss and eating behavior changes is scarce. The present study examined obese patients' changes in eating behavior preoperatively and 5 years after AGB and examined their associations with excess weight loss (EWL). Specifically, we focused on the association between the modification of three eating behavior profiles (i.e., restrained eating, emotional eating and external eating) and %EWL at 5 years. Among the 197 participants who underwent AGB, 136 completed the clinical assessments (weight, depression with the BDI, eating behavior with the DEBQ) before surgery, and after 5 years. Resultsshowed that the mean percentage of EWL was 47% after 5 years. Moreover, patients reported lower emotional eating and external eating after 5 years in comparison to the baseline, whereas there were no differences concerning restrained eating. Importantly, patients who presented higher %EWL at 5 years also reported a greater decrease in emotional eating between the two sessions than those with low %EWL. Our study underlines that eating behaviors are major variables involved in weight loss after gastric restriction. Results showed that emotional and external eating decreased significantly at 5 years whereas restrained eating behaviors did not vary between the pre- and postoperative stages. Moreover, the data suggest that a decrease in emotional eating accounts for the extent of EWL.

Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty for Obesity: a Multicenter Study of 248 Patients with 24 Months Follow-Up

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a technique for managing mild to moderately obese patients. We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes, reproducibility, and predictors of weight response in a large multicenter cohort.

METHODS

Patients who underwent ESG between January 2013 and December 2015 in three centers were retrospectively analyzed. All procedures were performed using the Apollo OverStitch device (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX). We performed per protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses, where patients lost to follow-up were considered failures. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS

We included 248 patients (mean age 44.5 ± 10 years, 73% female). Baseline BMI was 37.8 ± 5.6 kg/m². At 6 and 24 months, 33 and 35 patients were lost to follow-up, respectively. At 6 and 24 months, %TBWL was 15.2 [95%CI 14.2-16.3] and 18.6 [15.7-21.5], respectively. Weight loss was similar between centers at both follow-up intervals. At 24 months, % of patients achieving ≥10% TBWL was 84.2 and 53% with PP and ITT analyses, respectively. On multivariable linear regression analysis, only %TBWL at 6 months strongly predicted %TBWL at 24 months (adjusted for age, gender, and baseline BMI, β = 1.21, p < 0.001). The odds of achieving ≥10%TBWL at 24 months if a patient achieved <10%TBWL at 6 months is 0.18 [0.034-0.84]. Five (2%) serious adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

ESG effectively induces weight loss up to 24 months in moderately obese patients. Failure to achieve adequate weight loss can be predicted early, and patients should be offered adjunctive therapies to augment it.

Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure in Relation to Body Weight and Composition Following Gastric Restriction: A Systematic Review

In comparison to gastric bypass surgery, gastric restriction without malabsorption more closely simulates dietary adherence while still producing durable weight loss. The latter is achieved despite considerable reductions in resting energy expenditure (REE), and whether REE is adjusted for body weight/composition using ratio- or regression-based methods could influence understanding of how these procedures affect energy balance. This systematic review identified studies that reported REE before and after gastric restriction in order to compare changes using each method. Ratio assessments revealed increases and decreases when REE was expressed per kilogram of body weight and per kilogram of fat-free mass, respectively. In comparison, measured REE tended to be less than predicted from linear regression after surgery. Explanations for these seemingly disparate findings and future directions are discussed.

The cooperation between endoscopists and surgeons in treating complications of bariatric surgery

The results of lifestyle interventions and pharmacotherapy are disappointing in severe obesity which is characterised by premature death and many obesity-associated co-morbidities. Only surgery may achieve significant and durable weight losses associated with increased life expectancy and improvement of co-morbidities. Bariatric surgery involves the gastrointestinal tract and may therefore increase gastrointestinal complaints. Bariatric surgery may also result in complications which in many cases can be solved by endoscopic interventions. This requires a close cooperation between surgeons and endoscopists. This chapter will concentrate on the most commonly performed operations such as the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the adjustable gastric banding and the sleeve gastrectomy, in the majority of cases performed by laparoscopy. Operations such as the vertical banded gastroplasty and the biliopancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch will not be discussed at length as patients with these operations will not be encountered frequently and their management can be found under the headings of the other operations.