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Nagarajan V, Ramesh R, Chandiramouli R. N-Nitrosamine sensing properties of novel penta-silicane nanosheets-a first-principles outlook. J Mol Model 2023; 29:309. [PMID: 37688608 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT N-Nitrosamine is one of the highly toxic carcinogenic compounds that are found almost in the entire environment. In the present work, novel penta-silicene (penta-Si) and penta-silicane (penta-HSi) are utilised to sense the N-nitrosamine in the air environment. Initially, structural firmness of penta-Si and penta-HSi is confirmed using cohesive energy. Subsequently, the electronic properties of penta-Si and penta-HSi are discussed with the aid of electronic band structure and projected density of states (PDOS) maps. The calculated band gap of penta-Si and penta-HSi is 0.251 eV and 3.117 eV, correspondingly. Mainly, the adsorption property of N-nitrosamine on the penta-Si and penta-HSi is studied based on adsorption energy, Mulliken population analysis along with relative energy gap changes. The computed adsorption energy range is in physisorption (- 0.101 to - 0.619 eV), which recommends that the proposed penta-Si and penta-HSi can be employed as a promising sensor to detect the N-nitrosamine in the air environment. METHODS The structural, electronic and adsorption behaviour of N-nitrosamine on penta-Si and penta-HSi are studied based on the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The hybrid generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with Becke's three-parameter (B3) + Lee-Yang-Parr (LYP) exchange correlation functional is used to optimise the base material. All calculations in the present work are carried out in Quantum-ATK-Atomistic Simulation Software.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nagarajan
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - R Ramesh
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - R Chandiramouli
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
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Abstract
Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines were recently found in the sartan family of drugs and caused many drug recalls. Both of their detection and quantification are therefore important. Methods reported for N-nitrosamine quantitation rely on the use of standards and are just applicable to simple N-nitrosamines. There is an urgent need to quantify N-nitrosamines derived from drugs with a complicated structure that lack standards. To tackle the issue, this study describes a novel absolute quantitation strategy for N-nitrosamines using coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) without standards. In our approach, N-nitrosamine is first converted into electrochemically active hydrazine via zinc reduction under acidic condition and the resulting hydrazine can then be easily quantified using CMS. To validate our method, six simple N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitroso-4-phenylpiperidine (NPhPIP), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), were chosen as test samples, and they all were quantified with excellent measurement accuracy (quantitation error ≤1.1%). Taking this one step further, as a demonstration of the method utility, a drug-like N-nitrosamine, (R)-N-(2-(6-chloro-5-methyl-1'-nitroso-2,3-dihydrospiro[indene-1,4'-piperidin]-3-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide (VII), was also synthesized and successfully quantified using our method at 15 ppb level in a complex formulation matrix, following solvent extraction, N-nitrosamine isolation, and reductive conversion. Because of the feature of requiring no standards, CMS provides a simple and powerful approach for N-nitrosamine absolute quantitation and has great potential for analysis of other drug impurities or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yong Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Bercu JP, Masuda-Herrera M, Johnson G, Czich A, Glowienke S, Kenyon M, Thomas R, Ponting DJ, White A, Cross K, Waechter F, Rodrigues MAC. Use of less-than-lifetime (LTL) durational limits for nitrosamines: Case study of N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104926. [PMID: 33862169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ICH M7(R1) guideline describes a framework to assess the carcinogenic risk of mutagenic and carcinogenic pharmaceutical impurities following less-than-lifetime (LTL) exposures. This LTL framework is important as many pharmaceuticals are not administered for a patient's lifetime and as clinical trials typically involve LTL exposures. While there has been regulatory caution about applying LTL concepts to cohort of concern (COC) impurities such as N-nitrosamines, ICH M7 does not preclude this and indeed literature data suggests that the LTL framework will be protective of patient safety for N-nitrosamines. The goal was to investigate if applying the LTL framework in ICH M7 would control exposure to an acceptable excess cancer risk in humans. Using N-nitrosodiethylamine as a case study, empirical data correlating exposure duration (as a percentage of lifespan) and cancer incidence in rodent bioassays indicate that the LTL acceptable intake (AI) as derived using the ICH M7 framework would not exceed a negligible additional risk of cancer. Therefore, controlling N-nitrosamines to an LTL AI based on the ICH M7 framework is thus demonstrated to be protective for potential carcinogenic risk to patients over the exposure durations typical of clinical trials and many prescribed medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology (NSP), Foster City, CA, USA.
| | | | - George Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA3 5DE, UK
| | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety, D-65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Michelle Kenyon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Rob Thomas
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, UK
| | - Angela White
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Kevin Cross
- Leadscope Inc. an Instem Company, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Fernanda Waechter
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 222,2, Porto da Igreja, 07034-904, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
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Thomas R, Thresher A, Ponting DJ. Utilisation of parametric methods to improve percentile-based estimates for the carcinogenic potency of nitrosamines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104875. [PMID: 33556416 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines have recently been the subject of intense regulatory scrutiny, including the setting of low exposure limits (18 ng/day) (European Medicines Agency (EMA), 2020). This paper evaluates different methodologies to determine statistically robust bounds on the carcinogenic potency of chemical classes, using historic TD50 data (Peto et al., 1984; Thresher et al., 2019) and exemplified for N-nitrosamines. Initially, the distribution of TD50 values (TD50s) for N-nitrosamines of known potency was characterised. From this, it is possible to compare parametric and non-parametric methods to obtain percentiles of interest from the distribution of TD50s, which are shown to be robust to uncertainty in the initial TD50 estimates. These methods may then be applied to different chemical subclasses. The values obtained may be of use in refining acceptable intakes for N-nitrosamines and their subclasses.
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Gushgari AJ, Halden RU, Venkatesan AK. Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in U.S. freshwater sediments near wastewater treatment plants. J Hazard Mater 2017; 323:109-115. [PMID: 27067539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 40 freshwater sediments collected near 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the United States were analyzed for eight N-nitrosamines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Three N-nitrosamines were detected for the first time in freshwater sediments in units of ng/g dry weight at the specified detection frequency: N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA; 0.2-3.3; 58%), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA; 0.2-4.7; 50%), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR; 3.4-19.6; 18%). At least one N-nitrosamine was detected in 70% (28/40) of sediments analyzed. Non-detect values in units of ng/g dw were obtained for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA; <10.2), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA; <1.7), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA; <3.9), N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA; <1.7), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP; <3.6). Principal component analysis specifically points to two of multiple potential pathways explaining N-nitrosamine occurrences in sediment: NDBA and NDPhA were positively correlated with bulk water ammonia and pH levels, and NPYR with sediment content of organic carbon and iron. Interestingly, N-nitrosamine occurrences up- and downstream of WWTPs were statistically indistinguishable (p>0.05). This is the first report on the occurrence of the carcinogenic N-nitrosamines NDBA, NDPhA, and NPYR in U.S. freshwater sediments. Discovery of this phenomenon warrants further research on the compounds' origin, environmental persistence, aquatic toxicity, and risks posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gushgari
- Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
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