[Progression of the stomatological journals and the development of stomatology in modern China]

Original documents of professional practices and research preserved on the stomatological journals demonstrated the development of stomatology. In this review article, we made an analysis on the progression of the scientific stomatological journals in modern China. The development of stomatology were influenced by the social and environmental factors. Evolutionary process of stomatology in modern China, which could be divided into 4 stages named as embryonic, development, stagnation and recovery stages, showed a development history from merely tooth extraction and prosthodontic treatment to sophisticated multiple disciplines.

[Analysis on features and functions of professional journals of stomatology published in modern China]

The professional journals of stomatology, which were dedicated to spread of theoretical knowledge and medical practices, has demonstrated their important value for studying the development of stomatology. The historical details of these stomatological journals published in modern China from 1840 to 1949, such as publication background, chief founders, aims, main features and the contents of articles, are of great importance for investigating not only the humanistic features, but also the development of stomatology in China. Twenty-three professional journals of stomatology in modern China and 2 260 articles published in them have been verified through text analysis and archives. The features and functions of these journals were further analyzed in order to enrich the humanities and historical research of modern Chinese stomatology.

Nursing education development in China (1887-1949): influences on contemporary nursing

BACKGROUND

On 8 May 2013, the Chinese Nursing Association joined the International Council of Nurses. It is hoped that by sharing the history of nursing in China, scholars globally can incorporate into current thinking the challenges that Chinese nurses have faced in pursuing educational development and professional acknowledgement.

AIM

To review the history of nurse education in China between 1887 and 1949 and summarize events marking its development; and to provide historical references for considering contemporary nurse education and discipline development in China.

METHODS

Content analysis using bibliometric and historical research methods on available documentation sources. Milestone events were listed and their historical significance analysed.

RESULTS

Nurse education development during this period was affected by three major influences: (1) international nursing collaboration and involvement with Chinese nursing in China and abroad, (2) the determination of leaders to develop nursing as a unique and ethical profession, and (3) the pressure of war and civilian need on the focus of nursing development in China.

CONCLUSION

The development of nurse education in China occurred within an environment of social change, war and international collaboration. Throughout the Modern China period (1887-1949), nursing leadership has guided the growth of nurse education to be responsive to individual and community needs as well as ensuring nurse accountability for conduct and nursing practice. Contemporary Chinese nursing and education owes much to those throughout the Modern China period, who laid the foundations that support the current position and status of nursing.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY

The study displays the benefits and challenges of participation in policy and forums that help nurse scholars and practitioners understand the development of nurse education in China.