1
|
Tan J, Zhu L, Shi J, Zhang J, Kuang J, Guo Q, Zhu X, Chen Y, Zhou C, Gao X. Evaluation of drug resistance for EGFR-TKIs in lung cancer via multicellular lung-on-a-chip. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 199:106805. [PMID: 38763450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance to irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a primary factor affecting their therapeutic efficacy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC cells can undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by many factors in the tumour microenvironment (TME), which plays a crucial role in tumour drug resistance. In this study, a multicellular lung-on-a-chip that can realise the cell co-culture of the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line HCC827, human foetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is prepared. The TME was simulated on the chip combined with perfusion and other factors, and the drug evaluation of osimertinib was performed to explore the drug resistance mechanism of EGFR-TKIs. In the early stages, a two-dimensional static cell co-culture was achieved by microchip, and the results showed that HFL-1 cells could be transformed into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and HCC827 cells could undergo EMT, both of which were mediated by Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Vimentin (VIM) and Alpha Skeletal Muscle Actin (a-SMA) expression of HFL-1 was upregulated, whereas E-cadherin (E-cad) expression of HCC827 was down-regulated. Further, N-cadherin (N-cad) expression of HCC827 was upregulated. In both the static cell co-culture and multicellular lung-on-a-chip, HCC827 cells with CAFs co-culture or IL-6 treatment developed resistance to osimertinib. Further use of the IL-6 antibody inhibitor tocilizumab could reverse EGFR-TKI resistance to a certain extent. Combination therapy with tocilizumab and EGFR-TKIs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance caused by EMT in NSCLC. Furthermore, the lung-on-a-chip can simulate complex TME and can be used for evaluating tumour resistance and exploring mechanisms, with the potential to become an important tool for personalised diagnosis, treatment, and biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Leqing Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China; Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen,518101, China
| | - Jingyan Shi
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Jun Kuang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Quanwei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Yuliang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Chengbin Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510030, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510030, China.
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harrell AG, Thom SR, Shields C. Dissolved gases from pressure changes in the lungs elicit an immune response in human peripheral blood. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.18.562856. [PMID: 37904988 PMCID: PMC10614899 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Conventional dogma suggests that decompression sickness (DCS) is caused by nitrogen bubble nucleation in the blood vessels and/or tissues; however, the abundance of bubbles does not correlate with DCS severity. Since immune cells respond to chemical and environmental cues, we hypothesized that the elevated partial pressures of dissolved gases drive aberrant immune cell phenotypes in the alveolar vasculature. To test this hypothesis, we measured immune responses within human lung-on-a-chip devices established with primary alveolar cells and microvascular cells. Devices were pressurized to 1.0 or 3.5 atm and surrounded by normal alveolar air or oxygen-reduced air. Phenotyping of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells as well as multiplexed ELISA revealed that immune responses occur within 1 hour and that normal alveolar air (i.e., hyperbaric oxygen and nitrogen) confer greater immune activation. This work strongly suggests innate immune cell reactions initiated at elevated partial pressures contribute to the etiology of DCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G. Harrell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Stephen R. Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - C.Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang S, Zhang T, Ge Y, Cheng Y, Yin L, Pu Y, Chen Z, Liang G. Sentinel supervised lung-on-a-chip: A new environmental toxicology platform for nanoplastic-induced lung injury. J Hazard Mater 2023; 458:131962. [PMID: 37406524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics are prevalent in the air and can be easily inhaled, posing a threat to respiratory health. However, there have been few studies investigating the impact of nanoplastics on lung injury, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Furthermore, cell and animal models cannot deeply understand the pollutant-induced COPD. Existing lung-on-a-chip models also lack interactions among immune cells, which are crucial in monitoring complex responses. In the study, we built the lung-on-a-chip to accurately recapitulate the structural features and key functions of the alveolar-blood barrier while integrating multiple immune cells. The stability and reliability of the lung-on-a-chip model were demonstrated by toxicological application of various environmental pollutants. We Further focused on exploring the association between COPD and polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs). As a result, the cell viability significantly decreased as the concentration of PS-NPs increased, while TEER levels decreased and permeability increased. Additionally, PS-NPs could induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses at the organ level, and crossed the alveolar-blood barrier to enter the bloodstream. The expression of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) was significantly reduced, which could be served as early COPD checkpoint on the lung-chips. Overall, the lung-on-a-chip provides a new platform for investigating the pulmonary toxicity of nanoplastics, demonstrating that PS-NPs can harm the alveolar-blood barrier, cause oxidative damage and inflammation, and increase the risk of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Yiling Ge
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Yanping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096 China.
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ng WH, Varghese B, Ren X. Understanding and Engineering the Pulmonary Vasculature. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1413:247-264. [PMID: 37195534 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26625-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels play essential roles in regulating embryonic organogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. The inner lining of blood vessels is covered by vascular endothelial cells, which exhibit tissue-specific phenotypes in term of their molecular signature, morphology, and function. The pulmonary microvascular endothelium is continuous and non-fenestrae to ensure stringent barrier function while allowing efficient gas exchange across the alveoli-capillary interface. During respiratory injury repair, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells secrete unique angiocrine factors and actively participate in the molecular and cellular events mediating alveolar regeneration. Advances in stem cell and organoid engineering are offering new ways to produce vascularized lung tissue models to investigate vascular-parenchymal interactions during lung organogenesis and pathogenesis. Further, technology developments in 3D biomaterial fabrication are enabling construction of vascularized tissues and microdevices with organotypic features at high resolution to recapitulate the air-blood interface. In parallel, whole-lung decellularization produces biomaterial scaffolds with naturally occurring, acellular vascular bed with preserved tissue architecture and complexity. Emerging efforts in combining cells with synthetic or natural biomaterials open vast opportunities for engineering the organotypic pulmonary vasculature to address current limitations in regenerating and repairing damaged lungs and pave the way towards next-generation therapies for pulmonary vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hoe Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Barbie Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blomberg R, Hewawasam RS, Šerbedžija P, Saleh K, Caracena T, Magin CM. Engineering Dynamic 3D Models of Lung. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1413:155-189. [PMID: 37195531 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26625-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The lung parenchyma-consisting of gas-filled alveoli, vasculature, and connective tissue-is the site for gas exchange in the lung and plays a critical role in a number of chronic lung diseases. In vitro models of lung parenchyma can, therefore, provide valuable platforms for the study of lung biology in health and disease. Yet modeling such a complex tissue requires integrating multiple components, including biochemical cues from the extracellular environment, geometrically defined multicellular interactions, and dynamic mechanical inputs such as the cyclic stretch of breathing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the broad spectrum of model systems that have been developed to recapitulate one or more features of lung parenchyma, and some of the scientific advances generated by those models. We discuss the use of both synthetic and naturally derived hydrogel materials, precision-cut lung slices, organoids, and lung-on-a-chip devices, with perspectives on the strengths, weaknesses, and potential future directions of these engineered systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Blomberg
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rukshika S Hewawasam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Predrag Šerbedžija
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kamiel Saleh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Caracena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea M Magin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Z, Huang J, Zhang J, Xu Z, Li Q, Ouyang J, Yan Y, Sun S, Ye H, Wang F, Zhu J, Wang Z, Chao J, Pu Y, Gu Z. A storm in a teacup -- A biomimetic lung microphysiological system in conjunction with a deep-learning algorithm to monitor lung pathological and inflammatory reactions. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114772. [PMID: 36272347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
Creating a biomimetic in vitro lung model to recapitulate the infection and inflammatory reactions has been an important but challenging task for biomedical researchers. The 2D based cell culture models - culturing of lung epithelium - have long existed but lack multiple key physiological conditions, such as the involvement of different types of immune cells and the creation of connected lung models to study viral or bacterial infection between different individuals. Pioneers in organ-on-a-chip research have developed lung alveoli-on-a-chip and connected two lung chips with direct tubing and flow. Although this model provides a powerful tool for lung alveolar disease modeling, it still lacks interactions among immune cells, such as macrophages and monocytes, and the mimic of air flow and aerosol transmission between lung-chips is missing. Here, we report the development of an improved human lung physiological system (Lung-MPS) with both alveolar and pulmonary bronchial chambers that permits the integration of multiple immune cells into the system. We observed amplified inflammatory signals through the dynamic interactions among macrophages, epithelium, endothelium, and circulating monocytes. Furthermore, an integrated microdroplet/aerosol transmission system was fabricated and employed to study the propagation of pseudovirus particles containing microdroplets in integrated Lung-MPSs. Finally, a deep-learning algorithm was developed to characterize the activation of cells in this Lung-MPS. This Lung-MPS could provide an improved and more biomimetic sensory system for the study of COVID-19 and other high-risk infectious lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, SiPaiLou#2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China; Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Zikang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, SiPaiLou#2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, SiPaiLou#2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Yuchuan Yan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Huan Ye
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Zhangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, SiPaiLou#2, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan J, Guo Q, Tian L, Pei Z, Li D, Wu M, Zhang J, Gao X. Biomimetic lung-on-a-chip to model virus infection and drug evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106329. [PMID: 36375766 PMCID: PMC9650675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases remain a global public health problem. The rapid and widespread spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV‑2) has had a severe impact on the global economy and human activities, highlighting the vulnerability of humans to viral infectious diseases and the urgent need to develop new technologies and effective treatments. Organ-on-a-chip is an emerging technology for constructing the physiological and pathological microenvironment of human organs in vitro and has the advantages of portability, high throughput, low cost, and accurate simulation of the in vivo microenvironment. Indeed, organ-on-a-chip provides a low-cost alternative for investigating human organ physiology, organ diseases, toxicology, and drug efficacy. The lung is a main target organ of viral infection, and lung pathophysiology must be assessed after viral infection and treatment with antiviral drugs. This review introduces the construction of lung-on-a-chip and its related pathophysiological models, focusing on the in vitro simulation of viral infection and evaluation of antiviral drugs, providing a developmental direction for research and treatment of viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Quanwei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Lingling Tian
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhendong Pei
- Anesthesia Surgery Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China,Corresponding author at: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China,Corresponding author at: Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Francis I, Shrestha J, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, Warkiani ME, Saha SC. Recent advances in lung-on-a-chip models. Drug Discov Today 2022:S1359-6446(22)00265-3. [PMID: 35724916 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the global burden of respiratory diseases, rapid identification of the best therapeutic measures to combat these diseases is essential. Animal models and 2D cell culture models do not replicate the findings observed in vivo. To gain deeper insight into lung pathology and physiology, 3D and advanced lung-on-a-chip models have been developed recently. Lung-on-a-chip models more accurately simulate the lung's microenvironment and functions in vivo, resulting in more-accurate assessments of drug safety and effectiveness. This review discusses the transition from 2D to 3D models and the recent advances in lung-on-a-chip platforms, their implementation and the numerous challenges faced. Finally, a general overview of this platform and its potential applications in respiratory disease research and drug discovery is highlighted.
Collapse
|
9
|
da Silva da Costa FA, Soares MR, Malagutti-Ferreira MJ, da Silva GR, Lívero FADR, Ribeiro-Paes JT. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures as a Research Platform in Lung Diseases and COVID-19. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:735-745. [PMID: 34080133 PMCID: PMC8172328 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are a major public health problem worldwide. In the current epidemiological context, CRD have received much interest when considering their correlation with greater susceptibility to SARS-Cov-2 and severe disease (COVID-19). Increasingly more studies have investigated pathophysiological interactions between CRD and COVID-19. AREA COVERED Animal experimentation has decisively contributed to advancing our knowledge of CRD. Considering the increase in ethical restrictions in animal experimentation, researchers must focus on new experimental alternatives. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have complemented animal models and significantly contributed to advancing research in the life sciences. However, 2D cell cultures have several limitations in studies of cellular interactions. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures represent a new and robust platform for studying complex biological processes and are a promising alternative in regenerative and translational medicine. EXPERT OPINION Three-dimensional cell cultures are obtained by combining several types of cells in integrated and self-organized systems in a 3D structure. These 3D cell culture systems represent an efficient methodological approach in studies of pathophysiology and lung therapy. More recently, complex 3D culture systems, such as lung-on-a-chip, seek to mimic the physiology of a lung in vivo through a microsystem that simulates alveolar-capillary interactions and exposure to air. The present review introduces and discusses 3D lung cultures as robust platforms for studies of the pathophysiology of CRD and COVID-19 and the mechanisms that underlie interactions between CRD and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Allan da Silva da Costa
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Racy Soares
- Human Reproduction Division, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ratti da Silva
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Paranaense University - UNIPAR, Umuarama, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barros AS, Costa A, Sarmento B. Building three-dimensional lung models for studying pharmacokinetics of inhaled drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:386-95. [PMID: 32971227 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a critical step in the development pipeline of pharmaceutical industry, commonly performed in traditional cell culture and animal models. Though, those models hold critical gapsin the prediction and the translation of human pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) parameters. The advances in tissue engineering have allowed the combination of cell biology with microengineering techniques, offering alternatives to conventional preclinical models. Organ-on-a-chips and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting models present the potentialityof simulating the physiological and pathological microenvironment of living organs and tissues, constituting this way,more realistic models for the assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Therefore, this review will focus on lung-on-a-chip and 3D bioprinting techniques for developing lung models that can be usedfor predicting PK/PD parameters.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Lung-on-a-chip is a micro device that combines the techniques of bioengineering, microbiology, polymer science and microfluidics disciplines in order to mimic physicochemical features and microenvironments, multicellular constructions, cell-cell interfaces of a human lung. Specifically, most novel lung on a chip designs consist of two micro-channeled outer parts, flexible and porous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane to create separation of air-blood chamber and subsidiary vacuum channels which enable stretching of the PDMS membrane to mimic movement mechanisms of the lung. Therefore, studies aim to emulate both tissue and organ functionality since it shall be creating great potential for advancing the studies about drug discovery, disease etiology and organ physiology compared with 2D (two dimensional) and 3D (three dimensional) cell culture models and current organoids. In this study, history of researches on lung anatomy and physiology, techniques of recreating lung functionality such as cell cultures in 2D and 3D models, organoids were covered and finally most advanced and recent state of the art technology product lung-on-a-chips' construction steps, advantages compared with other techniques, usage in lung modeling and diseases, present and future offers were analyzed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuğçe Polat
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gül Banu Aydın
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ali Akpek
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey.,Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabancı University, 34956 Tuzla Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Micro and nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize drug delivery systems. Novel microfluidic systems have been employed for the cell culture applications and drug delivery by micro and nanocarriers. Cells in the microchannels are under static and dynamic flow perfusion of culture media that provides nutrition and removes waste from the cells. This exerts hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces on the cells. These forces can considerably affect the functions of the living cells. In this paper, we simulated the flow of air, culture medium, and the particle transport and deposition in the microchannels under different angles of connection inlet. It was found that the shear stress induced by the medium culture flow is not so high to damage the cells and that it is roughly uniform in the cell culture section (CCS). However, the local shear stresses in the other parts of the microchip differ by changing the angles of the connection inlet. The results showed that the particle deposition was a function of the particle size, the properties of the fluid, and the flow rate. At a lower air flow rate, both small and large particles deposited in the entrance region and none of them reached the CCS. Once the airflow rate increased, the drag of the flow could overcome the diffusion of the small particles and deliver them to the CCS so that more than 88% of the 100 nm and 98% of the 200 nm particles deposited in the CCS. However, larger particles with average diameters in micrometers could not reach the CCS by the airflow even at high flow rate. In contrast, our findings indicated that both small and large particles could be delivered to the CCS by liquid flow. Our experimental data confirm that microparticles (with diameters of 5 and 20 μm) suspended in a liquid can reach the CCS at a well-adjusted flow rate. Consequently, a liquid carrier is suggested to transport large particles through microchannels. As a powerful tool, these numerical simulations provide a nearly complete understanding of the flow field and particle patterns in microchips which can significantly lower the trial and error in the experiment tests and accordingly save researchers considerable cost and time for drug delivery to the cell in the microchip by micro/nanocarriers.
Collapse
|