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Ghahghayi F, Payandeh A, Najafian A, Ghasemi M, Jabari AJ. Investigating Ovulation Induction Outcomes in Patients with Decreased Ovarian Reserve Treated with Double Stimulation during The Follicular and Luteal Phases Compared to The Conventional Antagonist Cycle: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Fertil Steril 2024; 18:140-145. [PMID: 38368517 PMCID: PMC10875316 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2023.1978181.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is difficult to obtain healthy oocytes in poor ovarian responders with conventional treatment methods. Thus, the need to investigate new methods is essential. This study aims to investigate ovulation induction outcomes in patients with decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) in two groups treated with double stimulation (DuoStim) during the follicular and luteal phases in comparison with the antagonist cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomised clinical trial that enrolled the patients with reduced ovarian reserve. The patients referred for in vitro fertilization (IVF) at Molud Infertility Clinic, Ali Ebn Abitalib (AS) Hospital, Zahedan, Iran from 2020 to 2021. Participants were randomly divided into two groups, those who underwent treatment with DuoStim during the follicular and luteal phase (case group) and those who received the conventional antagonist cycle (control group). RESULTS The mean number of metaphase II (MII) eggs was 7.7 ± 3.1 in the case group and 6.1 ± 3.9 in the control group (P=0.063). The mean total number of retrieved eggs in the case group was 9.2 ± 3.7 and in the control group, it was 6.9 ± 4.4 (P=0.023). The mean number of embryos obtained in the case group was 6.5 ± 3.9; in the control group, it was 4.7 ± 2.8 (P=0.016). CONCLUSION The DuoStim method can effectively play a role in increasing the total number of retrieved eggs and embryos (registration number: IRCT20120817010617N8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghahghayi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Payandeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Centre, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Aida Najafian
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghasemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Molud Infertility Centre, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Pregnancy Health Research Centre, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Ayob Jabari Jabari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Molud Infertility Centre, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Science in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Abstract
Aspects of sleep change across the menstrual cycle in some women. Poorer sleep quality in the premenstrual phase and menstruation is common in women with premenstrual symptoms or painful menstrual cramps. Although objective sleep continuity remains unchanged across the regular, asymptomatic menstrual cycle, activity in the sleep electroencephalogram varies, with a prominent increase in sleep spindle activity in the postovulatory luteal phase, when progesterone is present, relative to the follicular phase. Menstrual cycle phase, reproductive stage, and menstrual-related disorders should be considered when assessing women's sleep complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Alzueta
- Human Sleep Research Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Human Sleep Research Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Wiltbank MC, Monteiro PLJ, Domingues RR, Andrade JPN, Mezera MA. Review: Maintenance of the ruminant corpus luteum during pregnancy: interferon-tau and beyond. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100827. [PMID: 37567676 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the mechanisms that maintain the corpus luteum (CL) of pregnancy in ruminants. In mammals, ovulation and luteinization of the remaining cells in the CL are due to a surge in Luteinizing Hormone (LH). In cattle, continued secretion of pulses of LH is essential for full development and function of the CL during the estrous cycle (LH pulses), however, the few studies on the CL after d20 of pregnancy do not indicate that LH is essential for maintaining the CL of pregnancy. The first essential step in maintaining the CL of pregnancy in ruminants is overcoming the mechanisms that cause regression of the CL in non-pregnant ruminants (d18-25 in cattle; d13-21 in sheep). These mechanisms have a uterine component involving oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F2α (PGF2A) pulses and a luteal component involving decreased progesterone production and luteal cell death. There is a critical role for embryonic interferon-tau (IFNT) in suppressing the uterine secretion of PGF2A during early pregnancy (d13-21 in sheep; d16-25 in cattle) and preventing luteolysis. There are also effects of IFNT on the expression of interferon-stimulated genes in other tissues including the CL but the physiologic role of these interferon-stimulated genes is not yet clear. After the IFNT period, there is another mechanism that maintains the CL of pregnancy in ruminants since embryonic IFNT is inhibited as attachment occurs and trophoblastic binucleate/giant cells begin secretion of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. The second mechanism for luteal maintenance has not yet been defined but acts in a local manner (ipsilateral to pregnancy), and remains functional from d25 until just before parturition. The most likely mechanisms mediating later maintenance of the CL of pregnancy are increased uterine blood flow or decreased prostaglandin transporter expression in the utero-ovarian vasculature, preventing PGF2A reaching the CL. Finally, implications of these ideas on pregnancy loss in cattle are explored, highlighting the importance of inappropriate regression of the CL of pregnancy as a mechanism for pregnancy loss in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo C Wiltbank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Pedro L J Monteiro
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rafael R Domingues
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - João Paulo N Andrade
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Megan A Mezera
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Hulton AT, Malone JJ, Campbell IT, MacLaren DPM. The effect of the menstrual cycle and hyperglycaemia on hormonal and metabolic responses during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2993-3003. [PMID: 34235576 PMCID: PMC8505395 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Variations in substrate metabolism have been identified in women during continuous steady-state aerobic exercise performed at the same relative intensity throughout discrete phases of the menstrual cycle, although some evidence exists that this is abolished when carbohydrate is ingested. This investigation examined the effects of a supraphysiologic exogenous glucose infusion protocol, administered during two phases of the menstrual cycle (follicular and luteal) in eumenorrheic women to identify differences between metabolic, hormonal and substrate oxidative responses. Methods During the experimental conditions, blood glucose was infused intravenously at rates to “clamp” blood glucose at 10 mM in seven healthy females (age 20 ± 1 y, mass 55.0 ± 4.1 kg, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot V{O_{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak 40.0 ± 1.8 ml/kg/min). Following 30 min of seated rest, participants exercised on a cycle ergometer for 90 min at 60% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot V{O_{2peak}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak. During the rest period and throughout exercise, blood metabolites and hormones were collected at regular intervals, in addition to expired air for the measurement of substrate oxidation. Results Significant differences between ovarian hormones and menstrual phase were identified, with estrogen significantly higher during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase (213.28 ± 30.70 pmol/l vs 103.86 ± 13.85 pmol/l; p = 0.016), and for progesterone (14.23 ± 4.88 vs 2.11 ± 0.36 nmol/l; p = 0.042). However, no further significance was identified in any of the hormonal, metabolite or substrate utilisation patterns between phases. Conclusion These data demonstrate that the infusion of a supraphysiological glucose dose curtails any likely metabolic influence employed by the fluctuation of ovarian hormones in eumenorrheic women during moderate exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. .,Sport and Exercise Science, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK.
| | - J J Malone
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - I T Campbell
- Dept of Anaesthesia, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - D P M MacLaren
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Donadeu FX, Sanchez JM, Mohammed BT, Ioannidis J, Stenhouse C, Maioli MA, Esteves CL, Lonergan P. Relationships between size, steroidogenesis and miRNA expression of the bovine corpus luteum. Theriogenology 2019; 145:226-230. [PMID: 31748175 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, a subset of miRNAs were identified the expression of which increases substantially during the follicle-luteal transition in cattle. Here, we investigated the functional involvement of some of these miRNAs (miR-96, miR-182, miR-132, miR-21, miR-378) by determining whether there is an association in vivo between their expression in the corpus luteum (CL), CL size and progesterone production. The two largest and two smallest CL were collected from 12 donor beef heifers on Day 7 following ovarian super-stimulation (Day 0 = 28-32 h after first standing to be mounted). Additionally, the CL and a plasma sample were collected from 29 recipient heifers on Day 15. Luteal expression of miRNAs and mRNAs, and plasma progesterone concentrations were quantified by RT-qPCR and RIA, respectively. There were no differences in the mean expression of any miRNAs examined or the steroidogenic enzymes, STAR or CYP11A1, between the largest and smallest CL in donor heifers (P > 0.1). In addition, there were no significant correlations of luteal volume or weight with any miRNA, CYP11A1 or STAR in donor heifers. However, a correlation (r ≥ 0.5, P ≤ 0.001) existed between the transcript levels of CYP11A1 and STAR in the CL, as well as between each of those and miR-182 levels. In addition, CYP11A1 abundance was moderately correlated (r ≤ 0.4, P < 0.05) with each of miR-96 and miR-378. In recipient heifers, progesterone levels were moderately correlated with luteal weight (r = 0.41, P = 0.03) but not with the expression of any miRNA, CYP11A1 or STAR (P > 0.1). Moreover, luteal CYP11A1 and STAR were correlated (r = 0.6, P ≤ 0.001) with miR-182 as well as with each other, consistent with data in donor heifers. Finally, both CYP11A1 and STAR were moderately correlated (r ≤ 0.5) with miR-132 and, in the case of STAR, with miR-378. In summary, there was no association between either luteal weight/volume or plasma progesterone concentrations and any of the miRNAs analysed in donor and recipient heifers. However, CYP11A1 and STAR transcript levels were significantly correlated with several miRNAs, most notably miR-182, as well as with each other, in luteal tissues from both donor and recipient heifers. This finding confirms results of previous in vitro studies and, importantly, provides the first in vivo evidence of a role of the miR-183-96-182 cluster in regulating luteal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - J M Sanchez
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - B T Mohammed
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq
| | - J Ioannidis
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Stenhouse
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M A Maioli
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C L Esteves
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - P Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 N2E5, Ireland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in the abuse-related effects of alcohol have been demonstrated in the clinic and in preclinical animal models. Less is known about the influence of menstrual cycle phase on drinking. METHODS In this study, we examined the relationship between menstrual cycle phase and intake of ethanol (EtOH) in five adult female rhesus monkeys. Subjects consumed a 4% EtOH solution in their home cage 6 h per day, 5 days per week and pressed a lever to receive food pellets during the drinking session. Menstrual cycle was determined with vaginal swabs 5-7 days per week. To facilitate comparison with previous studies, the cycle was divided three different ways for analysis. RESULTS First, no significant difference was observed when EtOH intake was compared between phases defined as "follicular" (days 5-10) and "luteal" (19-24). Second, when the cycle was further divided into four phases [early follicular (days 1-7), late follicular (8-14), early luteal (15-21) and late luteal (22-next cycle)], significant differences were detected, with intake highest in phases that bracket menses and lowest in the late follicular phase. Finally, EtOH intake during "mid-cycle" (days 12-16) was significantly lower than during "menses" (days 1-5) and "late luteal" (last 5 days). Effect sizes were small to moderate, although absolute differences in EtOH intake (g/kg) were <15%. Food-maintained responding was not different across phases. CONCLUSIONS Menstrual cycle has modest but statistically significant and selective effects on EtOH drinking, with higher EtOH intake observed in the peri-menstrual period compared to the middle of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Corresponding author: Paul W. Czoty, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, Phone: 336-713-7112,
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Jehan S, Auguste E, Hussain M, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brzezinski A, Gupta R, Attarian H, Jean-Louis G, McFarlane SI. Sleep and Premenstrual Syndrome. J Sleep Med Disord 2016; 3:1061. [PMID: 28239684 PMCID: PMC5323065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is unknown; it may be due to the normal effect of hormones during the menstrual cycle as it occurs in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.PMS affects women of childbearing age and remits with the onset of menstruation. The menstrual phase is known to influence stage 2 and REM sleep in women, irrespective of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Women with PMDD showed a decreased response to melatonin in their luteal phase as compared to the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. However, melatonin duration or timing of offset in the morning has not been reported to correlate with the mood. Rather, improvement in mood-related symptoms of PMDD has been found to be influenced by sleep deprivation, be it sleep restrictions in early or late night. Sleep disturbance and decreased melatonin secretions due to hormonal fluctuations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle could explain the sleep complaints of PMDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Jehan
- Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Evan Auguste
- Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mahjabeen Hussain
- Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Amon Brzezinski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Israel
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Clinic, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Hrayr Attarian
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA
| | - Giradin Jean-Louis
- Department of Population Health, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Samy I. McFarlane
- Division of Endocrinology and Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, USA
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Clare SE, Gupta A, Choi M, Ranjan M, Lee O, Wang J, Ivancic DZ, Kim JJ, Khan SA. Progesterone receptor blockade in human breast cancer cells decreases cell cycle progression through G2/M by repressing G2/M genes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27215412 PMCID: PMC4878043 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The synthesis of specific, potent progesterone antagonists adds potential agents to the breast cancer prevention and treatment armamentarium. The identification of individuals who will benefit from these agents will be a critical factor for their clinical success. Methods We utilized telapristone acetate (TPA; CDB-4124) to understand the effects of progesterone receptor (PR) blockade on proliferation, apoptosis, promoter binding, cell cycle progression, and gene expression. We then identified a set of genes that overlap with human breast luteal-phase expressed genes and signify progesterone activity in both normal breast cells and breast cancer cell lines. Results TPA administration to T47D cells results in a 30 % decrease in cell number at 24 h, which is maintained over 72 h only in the presence of estradiol. Blockade of progesterone signaling by TPA for 24 h results in fewer cells in G2/M, attributable to decreased expression of genes that facilitate the G2/M transition. Gene expression data suggest that TPA affects several mechanisms that progesterone utilizes to control gene expression, including specific post-translational modifications, and nucleosomal organization and higher order chromatin structure, which regulate access of PR to its DNA binding sites. Conclusions By comparing genes induced by the progestin R5020 in T47D cells with those increased in the luteal-phase normal breast, we have identified a set of genes that predict functional progesterone signaling in tissue. These data will facilitate an understanding of the ways in which drugs such as TPA may be utilized for the prevention, and possibly the therapy, of human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2355-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Akash Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - MiRan Choi
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Z Ivancic
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Oral E, Kirkan TS, Yildirim A, Kotan Z, Cansever Z, Ozcan H, Aliyev E, Gulec M. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor differences between the luteal and follicular phases in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:266-72. [PMID: 25799087 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that comparison of the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels between women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and women without PMDD in the luteal and follicular phases of their menstrual cycles would reflect the altered neuromodulator responses that compensate the underlying pathogenesis in PMDD. METHOD Twenty-nine participants without PMDD and 20 with PMDD were enrolled in the study. The serum BDNF, estrogen and progesterone levels were assessed at the follicular and luteal phases in their two consecutive menstrual cycles. RESULTS Participants with PMDD had significantly higher luteal serum BDNF levels than the control subjects. The serum BDNF levels were significantly higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase in women with PMDD. The difference in the serum BDNF levels between the luteal and follicular phases were significantly higher in the PMDD patients than in the control. CONCLUSIONS The higher serum BDNF levels in the luteal phase in the PMDD patients may reflect compensatory process that results in subsequent improvement of the PMDD-associated depressive symptoms in the follicular phase. The higher difference in the serum BDNF levels between the phases in PMDD patients may reflect an altered neuromodulator response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Oral
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Tulay Sati Kirkan
- Department of Psychiatry, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Yildirim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Kotan
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Cansever
- Department of Medical Education, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Halil Ozcan
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elvin Aliyev
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gulec
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Katip Celebi University, İzmir, Turkey
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Abstract
This review focuses on the endocrine and physiological features of the transition to menopause, known as the menopausal transition or the perimenopause. The updated 2011 Stages of Reproductive Aging workshop (STRAW) system is presented with a discussion of the new subdivisions within stages -3 (late reproductive age) and +1 (postmenopause) and incorporation of FSH and other biomarkers in the supportive criteria. Ovarian follicle reserve and ovarian follicle dynamics are also discussed in terms of the changes that occur with reproductive aging, and the dramatic effect these changes have on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal feedback system. Topics include the disruption of normal ovulatory function and related hormone secretion patterns, abnormal uterine bleeding, and the changes that occur in bone and the cardiovascular system. The review concludes with a discussion of management strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Hale
- University of Sydney, Department of Medicine, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Henry G Burger
- University of Sydney, Department of Medicine, NSW, Australia
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